Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-06T20:18:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBMR.pdf: 4436976 bytes, checksum: 6798de1dc9fbb33dbd67f393ab12e887 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:20:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBMR.pdf: 4436976 bytes, checksum: 6798de1dc9fbb33dbd67f393ab12e887 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:20:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBMR.pdf: 4436976 bytes, checksum: 6798de1dc9fbb33dbd67f393ab12e887 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:20:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBMR.pdf: 4436976 bytes, checksum: 6798de1dc9fbb33dbd67f393ab12e887 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This present work aims to build a Teaching and Learning Sequence (TLS) proposed by Marco. A. Moreira , based on David Ausubel's Meaningful Learning Theory. The TLS aims to lead to a meaningful conceptual learning of Einstein's Special Relativity theory by suppressing the excessive calculus involving it. One of its greatest achievements is the use of the educational game - a slower speed of light and animations. The topics of the unit content are time dilation, length contraction, invariance of the speed of light, the relativity of simultaneity, spotlight effect and Terrell effect. The TLS was able to promote differentiated classes, providing evidences of conceptual evolution - stimulating and making it possible the teaching of modern and contemporary physics at this level. The TLS developed for this study was applied in two classes in a State high school in Itapira - SP and the results were analyzed so that the teaching unit efficiency could be evaluated. At the end of this work an instructional product, which is the TLS itself, is presented. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo construir e aplicar uma Unidade de Ensino Potencialmente Significativa (UEPS), baseada na teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Ausubel e proposta por Marco A. Moreira. A UEPS visa facilitar a aprendizagem significativa da teoria da Relatividade Restrita e suprimir o excesso de matematização que envolve a tal teoria. Um dos diferenciais desta UEPS é o uso do game educativo A slower speed of light e animações. Os temas abordados na unidade de ensino são a dilatação temporal, a contração do comprimento, a invariância da velocidade da luz, a simultaneidade de eventos relativísticos, o efeito holofote e o efeito Terrell. A UEPS construída foi capaz de permitir aulas diferenciadas, fornecendo evidências de uma evolução conceitual por parte dos alunos, viabilizando e incentivando o ensino da física moderna e contemporânea neste nível de ensino. A UEPS desenvolvida neste trabalho foi aplicada em duas salas de uma escola pública de Itapira – SP, sendo que os resultados foram analisados para que se pudesse avaliar a eficácia da unidade de ensino. Ao final do trabalho é apresentado o produto educacional que consiste na UEPS para o ensino da teoria da Relatividade Restrita.

En 1916 Albert Einstein énonce la théorie de la relativité : véritable révolution scientifique du XXe siècle, elle aura des répercussions touchant à tous les domaines de la connaissance. L'objectif de notre étude est de tracer un cadre des relations existantes entre la littérature européenne et la théorie de la relativité, sur l'interaction de leurs deux langues et sur l'échange de leurs images. Si la science et la littérature dialoguent entre elles, elles le font au sein d'une atmosphère, l'esprit du temps. Les deux disciplines prennent leurs images et leurs thèmes d'un terroir commun : elles deviennent ainsi l'expression d'une époque et en même temps la source de laquelle l'époque se nourrit. Le dialogue entre science et littérature se traduit dans notre méthodologie : le paradoxe des jumeaux, qu'Einstein utilise pour expliquer la déformation spatio-temporelle, se traduit dans le thème du double à partir duquel on a sélectionné un corpus européen. Ensuite, on a procède à une analyse sur deux niveaux, l'un narratologique et l'autre symbolique. Pour le premier niveau on a analysé l'espace-temps en relation au double : on a vu comment les deux sont entrelacés et comment l'espace-temps ne se limite pas à assumer une fonction de décor. Pour le deuxième niveau d'analyse on a emprunté certaines images utilisées par Einstein dans ses textes de vulgarisation, comme le train et la lumière, pour construire une grille critique que nous avons appelé « constellation einsteinienne ». Grace à cette grille de symboles, qui se superpose à celle narratologique, nous pouvons voir comme les éléments évoqués par Einstein se transforment en littérature en gardant toute leur valeur scientifique. De notre analyse résulte un cadre où des éléments scientifiques et des textes de fiction s'entrelacent dans l'expression de l'esprit du temps. La relativité scientifique trouve son contrepartie dans la relativité littéraire. / In 1916 Albert Einstein formulated the theory of relativity, a great XX century scientific revolution, which will have repercussions affecting all areas of human knowledge. The aim of our study is to draw a framework of the existing relations between European literature and the theory of relativity, about the interaction of their two languages and the exchange of their images. If science and literature interact to each other, they do so within an atmosphere, the spirit of the times. The two disciplines take their images and their themes from a common ground: they thus become the expression of an era and at the same time the source from which the era nourishes itself. The dialogue between science and literature is reflected in our methodology: the paradox of twins, which Einstein uses to explain spatio-temporal deformation, is transformed in the double theme from which a European corpus was selected. Then, we proceeded to an analysis on two levels, the one narratological and the other symbolic. For the first level, we have focused on space-time double relation, discovering how the two are interlaced and how space-time is not limited to assuming a decor function. For the second level of analysis we have borrowed certain images used by Einstein in his popularization texts, such as train and light, to build a critical grid that we have called the “Einsteinian constellation”. Thanks to this grid of symbols, which is superimposed on that of narratology, we can see that the elements evoked by Einstein transform into literature while retaining all their scientific value. From our analysis results a framework where scientific elements and fiction texts intertwine in the expression of the spirit of the time. Scientific relativity finds its counterpart in literary relativity.

No description available.

Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à un aspect assez peu documenté de l'histoire de la théorie de la relativité restreinte, la recherche d'une vérification expérimentale de ses prédictions sur la variation de l'inertie en fonction de leur vitesse. Nous complétons les études historiques antérieures sur les expériences de Kaufmann (1906) et de Bucherer (1908), et montrons que la vérification de la formule de Lorentz-Einstein constitue encore un enjeu expérimental après 1911. Nous étudions plus particulièrement les recherches dirigées par Charles-Eugène Guye en collaboration avec ses étudiants Simon Ratnowsky (1907-1910) et Charles Lavanchy (1913-1915). Nous montrons que la seconde phase de ce travail est très largement considérée dans les années 1920 comme la vérifiation expérimentale la plus précise de la formule de Lorentz-Einstein. Nous utilisons la méthode de réplication, appliquée à l'expérience de Guye et Lavanchy. La très grande maîtrise de l'émission cathodique, associée à une méthode d'investigation spécifique, leur permet de surmonter toutes les difficultés identifiées alors comme préjudiciables au succès de ce type d'expérience. / We focus on an aspect of the history of special relativity theory that has not received much attention yet, namely the search for an experimental verification of the relativistic velocity dependency of inertia. Former historical studies on Kaufmann's 1906 and Bucherer's 1908 experiments are pursued. It is shown that verifying Lorentz-Einstein's formula is still a challenge after 1911. We concentrate here on Charles-Eugène Guye's works with students Simon Ratnowsky (1907-1910) and Charles Lavanchy (1913-1915). The second experiment is shown to be considered as the most precise verification of Lorentz-Einstein's formula by a large number of 1920s physicists. The replication method is used to probe Guye and Lavanchy's experiment. They are able to solve every then known difficulty in successfully performing such an experiment, through a great mastership of the crucial issue of cathode ray emission, together with a specific investigation method.

This paper explores the possibility and relevance of theological study of backward time travel and its consequences. An examination of current research on backward time travel reveals a number of interdisciplinary topics which are not handled within physics. Some of these topics, mainly concerning free will and determination, are of interest to philosophers, whereas topics such as meaning and responsibility are left aside.   In theology, there is a general dismissal of the idea of backward time travel. This study claims that this negative stance may be the result of taking science and its methods too seriously. The result of the study is that the interdisciplinary questions connected to backward time travel makes the subject very relevant for theological reflection. Thought experiments on backward time travel can provide valuable insights on how we deal with our lives, our world, time, and God today. / Denna explorativa studie utforskar möjligheten och relevansen av teologiska studier av tidsresor till det förflutna och deras konsekvenser. En undersökning av det aktuella forskningsläget visar på förekomsten av interdisciplinära frågeställningar som inte hanteras inom fysiken. Vissa frågor, framförallt knutna till den fria viljan och determinism, intresserar filosofer, medan andra områden som mening och ansvar inte behandlas vidare. Teologer ställer sig generellt negativa till tanken på resor till det förflutna. Denna studie hävdar att denna negativa inställning kan vara resultatet av en alltför stark respekt för vetenskapens fynd och metoder.  Resultatet av studien är att de interdisciplinära frågeställningar som är kopplade till tidsresor till det förflutna gör ämnet högst lämpligt för teologisk begrundan. Tankeexperiment kring ämnet kan ge värdefulla insikter om hur vi hanterar våra liv, vår värld, tiden och Gud idag.

保險代位之本質，可說是整個保險代位體系之核心所在。本文乃以保險代位之本質—亦即求償模式為重心，對於保險代位之相關問題，依序加以討論。本文首先自保險代位存在之法理、以及學說上對其之批評加以分析、並提出回應。在保險代位之求償模式方面，我國傳統以來循大陸法系之傳統，採取法定債權移轉理論，而與英美法有所不同；英美法之架構近年來漸受學說之重視，甚至對其有所爭議，故實有釐清之必要。本文乃對英美保險代位之本質、架構加以探索，並對其與擬制信託之融合詳加分析，以求釐清其法律關係。除了英美以外，本文亦對其他主要國家之立法例詳加分析，並歸納為大陸法系與英美法系兩大系統。而中國大陸與台灣均屬於繼受法之地位，關於保險代位求償模式、名義等，亦可見受不同立法例所影響之軌跡；其許多條款與學說見解亦有疑義，值得我國引以為戒。於分析英美法與各國立法例，並審酌我國之背景後，本文乃嘗試對我國提出「保險代位求償模式相對論」—即原則上仍採取法定債權移轉理論，但在保險人與被保險人有特定具體之特約時，則可約定採取英美法之模式、或是自行約定其他求償模式。 另外，關於不足額保險、而應負責之第三人資力不足時，保險人與被保險人之間受償順序之問題，本文將由傳統的法釋義學方法出發，藉由對立法例、實務與學說見解的分析，以重新思考相關的法理基礎。本文也將使用法律經濟分析的方法，以經濟模型重新考量代位求償過程中可能的因素，重新驗證被保險人優先受償模式對於被保險人的效用。就結論而言，在損失填補原則的架構下，被保險人優先受償模式仍應為最適的解決方案。但此原則應有以法規或嚴格意定予以排除、修正之空間。在判斷順序上，可依三階段判斷：先檢視法規有無特別規定，再檢視當事人間是否有特別約定，若均無再適用被保險人優先受償模式以分配之。 對於特別保險—如全民健康保險法、勞工保險條例、強制汽車責任保險法等中之代位體系，本文亦加以分析，並同樣認為於適當之類型中，本文之保險代位模式求償相對論亦應可加以適用。在再保險與保險代位之適用問題上，本文肯認保險人對第三人之求償無庸扣除再保險之給付。而對於再保險是否、如何適用於保險代位，本文則認為可以三階段判斷之：首先，就再保險之類型為判斷；再判斷原保險人是否欲向第三人求償；如再保險之類型適合、又原保險人不欲向第三人求償時，則應允許再保險人向第三求償。最後，總結全文提出結論；並分三階段對於我國法提出相關建議，以供未來進一步之參酌。 / The nature of subrogation can be regarded as the core of the subrogation system. This research put stress on the nature of subrogation which was the subrogation. Regarding the related problems of subrogation, they will be discussed orderly. The article firstly starts to analyze from the existence of subrogation and the criticism for the theory to provide the responses. In the aspect of the way how subrogation operates, our country traditionally follows the Continental Law System to adopt the “legal assignment theory” which is different the Anglo-American Law System. The structure of Anglo-American Law System is stressed by the theory and is very controversial. Consequently, it is necessary to figure out the truth. This research is aimed at exploring the nature and structure of common law subrogation theory and analyzes other integration of the constructive trust to figure out the law relationship. Except for Anglo-American countries, this research also analyzes the lawmaking of other countries and induces the two main systems which are Continental Law System and Anglo-American Law System. Mainland China and Taiwan belong to the status of Succession Law. Regarding the subrogation and nominal, it can be seen that the orbit is affected by different ways of lawmaking. Understandings of many clauses and theories are still uncertain. Our country should learn a lesson from it. With analyzing the ways of lawmaking of common law and each country, and considering the background of our country, the research attempts to address the “relativity theory of insurance subrogation” to our country. In principle, it still adopts legal assignment theory. However, when the insurer and insured have specific agreement, they can negotiate to adopt the Anglo-American model or make other subrogation model by themselves. Other problems can arise with regard to payment priority between the insurer and the insured, particularly in cases of underinsurance and when the responsible third party has insufficient funds to make up the difference. The present study takes the traditional rechtsdogmatik approach as its starting point, analyzing legislative precedents, practical aspects and academic theories to re-examine the underlying legal principles. The paper also makes use of economic analysis of law techniques, employing economic models to reconsider the factors that may be involved in the subrogation process, and re-examining the efficacy of the insured-whole doctrine from the point of view of the insured. The main conclusions reached are that, within the framework created by the principle of indemnity, the insured-whole doctrine is still the optimal solution; however, there may be situations in which the insured-whole doctrine must be rejected or modified in light of legal or regulatory requirements or strict interpretation. Determination can be made in three stages. Firstly, the relevant laws and regulations should be examined to determine whether any special provisions apply. Then, an examination should be made to determine whether any special agreements exist between the parties concerned. If no special legal or regulatory provisions apply and no special agreements exist, then the insured-whole doctrine can be applied. For the subrogation systems in special insurances—for examples, the National Health Insurance, Labor Insurance, and Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance, the research also analyzes them and considers that in the proper type, the relativity theory of insurance subrogation can be adopted. About the problems about reinsurance and subrogation, this research admits that insurer asks for subrogation for the third party not need to deduct from settlement of reinsurance. For reinsurer and how to apply to the subrogation, the research considers that it can be judged from three stages. If the type of reinsurance is suitable and the original insurer does not want to claim against the third party, it should be allowed that the reinsurer can claim against the third party directly. Finally, the research makes the conclusion and provides related suggestions to the law of our country to be viewed as the future reference.