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The luxury market has steadily grown from the industrial revolution and onwards. Changes in society, trends and the increased living standards has enabled more people to consume luxury goods. The world is going through a major economic crisis at the moment. Studies shows that companies that have focused on added value rather than lowering prices has survived past financial crisis. It is also obvious that companies act very different during times of crisis. Adding to the problem is trends that point to a more careful consumption and environmental awareness. Different source suggest different opinions on the situation and future for the luxury market. The purpose of the study is to answer what strategies are important for luxury brands during a financial crisis. To answer this a qualitative study is performed on Swedish luxury brands to analyse what their strategies are during the current economic crisis and compare that to how ”exclusive” or ”luxurious” they are considered. This to investigate if there is a relationship between a brands exclusiveness and chosen strategy.

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This article builds upon previous theoretical work on job loss as a status passage to help explain how people's experiences of involuntary unemployment affected their mental well-being during the 2009-2010 economic recession. It proposes a middle-range theory that interprets employment transitions as status passages and suggests that their health and well-being effects depend on the personal and social meanings that people give to them, which are called properties of the transitions. The analyses, which used a thematic approach, are based on the findings of a qualitative study undertaken in Bradford (North England) consisting of 73 people interviewed in 16 focus groups. The study found that the participants experienced their job losses as divestment passages characterised by three main properties: experiences of reduced agency, disruption of role-based identities, for example, personal identity crises, and experiences of 'spoiled identities', for example, experiences of stigma. The proposed middle-range theory allows us to federate these findings together in a coherent framework which makes a contribution to illuminating not just the intra-personal consequences of unemployment, that is, its impact on subjective well-being and common mental health problems, but also its inter-personal consequences, that is, the hidden and often overlooked social processes that affect unemployed people's social well-being. This article discusses how the study findings and the proposed middle-range theory can help to address the theoretical weaknesses and often contradictory empirical findings from studies that use alternative frameworks, for example, deprivation models and 'incentive theory' of unemployment.

For an introductory macroeconomics course, the discussion of historical relevance helps foster important learning connections. By comparing the Great Depression to the 2008-2009 recession, a macroeconomics instructor can provide students with connections to history. This paper discusses the major causes of each recession, major fiscal policy and monetary policy decisions of both recessions, and the respective relevance in teaching the relationship of each policy to gross domestic product. The teaching points addressed in this paper are directed towards an introductory college-level macroeconomics course, incorporating a variety of theories from historical and economic writers and data from government and central bank sources. A lesson plan is included in an appendix to assist the instructor in implementing the material.

Den svenska byggsektorn har de senaste årtiondena genomgått en kraftig tillväxt, vilket har resulterat i en hög konkurrenssituation inom branschen. I denna konkurrensmiljö fokuserar denna studie på hur mikroföretag inom plåtslageribranschen implementerar marknadsföring under en lågkonjunktur, samt hur digital marknadsföring kan stödja dem under sådana perioder. Resultaten från studien förväntas vara värdefulla för både ägare av plåtslageriföretag och andra intressenter inom byggsektorn. Under studien användes semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med sju plåtslageriföretag. Den insamlade empirin visade att Word-of-Mouth-marknadsföring, tillsammans med relationsmarknadsföring, framstod som den mest betydelsefulla marknadsföringsstrategin. Dessutom erkände mikroföretagen värdet av digital marknadsföring och argumenterade för att strategin bör integreras för att öka överlevnadschanserna under lågkonjunktur. / The Swedish construction sector has experienced significant growth in recent decades, resulting in intense competition within the industry. In this competitive environment, this study focuses on how micro sheet metal companies implement marketing during an economic downturn and how digital marketing can support them during such periods. The results of this study are expected to be valuable for both owners of sheet metal companies and other stakeholders in the construction sector.   During the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven sheet metal companies. The collected empirical data indicated that Word-of-Mouth marketing, combined with relationship marketing, emerged as the most significant marketing strategy. Additionally, microenterprises acknowledged the value of digital marketing and argued that this strategy should be integrated to enhance survival prospects during economic downturns.

Zielsetzung: Verschiedene chirugische Techniken sind für die Deckung entblößter Wurzeloberflächen vorgeschlagen worden. Die vorliegende Studie sollte die Ergebnisse koronaler Verschiebelappen mit bzw. ohne Einsatz von Schmelzmatrixprotein (SMP) bei der Therapie fazialer Rezessionen vergleichen. Material und Methode: Die Studie war als intraindividueller longitudinaler Vergleich über 12 Monate in einem doppelt verblindeten plazebo-kontrollierten randomisierten Design gestaltet. 22 Patienten im Alter von 24-64 Jahren, die 2 paarige faziale Rezessionen von mindestens 3 mm aufwiesen, wurden untersucht. Beide Rezessionen wurden in derselben Sitzung nach der Technik des koronalen Verschiebelappens chirurgisch gedeckt. Eine Rezession wurde dabei zusätzlich mit einem kommerziell erhältlichen SMP (Emdogain) und die jeweils andere mit dem entsprechenden Trägergel (Vehikel: Propylen-glykol-alginat) behandelt. Die Zuweisung der Therapien erfolgte zufällig. Präoperativ sowie 1 und 3 Wochen, 3, 6 und 12 Monate postoperativ wurden durch einen verblindeten Untersucher klinische Parameter (Höhe und Breite der Rezession, Breite der keratinisierten Gingiva, Sondierungstiefe, Attachmentniveau, Knochenniveau) mittels manueller sowie elektronischer Parodontalsonde bzw. Schieblehre auf 0,5 mm genau erhoben. Ergebnisse: 12 Monate postoperativ zeigten beider Therapievarianten signifikante Rezessionsdeckungen und Attachmentgewinne. Die fazialen Rezessionen verringerten sich von 4,5 mm auf 1,5 mm in der SMP- und von 4,4 mm auf 1,5 mm in der Vehikel-Gruppe was einer Rezessionsdeckung von 71,7% bzw. 73,6% entspricht. Der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant. Alle anderen klinische Parameter zeigten keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Schlußfolgerungen: Der Einsatz von SMP zusätzlich zum koronalen Verschiebelappen zur chirurgischen Rezessionsdeckung ergab keine wesentliche Unterschiede in den klinischen Resultaten im Vergleich zum koronalen Verschiebelappen in Kombination mit dem Trägergel. / Objectives: Various surgical techniques have been proposed for root coverage of denuded root surfaces. The aim of this study was to evaluate a comparison of coronally advanced flap procedure with or without the use of enamel matrix proteins in the treatment of recession defects. Material and methods: This study was an intra-individual longitudinal test of 12 months duration conducted as a blinded, split-mouth, placebo-controlled and randomised design. 22 patients, aged 24-64 years, with 2 paired buccal recession defects of at least 3 mm participated. Surgical recession coverage was performed as coronally advanced flap technique at both sites in the same session. One site was additionally treated with commercially available enamel matrix proteins (Emdogain) and the other site with placebo (propylene glycol alginate) in accordance with the randomisation list. A blinded examiner assessed pre- and post-surgical measurements. Clinical measurements and photographs were taken pre-surgically and after 1 week, 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months postoperatively. Measurements comprised height and width of the gingival recession, height of keratinized tissue, probing attachment level, probing pocket depth and alveolar bone level by periodontal probe, Florida Probe or caliper to the nearet 0.5 mm. Results: Twelve months after therapy, both treatment modalities showed significant root coverage and probing attachment gain. Gingival recession decreased from 4,5 mm to 1,5 mm for the Emdogain treated sites and from 4,4 mm to 1,5 mm for the control sites, corresponding to mean root coverages of 71,7% and 73,6%, respectively. This difference was not significant. All other clinical variables were not different in the between-group comparison. Conclusions: The use of Emdogain together with coronally advanced flap technique for recession coverage appeared to be equally effective in the overall clinical outcome, there is no clear benefit to combine Emdogain with this surgical technique.