While the Information Structure (IS) is most naturally interpreted as 'structure of information', some may argue that it is structure of something else, and others may object to the use of the word 'structure'. This paper focuses on the question of whether the informational component can have structural properties such that it can be called 'structure'. The preliminary conclusion is that, although there are some vague indications of structurehood in it, it is perhaps better understood to be a representation that encodes a finite set of information-based partitions, rather than structure.

La calculabilité est centrée autour de la notion de fonction calculable telle que définie par Church, Kleene, Rosser et Turing au siècle dernier. D'abord focalisée sur les nombres entiers, la calculabilité a été généralisée aux ensembles, notamment par le biais de la théorie axiomatique des ensembles de Kripke-Platek. Dans cette thèse, nous définissons une notion générale de calculabilité, les sous-calculabilités, dont les axiomes sont satisfaits à la fois par de nombreux fragments récursifs de la calculabilité classique, mais également par des calculabilités d'ordre supérieur sur les ensembles admissibles. Nous montrons, sur cette structure composée d'une énumération de fonctions totales et d'une énumération de fonctions partielles, que les théorèmes classiques de calculabilité (isomorphisme de Myhill, Rogers, théorème s-m-n,point fixe de Kleene, théorème de Rice, créativité, etc.) sont présents sous différentes formes alors même que les sous-calculabilités ne comprennent qu'un fragment des objets de la calculabilité classique. Les structures de degrés associées aux notions de récursivité que nous définissons reflètent également des propriétés de la calculabilité (degrés intermédiaires, high, low, etc.), mais nos réductions étant plus fortes, une structure fine apparaît à l'intérieur même des degrés récursifs. Finalement, nous montrons que les calculabilités sur les admissibles sont interprétables dans le formalisme des sous-calculabilités. En particulier, les énumérations des ensembles alpha-finis et alpha-énumérables présents dans ce contexte nous permettent de transférer certains résultats d'un modèle à l'autre. / Computability is centered on computable functions, as defined by Church, Kleene,Rosser and Turing in the twentieth century. Initially focused on integers,computability has been generalised to sets, in particular thanks toKripke-Platek's Axiomatic Set Theory.In this thesis, we define a general notion of computability,sub-computabilities, whose axioms are satisfied by numerous recursive fragmentsof classical computability, and also by higher-order computabilities overadmissible sets. We show how in sub-computabilities, containing an enumeration oftotal functions and an enumeration of partial functions, classical theoremssuch as Myhill and Rogers isomorphisms, s-m-n theorem, Kleene's fixed-point orRice's theorem hold in a slightly different way, even if a large part ofthe objects of computability are missing. Along with each of thesesub-computabilities and their different notions of recursivity comes a structureof degrees (with intermediate, high and low degrees, etc.), refining theclassical one, our notions of recursivity being stronger.Moreover, we show how admissible computability can be interpreted through theformalism of sub-computabilities. In particular, the enumerations ofalpha-finite and alpha-enumerable sets present in this setting allowsome interesting results to be carried from one model to the other.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T19:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-09 / Embora os tratamentos disponíveis tragam uma diminuição da gravidade dos problemas psicossociais causados pelo abuso do crack, não conseguiram até o momento “resolver” a “recaída” ao consumo da droga. Buscando ampliar o conhecimento sobre o tema, esta tese, de caráter qualitativo de pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar junto às pessoas que abusam de crack - em fase final de tratamento e que tivessem vivenciado episódios de “recaídas” -, os motivos desencadeadores desse processo. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, o campo da pesquisa se deu em três instâncias de cuidado: os Centros de Atenção Psicossociais em álcool e outras drogas (Caps AD), as Comunidades Terapêuticas (CT) e as Clínicas Médicas (CM). Foram utilizados os princípios da investigação qualitativa com amostra intencional por critérios, construída com o auxílio das informantes-chaves (gatekeepers) e entrevistas semi-estruturadas que foram aplicadas aos participantes da pesquisa. Alcançou-se através do ponto de saturação teórica, um N de 120 entrevistados divididos igualmente entre Recife - PE e São Paulo – SP considerando-se também as regiões metropolitanas. A análise de conteúdo revelou categorizações que emergiram das narrativas dos entrevistados. Didaticamente foram divididas em três blocos temáticos: motivos associados às pessoas (MP), motivos associados à droga (MD), motivos associados ao ambiente (MA). Destes, as motivações mais citadas, pertenceram à categoria dos MP, sendo bastante relevante a dificuldade e/ou inabilidade das pessoas em lidarem com suas emoções. Também foram revelados aspectos que colocam o conceito de “recaída” como inapropriado para a leitura do fenômeno à luz da Redução de Danos (RD) baseada nos Direitos Humanos (DH), considerando o princípio da recursividade como ponto de partida fundamental a um outro olhar sobre esse processo. Algumas considerações finais foram tecidas: as relações interpessoais e as consequentes frustrações das pessoas foram os motivos mais citados como desencadeadores de “recaída”, rompendo o paradigma de que as causas estariam centradas principalmente na droga; além disso, os processos intersubjetivos referentes aos movimentos recursivos das pessoas mostraram que seus aprendizados e ressignificações diante do crack são aspectos negligenciados no tratamento pelos profissionais e cuidadores, independentemente dos modelos aos quais as instâncias de cuidado estejam filiadas. Espera-se que tais achados possam contribuir para a melhoria da atenção prestada às pessoas que buscam tratamento. / Although available treatments for crack abuse reduce the gravity of the psychosocial problems caused by usage, they have not been able to solve drug abuse “relapses” until now. Hoping to increase the knowledge around the theme, this qualitative research thesis aims to investigate reasons for relapse among abusive crack users –who, in their final treatment phase have relapsed. To develop the study, the search field included three venues: the Centers of Psychosocial Attention in alcohol and other drugs (Caps AD), the Therapeutic Communities (CT) and Medical Clinics (CM). Principles of qualitative investigation were used along with samples chosen for set criteria, built with the help of the key-informants (gatekeepers), and semi-structured interviews which were applied to the research participants. Reaching a theoretical saturation point, 120 people were equally divided between the greater metropolis regions of Recife – PE and São Paulo – SP. Analysis of the content revealed categories that emerged from the interviewees’ narratives. Didactically narratives were divided into three thematic blocks: reasons associated with people (MP), reasons associated twith the drug (MD), reasons associated with the environment (MA). Within these blocks, those most reported were the ones related to the MP category, which were highly relevant to the difficulty and/or inability people have to deal with their emotions. Aspects which defined the concept of “relapse” as inappropriate also revealed the phenomenon of reading through the light of Harm Reduction based on Human Rights, considering the principle of recursivity as a fundamental starting point to another perception over the phenomenon. Some final considerations were reached: people’s interpersonal relations and the consequent frustrations were the mostly cited reasons for unleashing “relapse”, breaking the paradigm that says the causes are centered mainly on the drug itself.In addition, the intersubjective processes which refer to people’s recursive movements showed that their knowledge and resignifications over crack are neglected aspects of treatment, by professionals and caretakers, independent of the model by which care instances are affiliated. It is expected that these findings can contribute to an improvement of the attention given to crack users who search for treatment. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Network Direct Selling Organisations (NDSOs) exist in more than 50 countries and have more than 74 million members. The most recent statistical information reveals that the vast majority of members do not earn significant income. Criticism of these organisations revolves around the ethicality of consumption, the commercialisation of personal relationships, and the exploitation of unrealistic expectations. This study aims to explore how communication creates networks that sustain an industry of this kind despite the improbability of its existence. The study commences with a description of NDSOs from historical, operational, tactical, and strategic perspectives. Given the broader context created by the global presence of this industry, cybernetics has been selected as a meta-theoretical perspective for the study of communication. The more recent development of second-order cybernetics and social autopoiesis are introduced to communication theory as a field. Niklas Luhmann‟s new social theory of communication is assessed and applied in relation to existing communication theory. New conceptual models are developed to explore communication as the unity of the synthesis of information, utterance, understanding, and expectations as selections that occur both consciously and unconsciously, intentionally and unintentionally. These models indicate the multiplexity of individual and social operationally closed, yet informationally open systems, and they are used here to provide a systemic and coherent alternative to orthodox communication approaches to the study of organisations. The study adopts a constructivist epistemological stance and propounds throughout the necessity of further interdisciplinary collaboration. The study concludes that individuals are composite unities of self-creating systems, and they co-create social systems by self-creating and co-creating meaning. Meaning is described as the continuous virtualisation and actualisation of potentialities that in turn coordinate individual and social systems‟ actions. A communication process flow model is created to provide a theoretical explanation for the existence of NDSOs as self-creating systems. The study aims to show that communication has arguably become the most pervasive discipline as a result of the globally interactive era. It is shown that second-order cybernetics and social autopoiesis raise several further questions to be explored within communication theory as a field. / Communication, first-order cybernetics, second-order cybernetics, Complexity and complex systems, autopoiesis, self-reference, recursivity, operational closure, system boundaries, Network Direct Selling Organisations / Communication / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

Network Direct Selling Organisations (NDSOs) exist in more than 50 countries and have more than 74 million members. The most recent statistical information reveals that the vast majority of members do not earn significant income. Criticism of these organisations revolves around the ethicality of consumption, the commercialisation of personal relationships, and the exploitation of unrealistic expectations. This study aims to explore how communication creates networks that sustain an industry of this kind despite the improbability of its existence. The study commences with a description of NDSOs from historical, operational, tactical, and strategic perspectives. Given the broader context created by the global presence of this industry, cybernetics has been selected as a meta-theoretical perspective for the study of communication. The more recent development of second-order cybernetics and social autopoiesis are introduced to communication theory as a field. Niklas Luhmann‟s new social theory of communication is assessed and applied in relation to existing communication theory. New conceptual models are developed to explore communication as the unity of the synthesis of information, utterance, understanding, and expectations as selections that occur both consciously and unconsciously, intentionally and unintentionally. These models indicate the multiplexity of individual and social operationally closed, yet informationally open systems, and they are used here to provide a systemic and coherent alternative to orthodox communication approaches to the study of organisations. The study adopts a constructivist epistemological stance and propounds throughout the necessity of further interdisciplinary collaboration. The study concludes that individuals are composite unities of self-creating systems, and they co-create social systems by self-creating and co-creating meaning. Meaning is described as the continuous virtualisation and actualisation of potentialities that in turn coordinate individual and social systems‟ actions. A communication process flow model is created to provide a theoretical explanation for the existence of NDSOs as self-creating systems. The study aims to show that communication has arguably become the most pervasive discipline as a result of the globally interactive era. It is shown that second-order cybernetics and social autopoiesis raise several further questions to be explored within communication theory as a field. / Communication, first-order cybernetics, second-order cybernetics, Complexity and complex systems, autopoiesis, self-reference, recursivity, operational closure, system boundaries, Network Direct Selling Organisations / Communication / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)