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Despite agreement among researchers about the powerful influence of attitudes and beliefs on the development of students’ mathematical knowledge base (Leder, Pehkonen, & Törner, 2002), relatively little is known about these constructs in statistics education. This study investigated the relationship between mathematics-and statistics-related attitudes and beliefs of 11 high school students in an introductory statistics course designed around a 13-week long service-learning project. Service-learning is a pedagogical approach that situates academic learning in the context of community service. The study utilized qualitative, teacher-researcher (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1993) methodology from an interpretivist perspective. The three primary modes of data collection were journals, narratives, and an open-ended survey (Survey of Mathematical and Statistical Affect). Observations and reflections were also recorded regularly in a researcher journal. Inquiry adhered to guidelines for trustworthiness and rigor as outlined by Lincoln and Guba (1985). Item, pattern, and structural levels of analysis were employed (LeCompte and Schensul, 1999b). Investigation into attitudes and beliefs was framed in accordance with Op t’ Eynde, De Corte, and Verschaffel’s (2002) conceptualization of the mathematics-related belief system and McLeod’s (1992) framework of the affective domain in mathematics education. Results indicate that participants’ attitudes toward mathematics and statistics tended to converge while participants’ beliefs regarding mathematics and statistics tended to diverge. Participants like mathematics and statistics that involve real-life scenarios. Participants also like mathematics and statistics that do not require complex mathematical tasks. Participants’ beliefs regarding statistics were generally more positive than beliefs regarding mathematics. Participants reported greater confidence doing statistics than mathematics and contribute this confidence, in part, to service-learning. Participants also experienced a heightened sense of social awareness and social responsibility through the service-learning project. These results provide evidence that service-learning can be utilized to solidify positive attitudes and beliefs regarding statistics among high school students, in spite of potentially less positive ones toward mathematics.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka ifall intuitivt tänkande, analytiskt tänkande, tro påparanormala fenomen, tro på pseudovetenskap, förkastande av forskning kring klimat,förkastande av forskning kring vaccin, utbildningsnivå, maktlöshet samt tro på enkla lösningarpredicerar tro på konspirationsteorier. Insamlingen av data skedde genom ett icke slumpmässigtbekvämlighetsurval samt frivillighetsurval. Studien var av kvantitativ tvärsnittsdesign med 244deltagare, varav 112 män, 131 kvinnor samt 1 annan/vill ej uppge, i åldrarna 18–80 år (M=37.1,SD=14.5). Resultatet från analysen visade att modellen var signifikant samt att tro påparanormala fenomen (β=.36, p<.001), förkastande av forskning kring vaccin (β=.32, p<.001)och maktlöshet (β=.11, p<.05) var signifikanta prediktorer för tro på konspirationsteorier.Däremot var inte intuitivt tänkande, analytiskt tänkande, tro på pseudovetenskap, förkastandeav forskning kring klimat, tro på enkla lösningar eller utbildningsnivå signifikanta prediktoreri modellen. Resultatet kan ligga till grund för att vidare undersöka tro på konspirationsteorierssamband med andra faktorer än aktuell studies prediktorer i framtida forskning. / The purpose of the study was to examine if intuitive thinking, analytic thinking, paranormalbeliefs, pseudoscientific beliefs, rejection of science regarding climate, rejection of scienceregarding vaccine, education, powerlessness and belief in simple solutions predicts belief inconspiracy theories. The data was collected through a non-randomised convenience andvolunteer sampling. The study used a quantitative cross-sectional design with 244 participants,of whom 112 were men, 131 women and 1 other/wish not to say, aged 18–80 (M=37.1,SD=14.5). The result from the analysis showed that the model was significant and that belief inconspiracy theories was significantly predicted by paranormal beliefs, (β=.36, p<.001),rejection of science regarding vaccine (β=.32, p<.001) and powerlessness (β=.11, p<.05).However, the result showed that intuitive thinking, analytic thinking, pseudoscientific beliefs,rejection of science regarding climate, belief in simple solutions and education were notsignificant predictors of belief in conspiracy theories in the model. The result can be used as abasis for future research to further examine belief in conspiracy theories relationship to factorsother than the current study's predictors.

Utveckling på kreditmarknaden har gett upphov till nya kreditformer. Ett exempel på en sådan kredit är snabblån. Snabblån utmärks av att det är kortfristiga lån på låga belopp som konsumenterna erhåller inom en kort tidsperiod. Vidare är låneprocessen enkel. Statistik från Kronofogdemyndigheten visar att antalet betalningsförelägganden med grund i snabblån har ökat (se bilaga) och regeringen hävdar på basis av statistiken att samband mellan snabblån och överskuldsättning föreligger. Lag om viss kreditgivning till konsumenter har därmed blivit antagen och ska införas. Lagen innebär att snabblångivares verksamhet blir tillståndspliktig samt omfattas av Finansinspektionens tillsyn. Förändringen innebär även att ytterligare krav ställs på snabblångivares bolagsordning, ägare och ledning samt att verksamheten bedrivs på ett sätt som är sunt. Avsikten med denna uppsats är att fastställa gällande rätt beträffande snabblångivares verksamhet. Vidare diskuteras huruvida konsumentskyddet på snabblånemarknaden är bristfälligt och om snabblångivares verksamhet därmed bör bli tillståndspliktig samt omfattas av Finansinspektionens tillsyn. Snabblångivare är finansiella institut och omfattas därmed av AnmL. Detta innebär att snabblångivare ska anmäla sin verksamhet till Finansinspektionen innan verksamhet får börja bedrivas. Finansinspektionen har begränsade ingripandemöjligheter och utför endast en kontroll över snabblångivarnas ägare och ledning. Snabblångivare omfattas även av skyldigheter som följer av KkrL såsom kravet på god kreditgivningssed, information om effektiv ränta, avgifternas utformning och kreditprövning. Snabblångivare har brustit i sina skyldigheter i KkrL vilket följer av domar från MD och flertalet viten och förelägganden från Konsumentverket. I analysen fastställs att Kronofogdemyndighetens statistik inte enskilt kan användas som grund till en förändring men i kombination med gällande rätts bristfällighet, snabblånets egenskaper och samhällets utveckling påvisas att konsumentskyddet är bristfälligt och att en förändring behövs. Vidare fastställs att systemstabiliserande regler har en indirekt inverkan på konsumentskyddet och kan införas för att förbättra denna. Efter en avvägning mellan förändringens betungande verkan för snabblångivarna och det skydd som konsumenterna erhåller ska förändringen i fråga ses som proportionerlig. Snabblångivares verksamhet bör således vara tillståndspliktig och omfattas av Finansinspektionens tillsyn. / Evolvement on the credit market has caused the rise of new forms of credits. An example of a credit of such is the payday loan. The payday loan is distinguished by its short-term, low amount and that the customers obtain the loan in a short matter of time. Furthermore, the process of obtaining the loan is simple. Statistics from the Swedish Enforcement Authority shows that the amount of injunctions to pay based on payday loans has increased (see attachment) and that the Government claims on the basis of the statistics that a connection between payday loans and overindebtness exists. A new act regarding some credits to consumers has therefore been adopted and is to be introduced. The new act means that the payday lender´s business becomes licensed and are subject to the supervision of the Swedish Financial Service Authority. The change also means additional demands on the payday lender´s articles of associtation, owners and management, and that the business is conducted in a healthy manner. The purpose of this essay is to determine the law as it exists regarding payday lender´s business. Further discussed is whether the consumer protection on the payday market is inadequate and if the payday lender´s business, thus, should be licensed and be subject to the supervision of the Swedish Financial Service Authority. Payday lenders are financial institutions and are therefore subject to the Act regarding the notification duty for some financial businesses. This means that the payday lenders shall report their business to the Swedish Financial Service Authority before operations may start. The Swedish Financial Service Authority has limited intervention possibilities and performs only a control of the owners and management. Payday lenders are also subject to obligations arising from the Consumer Credit Act such as the requirement of good creditors, information about the annual percentage rate, fees designing and credit review. Payday lenders has failed to fulfill its obligations in the Consumer Credit Act which follows from judgements from the market court and several penalties and injunctions from the Consumer Agency. In the analysis it is established that the statitistics from the Swedish Enforcement Authority alone can not be used as the basis for a change, but in combination with the existing legal deficiency, the characteristics of the payday loan and the development of the society it demonstrates that the consumer protection is inadequate and that a change is needed. Further, it is established that rules of system stabilising nature has an indirect effect on consumer protection and can be used to improve it. After striking a balance between the burdens the payday lenders suffer from the change with the increased consumer protection that the change will result in, the change in question is to be seen as proportionate. Payday lender´s business should therefore be subject to license and supervision of the Swedish Financial Service Authority.

This study examined, through a narrative phenomenological framework, the experiences of Korean female caregivers in Canada, and the ways in which filial piety obligations affected their quality of life. The existing literature is scarce on information about caregiving by Korean females in both North America and Canada. Further, caregiving issues regarding caregiving stress have mostly investigated the medical aspects. It was crucial, therefore, to investigate and understand the social aspects of the caregiving experience. Korean daughters-in-law (DILs), who lived with their aging parents-in-law (PILs) in environments profoundly rooted in Confucian values, experienced conflicts with their parents/mothers-in-law. A number of caregiving hardships were identified and categorized according to the following two themes: cultural obligations and direct caregiving practices. Some DILs’ caregiving hardships were heavier when they moved to Canada and adopted a new culture. The findings of this study show that the caregiving practices of these Korean female caregivers in Canada are changing as the DILs have been influenced by their new environment, but the findings also demonstrate that the DILs are still strongly affected by the traditional cultural values in which they were raised. This study investigated their attitudes and behaviours of these women in their caregiving roles by employing a qualitative research design. As little research has been done on immigrant women’s caregiving experience, this study provides an important contribution by examining the lived experience of immigrant women as it is affected by the traditional cultural value of filial piety. / February 2017

O presente estudo baseia-se na vivência do pesquisador como membro participante de assembléias realizadas e organizadas pelos índios Ingarikó, em 2005, em Roraima, especificamente na Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol. Essas assembléias visavam discutir as alternativas de gestão do território ocupado pelo grupo Ingarikó, em função da dupla afetação do mesmo como Terra Indígena e Unidade de Conservação. O pesquisador se inscreveu como membro das assembléias, a partir de um convite a ele formalizado por uma liderança Ingarikó, tendo exercido o papel de articulador da organização indígena denominada Conselho do Povo Indígena Ingarikó (Coping), recém-criada nos momentos que antecederam as assembléias. Participaram dessas assembléias, além das lideranças e de membros das comunidades Ingarikó, representantes dos órgãos governamentais envolvidos com a gestão de Terras Indígenas e de Unidades de Conservação, no âmbito local e federal, dentre os quais assumem relevância no presente estudo a Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai) e, à época, o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (Ibama). Tal condição permitiu ao pesquisador, na qualidade de observador participante das referidas assembléias, levantar e analisar informações que propiciaram o conhecimento de como se dava a ação do grupo Ingarikó no exercício da gestão política do território em questão. Essa ação indicou haver uma apropriação da categoria Parque Nacional de forma específica pelo grupo, denotando aspiração de soberania nas decisões e ações, políticas e de gestão, sobre o futuro das regras e técnicas de uso do território. Essa indicação baseou-se na observação das formas de condução das assembléias, na convivência do pesquisador no contexto do modo de vida Ingarikó e nas verbalizações ocorridas durante as assembléias e em conversas com membros da comunidade. Além disso, a observação fundamentou a percepção de que o chamamento das assembléias pelos Ingarikó, assim como o seu desenvolvimento, refletiam um aprendizado dos índios com relação aos modelos de desempenho de ações políticas exercidas pelos atores institucionais do Ibama, da Funai e de organizações indígenas, permitindo também o fortalecimento de uma identidade Ingarikó. Em síntese, a análise do desenrolar das assembléias, em sua totalidade, levou à abstração de que havia, subentendida no comportamento do grupo Ingarikó, uma vinculação entre o respeito aos direitos indígenas sobre as terras que ocupam e a conservação ambiental, conforme estabelecido nos fundamentos originais que justificaram a constituição histórica da legislação indígena do Estado brasileiro, cuja política está centralizada na categoria jurídica Terra Indígena. Paradoxalmente, foi possível constatar que essa essencial vinculação não está presente na forma como as políticas públicas indigenistas e ambientais se materializam, exigindo, de seus agentes, um esforço na busca de articulação das mesmas na ação. / The present study was based on the experience of one researcher participating in assemblies organized and conducted by the Ingariko tribe in the Indian lands known as the Raposa Serra do Sol, in the state of Roraima, Brazil. These assemblies, held in 2005, were aimed at discussing alternative forms of managing the territory occupied by the Ingariko tribe, a territory that, in addition to having been officially set aside for use by indigenous peoples, has been designated an environmentally protected area (Mount Roraima National Park). The researcher was formally invited to participate in the assemblies by one of the leaders of the Ingariko tribe. The invitation came as a result of the coordinating role played by the researcher in the organization known as the Ingariko Indigenous Peoples Council, which was created in the weeks leading up to the assemblies. In addition to the leaders and members of the Ingariko villages, representatives of governmental agencies involved in the management of Indian lands and environmentally protected areas were in attendance. Among such agencies were the Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai, National Indian Foundation) and the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (Ibama, Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources). During these assemblies, the researcher, in the role of participating observer, was able to raise questions and analyze information regarding the activism of the Ingariko tribe in influencing the political management of the disputed territory. The researcher noted that the intervention by members of the tribe resulted in their appropriation of the classification \'National Park\' in a form specific to the tribe, denoting an aspiration to have sovereignty in making decisions and plans, in terms of policies and management, regarding the future use of the territory. This conclusion was reached based on the manner in which the assemblies were conducted and on the personal experience of the researcher, who was familiar with the Ingariko way of life, as well as on statements made during the assemblies and in conversations with members of the community. In addition, the fact that the Ingariko called for and organized these assemblies indicates their political maturation in relation to models of political activities sanctioned by the institutional actors (Ibama, Funai and other organizations involved in indigenous issues), as well as the strengthening of the Ingariko cultural identity. In summary, the analysis of the way in which the assemblies proceeded, overall, and of the behavior of the Ingariko tribe, led to the abstraction that respect for Indian land rights and environmental conservation are inextricably linked. This link has its foundation in the constitutional and legislative history of Brazil in relation to Indian rights and issues affecting indigenous peoples, the central focus of which, in legal terms, is Indian lands. Paradoxically, it became apparent that this essential link is not taken into consideration during the formation of public policies related to indigenous and environmental issues. Therefore, public officials must consciously attempt to incorporate this idea into their interpretation and implementation of such policies.

This thesis is an attempt to constructively interpret and critically evaluate the liberal doctrine that we may not limit a person’s liberty for her own good, and to discuss its implications and alternatives in some concrete areas of public health policy. The thesis starts theoretical and goes ever more practical. The first paper is devoted to positive interpretation of anti-paternalism with special focus on the reason component – personal good. A novel generic definition of paternalism is proposed, intended to capture, in a generous fashion, the object of traditional liberal resistance to paternalism – the invocation of personal good reasons for limiting of or interfering with a person’s liberty. In the second paper, the normative aspect of this resistance is given a somewhat technical interpretation in terms of invalidation of reasons – the blocking of reasons from influencing the moral status of actions according to their strength. It is then argued that normative anti-paternalism so understood is unreasonable, on three grounds: 1) Since the doctrine only applies to sufficiently voluntary action, voluntariness determines validity of reasons, which is unwarranted and leads to wrong answers to moral questions. 2) Since voluntariness comes in degrees, a threshold must be set where personal good reasons are invalidated, leading to peculiar jumps in the justifiability of actions. 3) Anti-paternalism imposes an untenable and unhelpful distinction between the value of respecting choices that are sufficiently voluntary and choices that are not. The third paper adds to this critique the fourth argument that none of the action types typically proposed to specify the action component of paternalism is such that performing an action of that type out of benevolence is essentially morally problematic. The fourth paper ignores the critique in the second and third papers and proposes, in an anti-paternalistic spirit, a series of rules for the justification of option-restricting policies aimed at groups where some members consent to the policy and some do not. Such policies present the liberal with a dilemma where the value of not restricting people’s options without their consent conflicts with the value of allowing people to shape their lives according to their own wishes. The fifth paper applies the understanding of anti-paternalism developed in the earlier papers to product safety regulation, as an example of a public health policy area. The sixth paper explores in more detail a specific public health policy, namely that of mandatory alcohol interlocks in all cars, proposed by the former Swedish government and supported by the Swedish National Road Administration. The policy is evaluated for cost-effectiveness, for possible diffusion of individual responsibility, and for paternalistic treatment of drivers. The seventh paper argues for a liberal policy in the area of dissemination of information about uncertain threats to public health. The argument against paternalism is based on common sense consequentialist considerations, avoiding any appeal to the normative anti-paternalism rejected earlier in the thesis. / QC 20100714

<p>This is a thesis about anti-paternalism – the liberal doctrine that we may not interfere with a person’s liberty for her own good. Empirical circumstances and moral values may certainly give us reason to avoid benevolent interference. Anti-paternalism as a normative doctrine should, however, be rejected.</p><p><em>Essay I</em> concerns the definitions of paternalism and anti-paternalism. It is argued that only a definition of paternalism in terms of compound reason-actions can accommodate its special moral properties. Definitions in terms of actions, common in the literature, cannot. It is argued, furthermore, that in specifying the reason-actions in further detail, the notion of what is self-regarding, as opposed to other-regarding, is irrelevant, contrary to received opinion.</p><p><em>Essay II </em>starts out with the definition of paternalism defended in essay I and claims that however this very general definition is specified, anti-paternalism is unreasonable and should be rejected. Anti-paternalism is the position that certain reasons – referring one way or the other to the good of a person, give no valid normative support to certain actions – some kind of interferences with the same person. Since the reasons in question are normally quite legitimate and important reasons for action, a convincing argument for anti-paternalism must explain why they are invalid in cases of interference. A closer look at the reasons and actions in question provides no basis for such an explanation.</p><p><em>Essay III</em> considers a concrete case of benevolent interference – the withholding of information concerning uncertain threats to public health in the public’s best interest. Such a policy has been suggested in relation to the European Commission’s proposed new system for the<em> R</em>egistration, <em>E</em>valuation, and <em>A</em>uthorisation of <em>Ch</em>emicals (REACH). Information about uncertain threats to health from chemicals would allegedly spread anxiety and depression and thus do more harm than good. The avoidance of negative health effects is accepted as a legitimate and good reason for withholding of information, thus respecting the conclusion of essay II, that anti-paternalism should be rejected. Other reasons, however, tip the balance in favour of making the information available. These reasons include the net effects on knowledge, psychological effects, effects on private decisions and effects on political decisions.</p>

本研究旨在瞭解台灣地區大學生的網際網路使用行為、性別、社會焦慮與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之關係。首先，瞭解大學生之網際網路使用行為、社會焦慮、網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之現況，以及其間之性別差異。其次，在瞭解網際網路使用行為與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之關係；性別與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之關係；社會焦慮與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之關係；性別與匿名與否之交互作用；社會焦慮與匿名與否交互作用。 本研究受試者透過網路收集，國內外各大學院校之大學生共484位（國內大學院校學生人，在國外唸書的中國學生人），男性大學生247位，女性大學生237位，所採用之工具為「網際網路使用行為問卷」、「互動焦慮量表」、「網路諮商方式意願調查表」、「生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願調查表」四種。研究中所採用之統計方法包括皮爾森積差相關、多變量變異數分析、典型相關。 本研究之主要結果如下： 一、大學生上網找尋資料、閱讀文章或發表文章的頻率以每天一次以上的人數最多（64.9％），上網與他人交談或寄信回信的頻率，以每天一次以上的頻率最高（48.8％）。每次上網找尋資料、閱讀文章或發表文章的時間，以每次一小時至一小時59分最多（42.1％）。每次上網與他人交談或寄信回信的使用時間，以每次一小時以下最多（45.7％）。對整體網際網路使用滿意度上，逾半數表示滿意，各項網際網路功能中，E-mail、WWW、BBS為大學生的最愛。 二、男性大學生的網際網路使用率高於女性大學生。在每次上網找尋資料、閱讀文章、發表文章、與他人交談、寄信回信的使用時間上，女性大學生平均使用時間皆高於男性大學生。整體網際網路使用經驗滿意度，女性大學生高於男性大學生。 三、全體大學生在面對權威人物與陌生情境時，皆易感到社會焦慮，社會互動情境易覺得緊張、不自在。男性大學生在面對權威人物、陌生情境及社會互動情境焦慮，較女性大學生易有焦慮的情形。 四、不匿名網路諮商與需要見面網路諮商，大學生接受意願最低。匿名且不需見面網路諮商，男女大學生接受度最高。不匿名且需要見面網路諮商，接受度最低。需要見面網路諮商在匿名與不匿名兩種情況下，男性大學生接受意願皆高於女性大學生。 五、大學生對生活與生涯適應問題，願意採取不匿名網路諮商，在性、愛、人際關係、家庭關係、身心困擾，皆傾向匿名網路諮商。男女大學生在生活與生涯適應，願意採取不匿名網路諮商，其餘皆傾向匿名網路諮商。 六、大學生網際網路使用行為的不同，並未在匿名情況下之網路諮商意願達到顯著差異。 七、大學生在網際網路使用次數、每次使用時間等各行為上的不同，在不匿名情況下之網路諮商意願，並未達到顯著差異，但對網路使用經驗滿意度高之大學生，對網路諮商的接受意願較高。 八、大學生在網際網路使用行為上的不同，在生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願上，並未達到顯著差異。 九、在匿名情況下，男性大學生在「需要見面網路諮商」的網路諮商意願上，較女性大學生有較高的意願。 十、在不匿名情況下，男性大學生在「需要見面網路諮商」的網路諮商意願上，較女性大學生有較高的意願。 十一、男性大學生在面臨「性、愛、人際關係」生活適應問題時，較女性大學生願意採取匿名的方式接受網路諮商。 十二、大學生的社會焦慮，匿名情況下，在接受網路諮商的意願上，並未有顯著正相關。 十三、越具有「權威人物與陌生情境焦慮」與「緊張彆扭」社會焦慮大學生，越不傾向接受，在不匿名情況下之「不需見面網路諮商」與「需要見面網路諮商」的網路諮商。 十四、大學生的社會焦慮，與生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願，並未有顯著的正相關。 十五、大學生的性別與匿名抑否未呈現顯著交互作用，匿名抑否達顯著差異。在「不需見面網路諮商」，大學生在接受網路諮商意願上，接受匿名方式的意願，高於不匿名方式。在「需要見面網路諮商」，大學生在接受網路諮商意願上，接受匿名方式的意願，高於不匿名方式。 十六、大學生的社會焦慮與匿名抑否未有顯著交互作用，匿名抑否達顯著性差異。在「不需見面網路諮商」，大學生在接受網路諮商意願上，接受匿名方式的意願，高於不匿名方式。在「需要見面網路諮商」，大學生在接受網路諮商意願上，接受匿名方式的意願，高於不匿名方式。 十七、全體大學生其性別、網際網路使用行為、社會焦慮、網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之間，顯著的具有典型相關，較常使用Netmeeting的大學生，不論在匿名或不匿名情況下之「需要見面網路諮商」，有較高的接受意願，對「性、愛、人際關係」之生活適應問題，對網路諮商也有較高的接受度。 本研究根據上述結果加以討論，並提出若干建議以供未來研究及教育與輔導工作之參考。

Le travail suivant porte sur le concours lancé à Paris en 1797/99 par la Classe des sciences morales et politiques de l’Institut National, aujourd’hui l’Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, sur la question de l’influence des signes sur la pensée.Quelques années seulement après l’introduction d’une nouvelle terminologie dans le domaine de la chimie, la question se posait de savoir s’il était possible d’établir en philosophie une terminologie aussi précise que dans les Sciences Naturelles. Cette thématique embrasse ainsi des questions relevant des théories de la connaissance, des théories du signe et de l’épistémologie.Sur les 23 réponses anonymes au concours, seules les trois réponses suivantes ont été jusqu’ici publiées et de ce fait suffisamment connues et analysées, celles de Joseph Marie Degérando (1772--‐1842), Pierre-François Lancelin (1769--‐1809) et Pierre Prévost (1751--‐1839).Les autres réponses, qui se trouvent aux Archives de l’Institut de France, sont jusqu’à ce jour pour la plupart inconnues et non publiées.Pour la première fois, dans ce travail, elles sont mises au jour et analysées dans le cadre des théories du langage du 18ème siècle et du courant de la philosophie du langage des Idéologues .L’un des enjeux est en particulier de traiter les différentes réponses comme constituant une série et de les analyser toutes de la même manière, sans mettre l’accent sur la dissertation de Degérandos qui a reçu le prix. Cela permet ainsi de faire ressortir les structures des arguments sur l’indépendance de la pensée scientifique et des signes ou sur la réévaluation différente de la fonction cognitive des signes sur la construction des idées. / This thesis examines the question of the Paris contest and the impact of symbols on reasoning in 1797/99, tendered by the Classe des sciences morales et politiques at the Institut National which is called Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques today. The aim was to find out whether, a couple of years after a new terminology had been introduced in chemistry, a terminology which should be as precise as the one for natural science could also be established in philosophy.The epistemic and semiotic elements of the topic are considered, as are any further questions and issues that develop. Out of the 23 anonymous entries sent in for the contest only three have been analysed scientifically so far.These are the entries sent in by Joseph Marie Degérando (1772-‐1842), Pierre-­‐François Lancelin (1769-1809) and PierrePrévost(1751-1839), which have been published and are familiar to many people.The remaining entries, which can be found today in the Archives des Institut de France are mostly unknown and have not been published yet. In this thesis they will be assessed and put into the wider context of linguistic theory at the close of the 18th century and the linguistic philosophy of the so called Idéologues. A main focus will be on the fact that they need to be seen as a series of texts and to make sure that each entry gets the same attention with no special focus on Degérandos award‐winning work.In the process a couple of overarching structures of argument emerged, such as the independence of scientific thought from symbols or the different weighing of the cognitive function of symbols for the emergence of ideas.