Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabela Barchet.pdf: 4056155 bytes, checksum: 727bab8cdddc5c1048fecef4130b1a19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / This research is a comparative analysis of industrial agglomerates and polarization in Southern Brazil and Quebec Province in Canada. Thus, the research analyzed the spatial configuration of productive activities agglomerations in Southern Brazil and in Quebec Province in Canada in order to promote elements for discussion of regional effects this process of concentration. Specifically, the study discussed the elements that influence the formation of agglomerates industrial; identified the industrial agglomerates in Quebec Province and in the states of Southern Brazil and sought to understand the effects of industrial concentration process in the perspective of winners and losers regions. It was used as methodological procedure a multiple regression model with panel data, the estimate of the Location Quotient (QL) with filters and some statistical parameters as, for example, the Pearson Asymmetry Coefficient and the Gini Concentration Coefficient, for a discussion of drive and dynamics of industrial employment. The results showed that the social capital, physical and financial, as well as the market potential are determining factors for the formation of industrial agglomerates. In relation to industrial agglomerates, the study identified to Santa Catarina 56 productive agglomerations for the year 2013. Representing an increase of 30% of agglomerates compared to 2006, as well as a slight diversification in the state's productive structure. In Rio Grande do Sul were identified 65 industrial agglomerates distributed in 16 sub-sectors and in Paraná, between 2006 and 2013, there was a increase of 20% in the number of industrial agglomerates. For Québec Province were identified 6 industrial groupings divided into 4 sub-sectors for 2012, representing a reduction of 33% in the number of agglomerates identified for 2005. Finally, it was noted a distribution of industrial employment toward spaces that, in some cases are located relatively far from areas with the initial presence of the industrial sector. It stayed evident to the southern Brazil, that the largest gains in relation to the industrial employment can not be attributed to large urban centers, or more specifically, the big metropolitan areas. / Esta pesquisa faz uma análise comparativa dos aglomerados industriais e da polarização na Região Sul do Brasil e a Província do Québec no Canadá entre 1996 e 2013. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a configuração espacial das aglomerações de atividades produtivas na Região Sul do Brasil e na Província do Québec no Canadá, a fim de promover elementos para a discussão dos efeitos regionais desse processo de concentração. De forma específica, procurou-se discorrer em relação aos elementos que influenciam a formação de aglomerações de atividades produtivas industriais; identificar e compreender os aglomerados produtivos industriais na Província do Québec e nos Estados da Região Sul do Brasil e abordar os efeitos do processo de concentração industrial sob a ótica de regiões ganhadoras e perdedoras. Para tanto, utilizou-se como procedimento metodológico para alcançar os resultados e responder aos objetivos um modelo de regressão múltipla com dados em painéis, a estimativa do Quociente Locacional (QL) com filtros e alguns parâmetros estatísticos, entre os quais estão o Coeficiente de Assimetria de Pearson e o Coeficiente de concentração de Gini, para uma discussão da movimentação e da dinâmica do emprego industrial. Por meio dos resultados constatou-se que o capital social, físico e financeiro, assim como o potencial de mercado são fatores determinantes para a formação de aglomerados produtivos industriais. Todavia, uma elevação do capital humano e financeiro pode inibir a concentração industrial, principalmente em espaços com um dinamismo socioeconômico mais estável, como é o caso da Província do Québec. Quanto as aglomerações industriais, o estudo identificou para Santa Catarina 56 aglomerações produtivas para o ano de 2013, representando em relação a 2006 um aumento de 30% dos aglomerados, bem como uma leve diversificação na estrutura produtiva do Estado. No Rio Grande do Sul foram identificados 65 agrupamentos industriais distribuídos em 16 subsetores e, no Estado paranaense entre 2006 e 2013 houve um aumento de 20% no número de aglomerados industriais. Para a Província do Québec foram identificados 6 agrupamentos industriais distribuídos em 4 subsetores para 2012, representando uma redução de 33% no número de aglomerados identificados para o ano de 2005. Por fim, notou-se em geral uma distribuição do emprego industrial em direção à espaços, que em alguns casos, se situam relativamente distantes das áreas iniciais de incidência do setor industrial. Ficou evidente na Região Sul do Brasil, que os maiores ganhos em termos de emprego industrial não podem ser atribuídos aos grandes centros urbanos, ou mais especificamente, as grandes regiões metropolitanas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amarildo Hersen.pdf: 556673 bytes, checksum: 564ec67694b0e65341b6d0f913173150 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-10 / The aim of this study is to examine the dispersion of intra and inter-regional income from main employment of persons employed in urban Metropolitan Regions (RM) and Non Metropolitan Brazilian (RNM) in the States of Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. For realization of the analytical it was applied the structural break test, which showed evidences of two labor markets. It was applied the decomposition of Oaxaca with Heckman procedure. It was used data from the National Research by House Sample of 2006. The work is based on the Theory of Human Capital and the Theory of Targeting. The Theory of Human Capital, although widely used, is unable by itself to explain the observed wage differences between individuals, as the market also provides dispersion. It was observed that, regarding the variables related to human capital, in the RM the best schooling explains the differences in pay and, in contrast, experience has more explanatory power in the countryside. The majority in the labor market are males, the informal labor force is stronger in the countryside os those states and the skin color of the workers as they approach the extreme south of Brazil is predominantly white and, in contrast, as it approaches the far north the predominant color is non-white. It was concluded that there are intra-regional wage and inter-regional dispersion for local reasons and attributes of workers. The wage dispersion in the States Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo is present for the local characteristics of the labor market. On the other hand, on the state of Ceará both factors, regional and attributes of workers, contribute in a balanced way to explain such differences. Finally, in the States Bahia, Pará and Pernambuco, the characteristics of the worker provide more explanation for the differences in average income from labor. Rates of pay are, on average, more expressive in RM, as expected because of empirical consensus, and, furthermore, it was found that the richer states pay more in their RM by local factors and the poorer pay in different manner RM by attributes in their employees. / O objetivo deste estudo é de examinar a dispersão intra-regional e inter-regional de rendimentos do trabalho principal das pessoas ocupadas nas Regiões Metropolitanas (RM) e Não Metropolitanas (RNM) urbana dos Estados da Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. Para realização da análise foi feito o teste de quebra de estrutural de Chow, o qual evidenciou a existência de dois mercados de trabalho. Aplicou-se a metodologia da decomposição de Oaxaca com correção de Heckman. Foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) de 2006. O trabalho encontra-se embasado na Teoria do Capital Humano e na Teoria da Segmentação. A Teoria do Capital Humano, apesar de ser bastante utilizada, não é capaz por si só de explicar as diferenças salariais observadas entre indivíduos, pois o mercado também propicia dispersão. Percebe-se que, com relação às variáveis relacionadas ao capital humano, na RM a escolaridade melhor explica as diferenças na remuneração e, contrariamente, a experiência tem capacidade explicativa maior no interior. O sexo masculino é majoritário no mercado de trabalho, a mão-de-obra informal é mais acentuada no interior dos Estados e a cor da pele dos trabalhadores à medida que se aproxima do extremo sul do Brasil é predominantemente branca e, contrariamente, à medida que se aproxima do extremo norte a cor predominante é a não-branca. Conclui-se que há dispersão salarial intra-regional e inter-regional por motivos locais e atributos dos trabalhadores. A dispersão salarial nos estados de Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo se dá por características locais do mercado de trabalho. Já, no estado do Ceará ambos os fatores, regionais e atributos dos trabalhadores, contribuem de forma equilibrada, para explicar tais diferenças. Por fim, nos estados da Bahia, Pará e Pernambuco, as características do trabalhador proporcionam maior explicação para as diferenças nas rendas média do trabalho. As remunerações salariais são, em média, mais expressivas na RM, conforme o esperado por ser de consenso empírico, e, além disso, verificou-se que Estados mais ricos remuneram melhor em suas RM por fatores locais e Estados mais pobres remuneram de forma diferenciada nas suas RM por atributos dos trabalhadores.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo H de Cezaro Eberhardt.pdf: 2604140 bytes, checksum: e1807894c23bb552494e9e643666f2e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this research was analyzing the regional economic development of Southern Brazil s microregions, comparing their evolution in the early XXI Century. The works of W. W. Rostow guide the analysis, considering that his works classify the process of economic development according to stages. The factor analysis, through the principal components analysis method, was chosen to measure the development stages, comprising the periods of 2000 and 2010. With the economic and social variables selected, the Regional Economic Development Index (IDER) was estimated. With this indicator, the microregions were classified in three different stages of development: Advanced, In Transition, and Early. The results indicated two different effects in Southern Brazil. In 2000, development archipelagoes were observed, with few microregions which locate closely to each other and presenting superior development stages, such as the West and North sections of Parana State. In 2010, the geometric form observed is a rectangle, which can be classified as development corridors , like the ones located in the East-West direction in Santa Catarina State and East-North in Parana State. The microregions classified as advanced in the beginning of XXI Century had the same characteristics: high levels of urbanization, large quantity of teachers and high levels of homicides. In 2010, the variables related to Estate action prevailed in the advanced microregions: expenses with education, health, housing, sports and social welfare. Key-words: Regional development; regional economy; brazilian economy, economic development. / O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar o estágio de desenvolvimento econômico regional das microrregiões do Sul do Brasil, comparando sua evolução no inicio do século XXI. Os trabalhos de W. W. Rostow norteiam essa análise, dado que seus trabalhos classificam o processo de desenvolvimento econômico em fases. A análise fatorial, por meio do método de componentes principais, foi o modo escolhido para mensurar os estágios de desenvolvimento, compreendendo os períodos de 2000 e 2010. Com as variáveis econômicas e sociais selecionadas para a pesquisa, foi estimado o Índice de Desenvolvimento Econômico Regional (IDER). Com esse indicador, foram classificadas as microrregiões em três diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento: Avançado, Em Transição e Retardatário. Os resultados indicaram dois efeitos diferentes no sul do Brasil. Em 2000, foram observados arquipélagos de desenvolvimento, com poucas microrregiões que se localizam proximamente tendo estágios superiores de desenvolvimento, como nas porções Oeste e Norte do Paraná. Em 2010, a forma geométrica observada é um retângulo, que pode se classificar como corredores de desenvolvimento, como os localizados no sentido Leste-Oeste de Santa Catarina e Leste-Norte do Paraná. As microrregiões classificadas como avançadas no início do século XXI possuíam as mesmas características: altas taxas de urbanização, grande número de professores e altas taxas de homicídios. No ano de 2010, as variáveis relacionadas à ação do Estado predominaram nas microrregiões avançadas: despesas com educação, saúde, habitação, esportes e despesas relativas ao bem estar social.

Luftverkehrsprognosen stellen ein wichtiges Instrument dar, die Luftverkehrsinfrastruktur zu beeinflussen. Hinter vielen der Projekte, die von Luftverkehrsprognosen begleitet werden, stehen Interessen. Dies gilt insbesondere für Ausbauvorhaben von Flughäfen, die von eindeutigen Zielen und Wünschen getragen werden. Die Gutachter, die im Rahmen solcher Ausbauvorhaben tätig werden, sind der Gefahr ausgesetzt, beeinflusste Prognosen zu erstellen. Die Art und Intensität dieser Beeinflussung sowie die Methodik dieser Analysen sind Gegenstand dieses Aufsatzes. Zunächst wurden neuere Ergebnisse der OECD und EU erarbeitet und denen der Flughafenstudien gegenübergestellt. Nachfolgend wurde die Intensität der Beeinflussung auf Grundlage einer eigenen Untersuchung analysiert. Dabei wurden politische Entscheidungsträger im Rhein-Main-Gebiet nach Ihrer Verwendung von Studien und deren Ergebnisse befragt. Die Impact Study, als häufigste Forschungsmethodik, wurde in ihre Bestandteile zerlegt und mit der Full Cost-Benefit-Analyse, welche die durch die FAA empfohlene Methode ist, verglichen. Grundsätzlich sind solche Gutachten meist externe Analysen aus privatwirtschaftlicher Hand, die einerseits im Auftrag von regionalen Entscheidungsträgern, aber andererseits auch im Auftrag von Flughafen- und Fluggesellschaften angefertigt wurden. Die Unabhängigkeit der Prognosen ist damit gefährdet. Auf Grundlage der (neutralen) OECD- und EU-Ergebnisse zeigte sich, dass etwaige regionale Wirtschaftsimpulse und damit einhergehendes Beschäftigungswachstum durch erhöhten Flugverkehr nicht zu finden sind. Die kritische Analyse von „bezahlten Studien“ ist demnach von Bedeutung. Die Mehrzahl der politischen Amts- und Entscheidungsträger in Deutschland trifft allerdings Entscheidungen auf Basis keiner oder ausschließlich nicht-neutraler, bezahlter Auftragsstudien. Historisch betrachtet ist dies kein Novum. Bereits in den 60er Jahren kann man solche Studien und Entscheidungen nachweisen. Bezüglich des Forschungsdesign zeigte sich, dass Impact-Studien kaum für zur Beurteilung des Luftverkehrs geeignet sind. Sie beziehen die relevanten Effekte nur teilweise in ihre Berechnungen ein. Es wurde eine Reihe von systematischen Fehlern identifiziert. Die FAA-Richtlinien in den USA für methodisch korrekte Studien greifen nur wenig. Für weitere Forschung sehen wir die wichtige Aufgabe, die Methodik der Full Cost-Benefit-Analyse für die Prognose möglicher Effekte zur Anwendung zu bringen. / Aviation traffic forecasts and airport analyses are important instruments which influence decisions on aviation related infrastructure. Behind many of such infrastructure projects, which are supported by forecast analyses, one finds political interests. This is especially the case for aviation projects, such as infrastructure enlargement projects of airports, which are motivated by distinct goals and desires. Referees who act within this framework are exposed to the risk of producing biased results. The form and degree of intensity of such influence and manipulation, as well as the methodology of such forecast analyses, are the subject of this working paper. To begin with, newer research results by the OECD and the EU have been formulated and further compared to results of studies commissioned by airport operators. Subsequently, the degree of intensity of such influence has been analysed on the basis of our own research. A survey was thereby produced, investigating the application of neutral and non-neutral studies in the decision-making processes of the public administration in the Rhein-Main-area. Impact studies, which are currently the most used method, have been segmented and compared with studies using full cost-benefit-analysis, the recommended method by the FAA. With regard to these results, it can be argued that most forecast analyses are produced by private consultancies, by order of public entities but also by order of airport operators. The independence of such research and its results is therefore endangered. Recent OECD and EU research results have shown that eventual effects, such as regional economic stimulus and employment growth, are absent. Thus, care in the application of study results in this field is necessary. However, the majority of policy makers (in Germany) unfortunately base their decisions mostly on non-neutral studies. Historically seen, this is not a novelty. Regarding the research design, impact studies are hardly suitable for airport studies. Further, it can be shown that impact studies incorporate mostly only non-negative items in their cash flow calculations, compared to full cost-benefit-analyses which incorporate all relevant items. A number of systematic flaws are further identified. The regulation-guidelines by the FAA, which demand to incorporate all items, have had little impact on the research design of airport studies in the US so far. The promotion and fostering of full cost-benefit-analyses is necessary to lift the quality of airport studies.

Luftverkehrsprognosen stellen ein wichtiges Instrument dar, die Luftverkehrsinfrastruktur zu beeinflussen. Hinter vielen der Projekte, die von Luftverkehrsprognosen begleitet werden, stehen Interessen. Dies gilt insbesondere für Ausbauvorhaben von Flughäfen, die von eindeutigen Zielen und Wünschen getragen werden. Die Gutachter, die im Rahmen solcher Ausbauvorhaben tätig werden, sind der Gefahr ausgesetzt, beeinflusste Prognosen zu erstellen. Die Art und Intensität dieser Beeinflussung sowie die Methodik dieser Analysen sind Gegenstand dieses Aufsatzes. Zunächst wurden neuere Ergebnisse der OECD und EU erarbeitet und denen der Flughafenstudien gegenübergestellt. Nachfolgend wurde die Intensität der Beeinflussung auf Grundlage einer eigenen Untersuchung analysiert. Dabei wurden politische Entscheidungsträger im Rhein-Main-Gebiet nach Ihrer Verwendung von Studien und deren Ergebnisse befragt. Die Impact Study, als häufigste Forschungsmethodik, wurde in ihre Bestandteile zerlegt und mit der Full Cost-Benefit-Analyse, welche die durch die FAA empfohlene Methode ist, verglichen. Grundsätzlich sind solche Gutachten meist externe Analysen aus privatwirtschaftlicher Hand, die einerseits im Auftrag von regionalen Entscheidungsträgern, aber andererseits auch im Auftrag von Flughafen- und Fluggesellschaften angefertigt wurden. Die Unabhängigkeit der Prognosen ist damit gefährdet. Auf Grundlage der (neutralen) OECD- und EU-Ergebnisse zeigte sich, dass etwaige regionale Wirtschaftsimpulse und damit einhergehendes Beschäftigungswachstum durch erhöhten Flugverkehr nicht zu finden sind. Die kritische Analyse von „bezahlten Studien“ ist demnach von Bedeutung. Die Mehrzahl der politischen Amts- und Entscheidungsträger in Deutschland trifft allerdings Entscheidungen auf Basis keiner oder ausschließlich nicht-neutraler, bezahlter Auftragsstudien. Historisch betrachtet ist dies kein Novum. Bereits in den 60er Jahren kann man solche Studien und Entscheidungen nachweisen. Bezüglich des Forschungsdesign zeigte sich, dass Impact-Studien kaum für zur Beurteilung des Luftverkehrs geeignet sind. Sie beziehen die relevanten Effekte nur teilweise in ihre Berechnungen ein. Es wurde eine Reihe von systematischen Fehlern identifiziert. Die FAA-Richtlinien in den USA für methodisch korrekte Studien greifen nur wenig. Für weitere Forschung sehen wir die wichtige Aufgabe, die Methodik der Full Cost-Benefit-Analyse für die Prognose möglicher Effekte zur Anwendung zu bringen. / Aviation traffic forecasts and airport analyses are important instruments which influence decisions on aviation related infrastructure. Behind many of such infrastructure projects, which are supported by forecast analyses, one finds political interests. This is especially the case for aviation projects, such as infrastructure enlargement projects of airports, which are motivated by distinct goals and desires. Referees who act within this framework are exposed to the risk of producing biased results. The form and degree of intensity of such influence and manipulation, as well as the methodology of such forecast analyses, are the subject of this working paper. To begin with, newer research results by the OECD and the EU have been formulated and further compared to results of studies commissioned by airport operators. Subsequently, the degree of intensity of such influence has been analysed on the basis of our own research. A survey was thereby produced, investigating the application of neutral and non-neutral studies in the decision-making processes of the public administration in the Rhein-Main-area. Impact studies, which are currently the most used method, have been segmented and compared with studies using full cost-benefit-analysis, the recommended method by the FAA. With regard to these results, it can be argued that most forecast analyses are produced by private consultancies, by order of public entities but also by order of airport operators. The independence of such research and its results is therefore endangered. Recent OECD and EU research results have shown that eventual effects, such as regional economic stimulus and employment growth, are absent. Thus, care in the application of study results in this field is necessary. However, the majority of policy makers (in Germany) unfortunately base their decisions mostly on non-neutral studies. Historically seen, this is not a novelty. Regarding the research design, impact studies are hardly suitable for airport studies. Further, it can be shown that impact studies incorporate mostly only non-negative items in their cash flow calculations, compared to full cost-benefit-analyses which incorporate all relevant items. A number of systematic flaws are further identified. The regulation-guidelines by the FAA, which demand to incorporate all items, have had little impact on the research design of airport studies in the US so far. The promotion and fostering of full cost-benefit-analyses is necessary to lift the quality of airport studies.

Während man sich bislang auf die Gründe für die Entwicklung existierender Cluster konzentrierte, steigt das Interesse an den Prozessen, welche deren Entstehung bewirken. Diese unterscheiden sich jedoch von jenen zusammenhängen, welche ein reifes und dynamisches Cluster kennzeichnen (Bresnahan, Gambardella 2004, S. 842; Henn 2006b). Einige Beispiele haben gezeigt, dass Politik durchaus eine Rolle in der Entwicklung von Clustern spielen kann (z. B. Feldmann et al. 2005, S. 131; Dohse 2000b). Es herrscht jedoch Konsens, dass eine direkte Steuerung und Initiierung von Clustern „wishful thinking“ bleiben muss (Enright 2003, S. 104; Rosenfeld et al. 2006). Indes zeigen sich unternehmerische Akteure im Umfeld von Forschungseinrichtungen bevorteilt, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse in neuen Technologiefeldern zu verwerten. In jüngerer Zeit werden deshalb regionalisierte Innovationspolitiken implementiert, welche diesen Prozess unterstützen sollen. Über die Wirkungsweise und die Effekte einer solchen räumlich fokussierten Politik herrscht bislang jedoch noch Unklarheit (Raines 2002b, S. 8; Fromhold-Eisebith, Eisebith 2005, S. 1251; Kiese 03.10.2007). Diese Fragestellungen aufgreifend werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit anhand der Fallbeispiele Dresden und Leipzig die Prozesse der Clusterentstehung im Technologiebereich der Biotechnologie vor dem Hintergrund der Post-Transformationsphase Ostdeutschlands analysiert. Zudem wird die umfangreiche, regionalisierte Innovationspolitik des Freistaates Sachsen hinsichtlich ihres Beitrages bei der Clusterentstehung untersucht. Mit diesem Untersuchungsansatz wird ein Beitrag zur noch jungen Diskussion der Clusterentstehung geleistet sowie Einblick in die Wirkungsmöglichkeiten regionalisierter Innovationspolitik gegeben. Auf der Grundlage der theoretischen Diskussion zu Clustern und regionalisierter Innovationspolitik wird ein Untersuchungsmodell abgeleitet, welches sich an den multidimensionalen Analyserahmen Bathelts anlehnt (Bathelt 2002) und um die von Henn diskutierten Entstehungsdimensionen Ansiedlung, Lernen und Gründung erweitert (Henn 2006b). Schwerpunkt der empirischen Analyse ist ein Mix aus leitfadengestützten Interviews und quantitativer Analyse sozialer Netzwerke. Bei der Analyse zeigt sich, dass „klassische“ Erklärungsmuster zur Clusterentstehung teilweise auf Prozesse hinweisen, die sich so nicht feststellen lassen. Als wesentlich erweisen sich vor allem Gründungs- und Ansiedlungsprozesse. Zu ihrer Erklärung kann jedoch kaum auf einfache Standortfaktoren zurückgegriffen werden, vielmehr müssen Forschernetzwerke zur Erklärung herangezogen werden. Bei der Analyse der Effekte der regionalisierten Innovationspolitik zeigt sich, dass die Wirksamkeit maßgeblich von der Gestaltbarkeit und Anpassung der Politik an sich ändernde Governancebedingungen abhängt. Dies betrifft sowohl das regionale technologische Umfeld als auch die Region im Allgemeinen. Daneben 243 ist die Unterstützung der Erzeugung materieller Vorraussetzungen u. a. für den Erfolg von Ausgründungen, Ansiedlungen sowie von unternehmerischen Lernprozessen relevant. Diese müssen jedoch in flexible Strukturen eingebettet werden, die es zu entwickeln gilt. Dafür werden am Ende der Arbeit Handlungsempfehlungen aufgezeigt. / While focussing on the development of existing clusters there is a growing interest in those processes which lead to the emergence of clusters. Those differ from these ones which are typical for a ripe cluster (Bresnahan, Gambardella 2004, p. 842; Henn 2006). Several cases show that policy has an impact on the development of a cluster (z.B. Feldmann et al. 2005, p. 131; Dohse 2000). Though there is a consensus that wishing to stear or initiate a cluster is „wishful thinking“ (Enright 2003, p. 104; Rosenfeld et al. 2006). Entrepreneurs in the surrounding of research institutions are in an advantage commercialising knowledge in new technology fields. This is why regionalised innovation policies are implemented recently, which aim to support this process. The effects and mechanisms of such a spatially focused policy have yet to be clarified (Raines 2002, p. 8; Fromhold-Eisebith, Eisebith 2005, p. 1251; Kiese 3. Oktober 2007). Taking up this question in this thesis the process of emerging clusers is analysed in the field of biotechnology for the cases of Dresden and Leipzig under conditions of post-transformation in Eastern Germany. Further the influence of the complex, regionalised innovation policy of the Free State of Saxony is studied concerning the emgergence of clusters. The aim is to contribute to the discussion on emerging clusters as well as to point out the impact regionalised innovation policy can have. A research model is deduced from theoretical discussion on clusters and regionalised innovation policy. It refers to the multidimensional model of Bathelt (Bathelt 2002) and the relevant dimensions for the emergence process, settlements, learning and founding (Henn 2006). To implement this model among others a mix of semi-structured interviews and social network analysis is used. The analysis shows that “classical” explanations for emerging clusters can not be verified. Founding and settling processes of enterprises seem to be most important. A simple location factor based explanation does not give satisfying answers. Explanations have to take researcher-entrepreneurial networks into account. The analysis shows that the impact of regionalised innovation policy depends on a continual development and evolution of policy in accordance with a changing governance structure in the regional technological surrounding as in the overall region. Monetary support proves to be favourably for spin offs and settlements as well as for entrepreneurial learning processes. Those have to be embedded in flexible and developing governance structures.

Während man sich bislang auf die Gründe für die Entwicklung existierender Cluster konzentrierte, steigt das Interesse an den Prozessen, welche deren Entstehung bewirken. Diese unterscheiden sich jedoch von jenen zusammenhängen, welche ein reifes und dynamisches Cluster kennzeichnen (Bresnahan, Gambardella 2004, S. 842; Henn 2006b). Einige Beispiele haben gezeigt, dass Politik durchaus eine Rolle in der Entwicklung von Clustern spielen kann (z. B. Feldmann et al. 2005, S. 131; Dohse 2000b). Es herrscht jedoch Konsens, dass eine direkte Steuerung und Initiierung von Clustern „wishful thinking“ bleiben muss (Enright 2003, S. 104; Rosenfeld et al. 2006). Indes zeigen sich unternehmerische Akteure im Umfeld von Forschungseinrichtungen bevorteilt, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse in neuen Technologiefeldern zu verwerten. In jüngerer Zeit werden deshalb regionalisierte Innovationspolitiken implementiert, welche diesen Prozess unterstützen sollen. Über die Wirkungsweise und die Effekte einer solchen räumlich fokussierten Politik herrscht bislang jedoch noch Unklarheit (Raines 2002b, S. 8; Fromhold-Eisebith, Eisebith 2005, S. 1251; Kiese 03.10.2007). Diese Fragestellungen aufgreifend werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit anhand der Fallbeispiele Dresden und Leipzig die Prozesse der Clusterentstehung im Technologiebereich der Biotechnologie vor dem Hintergrund der Post-Transformationsphase Ostdeutschlands analysiert. Zudem wird die umfangreiche, regionalisierte Innovationspolitik des Freistaates Sachsen hinsichtlich ihres Beitrages bei der Clusterentstehung untersucht. Mit diesem Untersuchungsansatz wird ein Beitrag zur noch jungen Diskussion der Clusterentstehung geleistet sowie Einblick in die Wirkungsmöglichkeiten regionalisierter Innovationspolitik gegeben. Auf der Grundlage der theoretischen Diskussion zu Clustern und regionalisierter Innovationspolitik wird ein Untersuchungsmodell abgeleitet, welches sich an den multidimensionalen Analyserahmen Bathelts anlehnt (Bathelt 2002) und um die von Henn diskutierten Entstehungsdimensionen Ansiedlung, Lernen und Gründung erweitert (Henn 2006b). Schwerpunkt der empirischen Analyse ist ein Mix aus leitfadengestützten Interviews und quantitativer Analyse sozialer Netzwerke. Bei der Analyse zeigt sich, dass „klassische“ Erklärungsmuster zur Clusterentstehung teilweise auf Prozesse hinweisen, die sich so nicht feststellen lassen. Als wesentlich erweisen sich vor allem Gründungs- und Ansiedlungsprozesse. Zu ihrer Erklärung kann jedoch kaum auf einfache Standortfaktoren zurückgegriffen werden, vielmehr müssen Forschernetzwerke zur Erklärung herangezogen werden. Bei der Analyse der Effekte der regionalisierten Innovationspolitik zeigt sich, dass die Wirksamkeit maßgeblich von der Gestaltbarkeit und Anpassung der Politik an sich ändernde Governancebedingungen abhängt. Dies betrifft sowohl das regionale technologische Umfeld als auch die Region im Allgemeinen. Daneben 243 ist die Unterstützung der Erzeugung materieller Vorraussetzungen u. a. für den Erfolg von Ausgründungen, Ansiedlungen sowie von unternehmerischen Lernprozessen relevant. Diese müssen jedoch in flexible Strukturen eingebettet werden, die es zu entwickeln gilt. Dafür werden am Ende der Arbeit Handlungsempfehlungen aufgezeigt. / While focussing on the development of existing clusters there is a growing interest in those processes which lead to the emergence of clusters. Those differ from these ones which are typical for a ripe cluster (Bresnahan, Gambardella 2004, p. 842; Henn 2006). Several cases show that policy has an impact on the development of a cluster (z.B. Feldmann et al. 2005, p. 131; Dohse 2000). Though there is a consensus that wishing to stear or initiate a cluster is „wishful thinking“ (Enright 2003, p. 104; Rosenfeld et al. 2006). Entrepreneurs in the surrounding of research institutions are in an advantage commercialising knowledge in new technology fields. This is why regionalised innovation policies are implemented recently, which aim to support this process. The effects and mechanisms of such a spatially focused policy have yet to be clarified (Raines 2002, p. 8; Fromhold-Eisebith, Eisebith 2005, p. 1251; Kiese 3. Oktober 2007). Taking up this question in this thesis the process of emerging clusers is analysed in the field of biotechnology for the cases of Dresden and Leipzig under conditions of post-transformation in Eastern Germany. Further the influence of the complex, regionalised innovation policy of the Free State of Saxony is studied concerning the emgergence of clusters. The aim is to contribute to the discussion on emerging clusters as well as to point out the impact regionalised innovation policy can have. A research model is deduced from theoretical discussion on clusters and regionalised innovation policy. It refers to the multidimensional model of Bathelt (Bathelt 2002) and the relevant dimensions for the emergence process, settlements, learning and founding (Henn 2006). To implement this model among others a mix of semi-structured interviews and social network analysis is used. The analysis shows that “classical” explanations for emerging clusters can not be verified. Founding and settling processes of enterprises seem to be most important. A simple location factor based explanation does not give satisfying answers. Explanations have to take researcher-entrepreneurial networks into account. The analysis shows that the impact of regionalised innovation policy depends on a continual development and evolution of policy in accordance with a changing governance structure in the regional technological surrounding as in the overall region. Monetary support proves to be favourably for spin offs and settlements as well as for entrepreneurial learning processes. Those have to be embedded in flexible and developing governance structures.