The subject of this thesis is a comprehensive analysis of changes in commodity trade of France and Benelux countries behind the ongoing global economic crisis. The first part refers to theoretical perspectives on international trade and the economic crisis, focusing in particular on the latest opinions the most significant for the countries surveyed. Other parts are comparing these countries in terms of trade balance and commodity and territorial structures. In conclusion, it summarizes the changes in development caused by current economic recession.

The thesis analysis the primary causes of the Great Depression and Great Recession in the US. The author is looking for common signs of these crisis with special attention to monetary policy, which is considered as a crucial. The author aims to analyze economic and political measures that accompanied the crisis. The first part deals with the Fed policy including its origin, the roaring twenties, the stock Exchange crash, anti-crisis economical and political measures during the crisis and there is also written about the theoretical interpretation of the different schools of economics. The second part deals with causes of Great Recession, the government sponsored enterprises, the housing bubble or federal emergency programs. Further, it discussed the credit expansion and the Fed´s policy and in the end the author offers an comparison of both crisis and presents his own view on the issue.

Since the recession has hit Greece, individuals have not only experienced financial loss but they have seen their whole life overhauled by the crisis. The purpose of this study is to explore how young Greeks who have recently graduated, or who are about to graduate, perceive their lives and futures at this time of severe economic crisis. More particularly, I tried to focus on their feelings (such as worries and hopes) about how the recession has impacted their lives and their feelings regarding their futures. Research has shown that during periods of recession, young individuals are affected the most and for that reason I chose this population as the target group of my research. Coming from the perspective of developmental and life-span theories that in order to achieve healthy psychological development, individuals need to go through particular tasks during their life span; I was particularly interested to see how the recession has psychologically affected young individuals who, even though they have recently ended two of the main markers that identify their transition to adulthood (education and gaining a professional qualification) due to the recession they were unable to move to the stages which are employment and financial in-dependence. I wanted to listen to these individuals’ stories and see how they perceive their lives and futures and what their feelings are during the period of recession. In a narrative framework, following an unstructured interview and asking the participants one main question, ‘What are your thoughts and feelings about your life and your future during the period of recession?’, the participants were allowed to express their stories and what they considered as important, creating in that way unique narratives that represented their own processes. The main themes that were identified from the stories are: ‘Their career choice and their hopes for employment prospects’, ‘Broken dreams and collecting the pieces’, ‘Impact of recession on the individual’, ‘Impact of recession on other aspects of their life’ and ‘Participants’ feelings about their future’. Presenting and exploring the participants’ stories I attempted to gain a better understanding and awareness of how the recession has impacted them psychologically, investigating their psychological needs finding ways to support them. The realisation of the significant losses that were described by the participants drove the researcher to turn to bereavement counselling theory trying to identify ways to psychologically support individuals who experience similar losses and clinical interventions were suggested.

Deflation, which has recently represented significant source of concern, is by many economists perceived to be an unfavorable phenomenon in the economy. The aim of this paper is to identify the possible link between deflation and economic downturn based on the comprehensive view. The emphasis is put on the analysis of historical episodes of deflation over the past two centuries in order to shed light on causes and impacts of deflation during the periods. The paper does not neglect the comparison of theoretical approaches. The results of the analysis, supported by empirical studies, imply that the relationship between deflation and recession is complex. Although the paper does not confirm the existence of a general link between deflation and recession, it reveals that recession often leads to deflation (especially in a low inflation environment), but deflation does not usually result in recession. In many cases deflation remains to be a symptom of economic problems, not their cause.

Foreign direct investment has been sharply affected by the global SARS-CoV-19 pandemic, as quarantine measures have decimated global trade, aviation and domestic economies through lockdowns which have wreaked havoc on markets. Macroeconomic indicators including GDP growth rates, unemployment, business confidence, consumer confidence, retail sales and inflation have all been negatively affected due to the simultaneous supply & demand shock caused by the pandemic. Economic crises are a regularly occurring feature, with a degree of cyclicality determining their emergence. The uniqueness of crises, in their appearance and dissipation, stems from a large variance in relevant macroeconomic, fundamental and societal factors giving rise to the crisis in the first place, with the uniqueness being bound and pertinent to a selected period of time in history under which they occurred. In this thesis we explored the impact of the two most significant economic crises of the 21st century, the Great Recession and the ongoing SARS-CoV-19 pandemic and their impact on capital flows, specifically on FDI-flows in two developed markets and two emerging markets. Our findings suggest that FDI-flows display a high synchronicity with stages of economic cycles, and tend to decrease during economic recessions and increase during economic expansions.

The great recession of 2008-2010 has impacted the world's economy, which has begun with the sub-prime crisis in the US subprime mortgage market and subsequently spread to the world economy through the contagion effect. Moreover, the influence of the recession on the other nation's economy has been markedly differentiated, depending on their vulnerability to financial system problems (credit crunch, liquidity inflows). Some countries were hit very hard and experienced a drop in GDP, rising unemployment, etc. However, other countries were affected slightly, or the direct effects on them were not visible. Similarly, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries have experienced a very differentiated course of the crisis. As a result of the recession, economic policymakers have tightened financial supervision and regulatory frameworks. This study adopts seven Eastern and Central European Countries (Poland, including Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Lithuania and Bulgaria) and analyzes the effect of recession on the stock market of the selected countries. The relevant leading stock market indices of individual countries are adopted as an indicator of the development of the financial market. Monthly data for January 2000-May 2021 is used, and this period is further divided into two samples...

The research concerning differences in duration of the Great Recession is limited and inconclusive. We define duration of crisis as the count of years lost due to the crisis, and estimate the determinants of crisis duration on the dataset of 54 developed and developing countries. This thesis contrasts with previous literature by employing Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to accommodate for the large amount of potential explanatory variables and to address model uncertainty. Moreover, an innovative measure of export competitiveness, which accounts for the changes in non-price factors such as quality, is used. The results bring suggestive evidence of positive impact of developed financial markets, high share of private consumption and improvements in export competitiveness. We also find positive effect of fiscal policy stimulus once it is controlled for the feedback loop of uncertainty which appears when heavily indebted countries finance fiscal stimulus through issuance of additional debt. Lastly, it needs to be concluded, that the results are not robust to all prior specifications. In particular, the more restrictive Beta binomial model prior shrinks the statistical significance of aforementioned results heavily. JEL Classification F12, F21, F23, H25, H71, H87 Keywords Great Recession, Crisis duration, Economic...

In der Literatur wird die kieferorthopädische Bewegung auch als ätiologischer Faktor für die Entstehung gingivaler Rezessionen gesehen (Dorfman 1978; Toker und Ozdemir 2009). Bereits 1942 beschäftigte sich Oppenheim mit dem Einfluss der Kieferorthopädie auf das parodontale Gewebe und stellte bereits damals fest, dass selbst bei größter Sorgfalt negative Einflüsse auf das Parodont nicht vermieden werden können (Oppenheim 1942). Nach derzeitiger Datenlage scheint folgende Antwort gerechtfertigt zu sein. Im Zuge einer kieferorthopädischen Therapie kann es zu Rezessionen der marginalen Gingiva kommen und dies kann auch teilweise nicht verhindert werden. Die fachlich korrekt durchgeführte kieferorthopädische Therapie scheint per se kein erhöhtes Risiko für die Entstehung von Rezessionen zu sein. Dies setzt eine sorgfältige prätherapeutische Diagnostik, geeignete Kräfte und Verankerungselemente, Beibehaltung einer suffizienten Mundhygiene und die Beachtung anatomischer Limits voraus.:Einleitung 3 Material und Methodik 5 Ergebnis 6 Häufigkeit und Verteilung von Rezessionen 6 Attached Gingiva 8 Biomechanik der kieferorthopädischen Zahnbewegung 11 Plaque, Gingivitis 15 Kraft 20 Intrusion 21 Extrusion 23 Expansion/Dehnung 23 Labial und Lingualbewegung/Labialstand 29 Proklination/Inklination 34 Knochendehiszenz/Knochenbedeckung 43 Systematische Literaturübersicht 59 Vorbeugende Maßnahmen 61 Diskussion 63 Zusammenfassung 68 Literaturverzeichnis 69

This study focuses on the debtor-creditor relationship between African states and the International Financial Institutions (IFIs). More specifically, it makes use of ‘post-positivist’ approaches as analytical tools and it compares the controversial Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) with so-called ‘post-SAPs’ in order to establish whether the latter debt relief strategies are an improvement on the former. Post-SAPs include, amongst others, the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC II) and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Jointly, the post-SAPs initiatives aim to make debt more sustainable, boost social spending and reduce poverty. The PRSP initiative in particular was full of promise (at least initially), as it entailed that debtors would rightfully be given the scope to create their own developmental strategies and that a blanket approach to development would be abandoned. Upon closer inspection the PRSP initiative is disappointing. The process itself is predetermined and there are additional IFI mechanisms (with traditional SAPs conditionalities) that should be read alongside this initiative. As the Great Recession starting in 2007 unfolded, the IFIs tended to stress the success and ‘resilience’ of HIPC II and PRSP countries. However, this study argues that supposed achievements are somewhat artificial and one needs to remain cautious about its long-term impacts. African economies experienced high economic growth rates in recent years, not because of World Bank and IMF endorsed policies, but because of debt relief and a commodity boom in the 2000s. The IFIs have not done anything to forge the developmental state in Africa. Several HIPC II and PRSP graduates are already starting to show signs of debt distress. Thus, there is a need to seriously rethink the roles of the World Bank and IMF in Africa. This study recommends that true adherence to the PRSP approach could be a first step to empower African states, and it calls for the establishment of an independent mechanism that will hold debtors and the IFIs accountable for unsustainable debt. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Small business entrepreneurs in the United States often struggled or went out of business during the recession of 2007-2009. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the strategies entrepreneurs needed to grow their businesses during a recessionary period. The conceptual framework for the study was effectuation theory. The population consisted of small business entrepreneurs whose businesses survived the recession of 2007-2009 in Atlanta, Georgia. Data were gathered through semistructured interviews with 20 participants. Data organization and thematic analysis involved coding interview data and using software to categorize themes and subthemes. Major themes that emerged from the study included specification of characteristics of entrepreneurs, approaches to customer acquisition and retention, and decision making strategies. The findings might contribute to social change by adding to entrepreneurship literature and potentially leading to the development of resilient and adaptive entrepreneurs. Small business entrepreneurs who can sustain profitability during economic downturns benefit the community by providing jobs.