Numerous models of academic advising address the complex nature of student retention and attrition. Most tend to ignore the subtleties of implementing motivational and self-regulatory changes associated with academic advising. This present study investigates the learning experiences of university students and their use of academic advising. The research incorporates an educational model as its primary investigative lens, namely Hirsch's (2001) multiple intervention model. The study further examined critical areas of learning and advising, specifically motivation, self-regulation, academic difficulty, and academic achievement.This research was conducted at a New Zealand university and comprised of three studies. In the first study, 14 participants were interviewed about their academic problems, readiness for study and use of learning and study strategies. In the second, a total of 317 participants completed a demographic survey and two questionnaires measuring aspects of motivation and self-regulation. In the third study, 147 participants completed follow-up self-report questionnaires. The mixed-paradigm analyses were twofold. Study 1 utilised a meaning-centred approach to classifying and understanding the interview responses. Studies 2 and 3 incorporated multivariate and categorical statistical procedures.Interview narratives from Study 1 suggested that students experiencing academic difficulty tended to voice more problems, to be less ready for study and to be more avoidance oriented than students not experiencing academic difficulty. In Study 2 students indicating low motivation levels for study had more self-perceived problems in the areas of concentration, self-monitoring, use of educational materials and developing time management than students with higher motivation levels. In addition, students with academic difficulty appeared to have more problems with motivation and use of study material than students with no evidence of academic difficulty. Students' motivation levels tended to vary over time indicating that students may perceive their rationale for study as an unfixed or malleable entity. Student attitude at the beginning of the academic semester significantly predicted grade outcome. Motivation and self-regulation response measures obtained immediately prior to the examination period, however, were unable to predict end-of-semester grade averages. In Study 3 completion of short group-based study skills programmes appears to have a link with end of semester grade average, but there were no significant shifts in measures of motivation and self-regulation. Students accessing one-to-one academic advising services were usually students with higher levels of motivation for study. The use of one-to-one academic counselling, however, was not determined by academic difficulty.Overall, the studies contribute a systematic and integrative process of investigating the area of academic advising. The research highlights the importance of goal orientations and students' initial perceptions about the value of their course of study in relation to academic achievement and in reference to the seeking of academic assistance from academic advising services. The findings suggest that although Hirsch's (2001) model provides a valuable framework to investigate ways students study and learn, it requires additional refinement especially in areas of categorisation and application before it can be confidently endorsed. The findings also indicate that academic advisory services provide a valuable service for students in terms of academic achievement, but further research is required in the areas of cultivating motivation and self-regulation changes, and especially in the area of affect development. Finally, the study confirms the worth of mixed-paradigm research and the need for more in depth research in the multifaceted world of academic advising.

This thesis explores the forces driving a series of momentous transformations to Indonesia�s production and distribution systems since early colonial rule. The analysis of these forces is anchored in four conceptual themes: the basis of these systemic transformations, their politico-economic ordering as driven by a surplus-creation imperative, labour�s role in this imperative and its response to the �ordering�, and the mode of production as the historical setting within which the transformations occur. This thesis illuminates an analytical gap in the literature by nominating labour as the key force in wealth-creation and recognising its active role in challenging ruling appropriation regimes and in the broader social struggles against exploitation and oppression. The thematic focus defines the boundaries for an exploration of successive colonial and post-colonial ruling regimes. Early chapters examine how the Dutch penetrated the Indonesian politico-economy, entrenching their systems of production organisation and creating an exclusionary system of wealth appropriation. Appropriation systems are characterised by transitions in European political and economic systems, especially from mercantilism to industrial capitalism. The entrenchment of colonial power is considered in relation to the expansion of capitalist organisation in Indonesia. The state�s stimulation of this expansion is associated with an undermining of the country�s reproductive base and a growing challenge to foreign rule. The Japanese occupying force� demolition of colonial productive and distributive linkages and encouragement of independence activism is connected with a post-war struggle for independence. Links are drawn between colonial rule and the tensions and organisational difficulties faced by Republican regimes leading up to the New Order�s re-establishment of a strict regulatory regime, and the development of an indigenous system of capitalist organisation. The surplus-generation and appropriation perspective informs the evolution of Indonesia�s productive and economic systems across colonial and post-colonial epochs and the challenges to the system of social and production regulation that heralded the destabilisation of New Order rule and the rise of the contemporary era of political democracy.

1. This series of studies was undertaken to examine the adrenergic regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. Recreationally active males were tested during moderate to intense exercise on a stationary cycle ergometer. Venous and arterial plasma obtained from indwelling catheters was analysed for hormonal and metabolite responses, and hepatic glucose production and glucose uptake were measured using the tracer-dilution method with stable isotopes. Muscle samples were obtained by the needle biopsy technique to examine muscle glycogen utilisation and the flux of related muscle metabolites using enzymatic, fluorometric and radioisotopic techniques. 2. During moderate exercise adrenaline infusion induced a marked hyperglycemia and this was due to reduced glucose uptake rather than enhanced hepatic glucose production. The reduction in glucose uptake was most likely mediated by a decrease in glucose phosphorylation, as indicated by the accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate with adrenaline infusion. 3. The hyperglycemic response to intense exercise was prevented by the administration of α- and β-adrenergic antagonists. Adrenergic blockade was without effect on hepatic glucose production whereas glucose uptake was enhanced when compared with control subjects. These data support the notion that adrenergic mechanisms are more important in restraining glucose uptake than enhancing hepatic glucose production during intense exercise. Other glucoregulatory factors are responsible for the increase in glucose production during intense exercise. 4. Elevated plasma adrenaline levels during moderate exercise in untrained men increases skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown and PDH activation which results

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is the central component of the sodium absorption pathway in epithelia. It is critical for sodium homeostasis and blood pressure control, which is demonstrated by rare genetic disorders such as Liddle�s syndrome and pseudohypoaldosteronism type I, that are associated with hyper- and hypotension, respectively. ENaC is mainly regulated by mechanisms that control the expression of active channels at the cell surface. Ubiquitin ligases of the Nedd4-like family, such as Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 decrease epithelial sodium absorption by binding to and targeting ENaC for endocytosis and degradation. This is most likely achieved by catalyzing the ubiquitination of ENaC. Conversely the serum- and glucocorticoid regulated kinase (SGK) increases ENaC activity. This effect is partly mediated by the interaction of SGK with the ubiquitin ligases Nedd4 and Nedd4-2. SGK is able to bind to both Nedd4 and Nedd4-2, however only Nedd4-2 is phosphorylated by SGK. The phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 inhibits its interaction with ENaC, thus reducing ENaC ubiquitination, thereby increasing surface expression and sodium absorption. Nedd4-like proteins interact with ENaC via their WW-domains. These domains bind PY-motifs (PPXY) present in ENaC subunits. Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 both have four highly similar WW-domains. Previous studies have shown that interaction between Nedd4 and ENaC is mainly mediated by WW-domain 3. SGK also has a PY-motif; therefore it was analyzed whether the WW-domains of Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 mediate binding to SGK. Here, it is shown that single or tandem WW-domains of Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 mediate binding to SGK and that, despite their high similarity, different WW-domains of Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 are involved. These data also suggest that WW-domains 2 and 3 of Nedd4-2 mediate the interaction with SGK in a concerted manner, and that in vitro the phosphorylation of SGK at serine residue 422 increases its affinity for the WW-domains of Nedd4-2. The stimulatory effect of SGK on ENaC activity is partly mediated via Nedd4-2 and will decrease if competition between Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 for binding to SGK occurs. Here it is shown that Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 are located in the same subcellular compartment and that they compete for binding to SGK. Besides its function in the proteasomal degradation pathway ubiquitination is involved in the regulation of membrane protein trafficking, including their endocytosis. ENaC was shown previously to be ubiquitinated. Here, we provide evidence that ENaC can be ubiquitinated differentially depending on its cellular location. Channels residing in the plasma membrane are multiubiquitinated and we suggest that this serves as an internalization signal for ENaC and a control for further trafficking. Cytosolic ENaC is mainly polyubiquitinated, and therefore probably targeted for proteasomal degradation. However, mono- and multiubiquitination of ENaC located within the cytosol is very likely to occur as well. In addition, it is shown that both proteasomal and lysosomal pathways are involved in the regulation of ENaC.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis worldwide. HBV vaccination can prevent new infections, but effective antiviral drugs are not available for a large number of HBV infected patients. To develop novel antiviral drugs, a better understanding of the regulation of HBV gene expression is vital. One important aspect is to understand how HBV hijacks the cellular machinery to export unspliced RNAs from the nucleus of a cell to the site of incorporation into new HBV particles. The HBV post-transcriptional regulatory element (HBV PRE) is a cis acting RNA element found in all HBV transcripts. It has been reported to play an important role in the nuclear export of HBV mRNAs. Moreover, it has the ability to enhance expression of intronless as well as unspliced transcripts. Despite concerted investigations, the functional core element of HBV PRE remains unknown and the exact mechanism of how HBV PRE mediates nuclear export is unclear. This project first produced a complete HBV genome with comprehensive annotation of both coding regions and regulatory signals, which was then used for comparative genomic analysis. The functional elements of the HBV PRE were first subjected to analysis in silico. The HBV PRE is highly conserved among HBVs. Based on this sequence conservation and prediction of conserved RNA secondary structure, potentially functional HBV PRE elements including the previously reported elements (HBV SLα and HBV SLβ) were identified. Experimental deletion analysis of the HBV PRE sequence showed that the effect of each of these elements on the intronless reporter gene�s expression was similar to that of the entire full length HBV PRE. Thus, the results suggested that overall HBV PRE function was not due to additive effects from the individual elements. Surprisingly, a specific sub-section of HBV PRE decreased the level of reporter gene expression. This sub-section has not been identified previously, thus it is a novel HBV PRE inhibitory element. Further analyses using specific reporter assays revealed that the HBV PRE enhanced expression of an unspliced reporter gene whereas the RNA nuclear export elements of retroviruses, CTE (in MPMV) and RRE (in HIV-1) were not able to. Therefore, these results indicate that HBV PRE is involved in inhibition of splicing and it utilizes a different mechanism from CTE and RRE. Interestingly, HBV PRE was observed to be unable to enhance the expression of an intronless luciferase gene. Therefore, HBV PRE is not able to enhance cytoplasmic expression of all intronless transcripts. This project also addressed the idea that the RNA-binding protein, polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) is a positive trans-acting factor for HBV PRE function. Transient expression of exogenous PTB in cultured cells showed no specific effect on constructs containing HBV PRE. Moreover, reduction of endogenous PTB by RNAi did not affect HBV PRE function. Therefore, the results presented in this project do not support the hypothesis that PTB plays a role in HBV PRE function. Given that HBV PRE is highly conserved and present in all HBV transcripts, it makes a good target site for novel molecular therapeutic treatments such as siRNA. To identify potential siRNA target sites within HBV PRE, an RNAi study using a plasmid expressing shRNA against HBV PRE was done. The results from the RNAi study revealed that the expression of a reporter gene could be significantly reduced by siRNA targeted to the HBV PRE. Overall, this project produced a highly annotated HBV genome that can be used as the reference sequence for comparative genomic analysis. Moreover, this work identified novel regulatory elements within HBV PRE that are likely to play an important role in HBV gene expression. Furthermore, the study also identified an excellent siRNA target site within HBV PRE that may inhibit HBV gene expression.

This thesis is an exploration of privacy as it relates to the Internet in general, and e-mail communication in particular. It looks at the philosophy of privacy and tracks the privacy debate in both an academic and legal framework. It examines the Australian Privacy Act of 1988 and similar legislation overseas. Current government approaches to privacy and privacy regulation are also examined providing a legislative/political context for the research. The fieldwork component of the thesis attempts to unravel individual perceptions of privacy. It overlays those perceptions of privacy with an examination of the effects of Internet technology on a conceptual understanding of privacy. There is no doubt that the discussion of privacy and the electronic age is extensive but discussion with individuals about their place in the debate and, indeed, the legislation is yet to be tackled in an extensive manner. Until we mesh the views of individuals in the community about their place in the new communications technology and privacy debate, we will not reap the full benefits of advances in communications technology. Consumers will remain reluctant about and suspicious of breaches of their privacy via the Internet.

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis world wide and has been linked to several severe complications including autoimmune syndromes which can result in paralysis. Despite being the subject of much study, C. jejuni remains a major public health burden in both developing and developed nations. There is currently no vaccine available for protection against this pathogen and the mechanisms important for C. jejuni pathogenesis are not fully defined. This study has employed a range of experimental approaches to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in C. jejuni pathogenesis. Lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) are surface structures and known virulence factors of C. jejuni which are involved in serum resistance, resistance to phagocytic killing, endotoxicity and adhesion. Mutagenesis studies targeting the putative LOS biosynthesis genes wlaRF, wlaTA, wlaTB, wlaTC and waaV were performed in order to characterise the proteins encoded by each of these six genes and assess their potential role in C. jejuni pathogenesis in vitro. The gene product of wlaTA was found to be essential for C. jejuni survival and therefore a knock out mutant could not be generated. Phenotypic characterisation of four knock-out mutants confirmed that each gene contributed to the construction of the LOS molecule as all four mutants produced a truncated LOS moiety and altered their immunoreactivity. Further analysis determined that the production of complete LOSs was important for C. jejuni to invade and adhere to both human and chicken cells in vitro. This study identified a link between the inactivation of two LOS biosynthesis genes and the loss of motility, another important virulence factor. A major source of human C. jejuni infection is contact with contaminated poultry. However, C. jejuni exists as a commensal in chickens. It is currently not known why C. jejuni is pathogenic to humans and not to chickens and the differences between these two hosts represent pathogenic and non-pathogenic environments respectively. These environmental differences were exploited in this study. The four conditions investigated were temperature, blood, bile and host cells in vitro. Five different C. jejuni strains (NCTC11168, 81116, HB93-13, a recent human enteritis isolate and a recent chicken isolate) were subjected to modelled

Bibliography: leaves 139-165. / ix, 183 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Biochemistry, 2001

Copy of author's previously published work inserted. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-182). / xi, 182 leaves, [57] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Concentrates mainly on the characterisation of the molecular mechanism of action of the tec protein tyrosine kinase using biochemical and genetic approaches. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, 2001?

"November, 2003" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 240-264) / xix, 264 : ill. (some col.), plates ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Environmental Biology, 2004