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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1001

Análise de propriedades de nuvens em função da profundidade óptica do aerossol a partir de produtos derivados pelo MODIS da região amazônica durante a estação seca / Analysis of the cloud properties as a function of the aerosol optical depth from MODIS products in the Amazon region during the dry season

Rocha, Vinicius Roggerio da 01 December 2011 (has links)
Os efeitos da interação entre aerossóis e nuvens foram estudados neste trabalho através da análise das propriedades ópticas de nuvens em função da profundidade óptica do aerossol (AOD). A região de trabalho foi a Amazônia, particularmente durante a estação seca e na transição entre a estação seca e a chuvosa, quando as queimadas lançam grande quantidade de partículas na atmosfera. Foram utilizados produtos derivados do MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), sendo dois artigos utilizados como referência (Yu et al., 2007 e Koren et al., 2008). Observou-se comportamento de correlação entre fração de cobertura de nuvens e AOD conforme previsto em Koren et al. (2008) para outros anos estudados (2002 a 2008), nas estações seca e de transição entre seca e úmida, e em seis áreas menores de estudo de diferentes regiões da Amazônia, utilizando resultados das passagens da manhã (satélite Terra) e da tarde (satélite Aqua). Essas análises também foram realizadas restringindo-se os dados a situações atmosféricas semelhantes, conforme conteúdo de vapor dágua e instabilidade atmosférica, sendo observado o efeito microfísico através de médias, mas o radiativo não foi observado. / The effects of the interaction between aerosols and clouds are studied in this work by analyzing the optical properties of clouds as a function of the aerosol optical depth (AOD). The studied area is the Amazon region, particularly during the dry season and the transition between the dry to wet season, when fires release large amounts of particles in the atmosphere. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products are used and two papers are used as reference (Yu et al., 2007 and Koren et al., 2008). As observed by Koren et al. (2008), correlation between cloud cover fraction and AOD was observed in this study, for a larger database, including years 2002 to 2008, both during the dry seasons and the transition between dry to wet. Six smaller areas in the Amazon were also investigated, using results from morning (Terra satellite) and afternoon (Aqua satellite) overpasses. These tests were also conducted by restricting the data according to atmospheric conditions such as water vapor content intervals and atmospheric instability. In this case, only the microphysical effect was observed, but not the radiative.
1002

Análise da dispersão de aerossóis em Cubatão-SP por meio de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto / Analysis of the dispersion of aerosols in Cubatão-SP using remote sensing techniques

Andrade, Izabel da Silva 20 February 2019 (has links)
A cidade de Cubatão está localizada na região da baixada santista, no estado de São Paulo. Ela conta com um dos maiores complexos industriais do Brasil, tendo este iniciado as suas atividades na década de cinquenta. Cubatão, tornou-se uma grande potência econômica seguindo as tendências de seu desenvolvimento industrial. Contudo o progresso fabril aliado a ausência de políticas públicas e regulatórias, no que se refere à emissão de poluentes atmosféricos, trouxe graves consequências ambientais. A ausência de leis ocasionou um grande problema ambiental em Cubatão na década de oitenta, época na qual a região atingiu níveis altíssimos de poluição atmosférica, ganhou grande repercussão internacional e deu origem ao termo Vale da morte. Após este acontecimento, foram desenvolvidas as leis regulamentadoras de emissões atmosféricas, tanto no âmbito estadual quanto no federal. Hoje apesar de Cubatão possuir níveis mais baixos de poluição e emissões industriais controladas, é possível notar ultrapassagens dos padrões de qualidade do ar. Baseado no contexto apresentado sobre o município, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo da dispersão dos poluentes na região de Cubatão-SP utilizando técnicas diversas, como: sensoriamento remoto - técnica Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) e dados de satélite - e informações de qualidade do ar disponibilizados pela CETESB. / The city of Cubatão is located in the region of the state of São Paulo. It has one of the largest industrial complexes in Brazil, having started its activities in the fifties. Cubatão, became a major economic power following the trends of its industrial development. However the factory progress, combined with the absence of public and regulatory policies, regarding the emission of atmospheric pollutants, brought serious environmental consequences. The absence of laws caused a major environmental problem in Cubatão in the eighties. The region reached very high levels of air pollution, gaining great international repercussion and giving rise to the term Death Valley. Following this event, regulatory laws about atmospheric emissions were developed, both at the state and federal levels. Today, although Cubatão has lower levels of pollution and controlled industrial emissions, it is possible to observe overcoming air quality standards. Based on the context presented on the municipality, the present work aims to conduct a study of the dispersion of pollutants in the region of Cubatão-SP using several techniques, such as: remote sensing - Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and satellite data - and air quality information provided by CETESB.
1003

Propriedades espectrais das plantas no infravermelho termal (2,5 - 14 um): da química ao dossel. / Spectral properties of plants in the thermal infrared (2.5 - 14 um): from the chemistry to the canopy.

Ribeiro da Luz, Beatriz 30 June 2005 (has links)
Este trabalho explora as propriedades óticas das plantas no infravermelho termal para avaliar como esse tipo de dado poderia ser usado em estudos de ecossistemas, tanto no laboratório, quanto no campo, ou com sensoriamento remoto, e também, para analisar vários aspectos da química de diferentes espécies. Espectros de refletância total atenuada (ATR) das folhas mostram bandas de absorção devidas às vibrações moleculares de diferentes compostos, e quando ATR de folhas frescas foi comparado com espectros de compostos padrões selecionados, foi possível relacionar bandas das folhas com bandas de celulose, cutina, sílica ( quartzo microcristalino), água e triterpeno ácido. Usando um procedimento de busca foi possível localizar espécies com características químicas semelhantes, dentro de uma biblioteca espectral. Potenciais fontes de variações foram exploradas para compreender se o ATR poderia ser usado na identificação de espécies. Variações temporais, espaciais e posicionais. Por exemplo, folhas de sol mostraram diferenças espectrais de folhas de sombra. Espectros das superfícies adaxiais quase sempre eram diferentes das abaxiais. Indivíduos da mesma espécies quase sempre mostraram espectros muito similares. Numa simulação de um estudo ecológico de campo usando ATR como ferramenta para a identificação de espécies, 82% dos indivíduos foram corretamente identificados. Imagens de microscopia de varredura (SEM) das folhas foram usadas com medidas de refletância hemisférica direcional (DHR) para estudar os efeitos da tridimensionalidade estrutural sobre o comportamento espectral. Por exemplo, estruturas formadas pelas ceras na superfície foliar podem causar atenuação das características espectrais devidas ao efeito Holblaum (de cavidade). Medidas de DHR podem ser relacionadas à emissividade pela lei de Kirchhoff (ε=1-R), e por isso é importante compreende-las, pelas informações que podem estar disponíveis por sensoriamento remoto. Para explorar os efeitos da estrutura do dossel nos espectros, medidas de emissividade foram feitas usando um espectrômetro de campo. Os dados mostram, pela primeira vez, que é possível discriminar características de emissividade espectral de plantas daquelas do ambiente ao redor. Medidas espectrais feitas com distâncias horizontais crescentes de alguns dosséis de árvores mostraram uma atenuação progressiva das características de emissividade espectral, devido ao número crescente de cavidades no campo de visão, e problemas de correção atmosférica. Apesar disso, há potencial no estudo de plantas usando sensoriamento remoto no infravermelho termal. Um sensor em plataforma de avião operando na janela atmosférica entre 8-14 m teria que ter uma alta razão sinal-ruído, e um campo de visão pequeno que permittise medidas das folhas individualmente. Métodos de calibragem e algoritmos para análises espectrais precisariam ser refinados a fim de permitir a extração das características sutis de emissividade das plantas. / This work explores the thermal infrared spectral properties of plants to evaluate how such data might be used in laboratory, field, and remote sensing studies of ecosystems, and to analyze diverse chemical aspects of plant species. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of plant leaves display absorption bands caused by the fundamental molecular vibrations of various compounds. By comparing ATR spectra of fresh leaves to reference spectra of selected pure compounds, it was possible to assign a number of leaf absorption bands related to cellulose, cutin, silica ( quartz micro-crystalline), water and acid triterpene. By using spectral search/match procedures it was possible to locate species within a database of leaf spectra that had similar chemical characteristics. Potential sources of spectral variation were explored, including temporal, spatial, and positional variations. For example, sun leaves showed spectral differences compared to shaded leaves. Spectra of adaxial leaf surfaces were commonly different from those of abaxial surfaces. Individuals of the same species consistently showed very similar spectra. In a simulated ecological study using field ATR measurements as a tool for species identification 82% of the individuals were correctly identified. Scanning electron microscope images were utilized in conjunction with directional hemispherical reflectance (DHR) measurements of leaves to study 3-dimensional structural effects on spectral behavior. For example, small-scale structures formed by waxes on a leaf surface can cause the attenuation of spectral features due to the Holblaum (cavity) effect. DHR measurements can be linked to emissivity using Kirchhoff’s law (ε=1-R), and therefore are relevant to understanding the kinds of information concerning plants that may be available via remote sensing. Finally, to explore the effects of canopy structure on spectra, direct emissivity measurements were made by using a field spectrometer. The data show, for the first time, that it is possible to discriminate spectral emissivity features of plants from those of the surrounding environment. Spectral measurements made at increasing horizontal distances from several tree canopies showed progressive attenuation of the spectral emissivity features. This attenuation is ascribed to the increasing proportion of canopy voids in the instrument field of view, and to increased surface scattering effects. Errors associated with removal of atmospheric features also contributed to the loss of spectral information at greater measurement distances. Despite these problems, there is untapped potential for using thermal infrared remote sensing measurements to study plants. To be effective an airborne sensor operating in the 8-14 m atmospheric window would need high signal-to-noise and a small instantaneous field of view to enable measurements of individual leaf surfaces. Data calibration methods and spectral analysis algorithms would also require refinement to permit the extraction of subtle plant emissivity features.
1004

Quantificação e estimativa de material particulado no porto de Santos com suporte da técnica LIDAR / Quantification and estimative of particulate matter in the port of Santos with technical LIDAR

Salani, Maria Helena Gonçalves de Andrade 11 October 2018 (has links)
Um porto é uma organização dinâmica que possui áreas críticas que abrigam fontes emissoras de poluentes, como indústrias em seu entorno, modais terrestres (caminhões e trens), operações com carga e descarga de granéis agrícolas, fluxo de navios, entre outros. Neste estudo foi utilizada a modelagem desenvolvida em 2009 pela Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories da Agência Americana de Proteção ao Meio Ambiente (US EPA), que estima os fatores de emissão de material particulado por navios considerando a energia, a característica e o tempo de atividade de cada embarcação, o fator de carga de propulsão e o fator de emissão para cada poluente. Para estimar as emissões fugitivas de material particulado provenientes de operações portuárias com milho, grãos de soja e farelo de soja foi utilizada a modelagem desenvolvida em 2006 pelo Group Emissions Factor US EPA, que considera o volume de carga movimentada, velocidade do vento, umidade do material e fator de tamanho das partículas. Os resultados, referente aos meses de maio e agosto de 2017, em conjunto com os dados coletados em 16 de maio de 2017 pela técnica LIDAR, indicam que as emissões de material particulado pelos navios têm sua maior taxa de emissão para MP10 (moda grossa). Para as emissões fugitivas em operações com grãos, os resultados mostraram que as maiores emissões são provenientes de operações de soja em grãos. Em suporte às modelagens, foi utilizada a técnica LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) de sensoriamento remoto que utiliza radiação luminosa, e está baseada na emissão de um feixe de radiação eletromagnética que permite a obtenção de medidas a distância através da radiação retroespalhada. O pulso de luz emitido para a atmosfera interage com as partículas e moléculas que agem como espalhadoras. Os dados coletados são inseridos no programa Mathematica, e os valores obtidos inseridos na plataforma PYTON gerando gráficos. Os dados foram coletados em 16 de maio de 2017, com medidas em diferentes horários e identificada a possível presença de material particulado (MP) na região do porto. O porto de Santos, está localizado no centro do litoral do estado de São Paulo, é o maior porto da América Latina e um dos principais conflitos nessa região são as emissões de material particulado. / A harbor is a dinamic organization that has critical áreas that contain pollutants sources such as insdutries in its surroundings, terrestrial modal (trucks and trains), operations with loading and unloading of agricultural bulk, ship flow, among others. This study used the model developed by the Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source of the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which estimates the emission factors of particulate matter by ships considering the energy, characteristic and time of activity of each vessel, the propulsion load factor and the emission factor for each pollutant. To estimate fugitive emissions of particulate matter from port operations with corn, soybeans and soybean meal was used to model developed by Group Emissions Factor US EPA, which considers the volume of load handled, speed wind, humidity of the material and particle size factor. The results, referrinf to the months May and August of 2017, together with the data collected on May 16, 2017 by the LIDAR technique, indicate that emissions of particulate matter by ships have their highest emission rate for PM10 (coarse mode). For fugitive emissions of particulate matter in grain operations, the results showed that the highest emissions are from soybean grain operations. In support of modeling, It was used the LIDAR technology (Light Detection And Ranging) remote sensing which uses light radiation, and is based on the emission of an electromagnetic radiation beam that allows to obtain measurements at a distance by backscattering radiation. The pulse of light emitted into the atmosphere interacts with the particles and molecules that act as spreaders. The collected data are inserted into the Mathematica program and the values obtained are inserted into the PYTON platform generating graphs. The data were collected on May 16, 2017, with measurements at different times and identified the possible presence of particulate matter (PM) in the harbor region. The harbor of Santos, is located in the center of the coast of the state of São Paulo, is the bigger harbor in Latin America and one of the main conflicts in this region are emissions of particulate matter.
1005

Vórtices de meso-escala, ondas de Rossby e os espectros observados a partir de altimetria por satélites / Mesoscale eddies, Rossby waves and the spectra from altimetry data

Krieger, Sebastian 28 March 2014 (has links)
A dinâmica em meso-escala nos oceanos globais é dominada por sinais propagantes para oeste. Estudos pioneiros a utilizar medidas de altimetria por satélites associaram este sinal a ondas de Rossby longas do primeiro modo baroclínico. Com o recente aumento de resolução nos dados altimétricos, estudos mais recentes sugerem que vórtices de meso-escala não-lineares seriam os principais responsáveis pelo sinal propagante observado, em detrimento às ondas de Rossby. O objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar estruturas coerentes associadas a vórtices de meso-escala e distingui-las das ondas de Rossby longas do primeiro modo baroclínico. Mapas de anomalia da altura da superfície do mar (η) foram filtrados através da análise de ondaletas e um algoritmo de identificação e extração de estruturas vorticais. Os vórtices extraídos foram caracterizados através do ajuste de um paraboloide elíptico. O algoritmo demonstrou-se capaz de identificar e extrair as estruturas associadas a vórtices de meso-escala. Os resultados indicam predominância de anéis vorticais anti-ciclônicos. Os espectros de potência zonais-temporais de η indicam que a maior parte da variância distribui-se na região não-dispersiva do espectro teórico de ondas de Rossby lineares. A propagação observada nos componentes resultantes do filtro indicam coexistência de ondas de Rossby lineares e vórtices de meso-escala, comprovando assim a hipótese científica estabelecida para este trabalho. / The mesoscale dynamics in the global oceans is dominated by westward propagating signals. Pioneering studies using satellite altimetry measurements associated these observations with first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves. With the increase in altimetry data resolution, recent studies suggest that nonlinear mesoscale eddies are responsible for the westward propagating signal rather than Rossby waves. The objective of this study is to identify coherent structures associated with mesoscale eddies and distinguish them from long first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves. Sea surface height anomaly maps (η) were filtered throught wavelet analysis and an algorithm for identifying and extracting vortical structures. The extracted vortices were characterized by adjusting an elliptic paraboloid. The algorithm proved to be able to identify and extract the structures associated to mesoscale eddies. The results indicate a predominance of anti-cyclonic rings. Zonal-temporal power spectral density of η indicate that most of the variance is located at the non-dispersive region of the theoretical linear Rossby wave spectra. The observed propagation of the filtered components indicate coexistence of linear Rossby waves and mesoscale eddies, thus proving the scientific hypothesis of this study.
1006

Mapeamento granulométrico do solo via imagens de satélite e atributos de relevo / Mapping topsoil texture by satellite image and relief

Fongaro, Caio Troula 20 January 2016 (has links)
O planeta terra tem grande dimensão, e seus recursos naturais precisam ser mapeados e conhecidos para nortear políticas públicas. O solo é um destes importantes recursos. O seu conhecimento passa pela caracterização e mapeamento pedológico e/ou de seus atributos. Para o adequado monitoramento, é necessário o conhecimento em escala detalhadas. Isto demanda recursos humanos, altos custos financeiros e de logística. Fato este ainda difícil de se atingir. Logo, é preciso investir em tecnologias que auxiliem na rápida obtenção de informações de qualidade, à baixo custo. Tendo em vista as áreas agrícolas da região de estudo, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) definir uma metodologia que identifique em imagens de satélite, locais de o solo exposto; (ii) Mapear os teores granulométricos através de imagens de satélite e atributos do relevo, utilizou-se das imagens compostas do tópico (i). A área de estudo localiza-se na região de Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil, com dimensão de 14.614 km2. Dentro desta área foram demarcados 952 pontos para coleta de amostras de terra na camada superficial, as quais foram georreferenciadas e analisadas granulometricamente em laboratório. Sua demarcação seguiu os preceitos do método da topossequência com o intuito de representar a variabilidade da região. Foram obtidas imagens do satélite Landsat 5 (sensor TM) multitemporais as quais foram processadas e transformadas em reflectância. As amostras de terra coletadas em campo passaram por sensor em laboratório (400-2500 nm), os espectros laboratoriais foram utilizados para validar aqueles obtidos nas imagens de satélite. Para tanto, nos locais onde foram coletadas as amostras, foram extraídos os dados espectrais dos pixels perfazendo os gráficos das curvas espectrais. Estas foram comparadas com os dados de obtidos em laboratório simulados. Feita a correlação, as imagens passaram por processos de eliminação de objetos que não fossem solo. Todas as imagens multitemporais foram finalizadas contendo apenas solo exposto, as quais dentro do software R foram sobrepostas e gerou-se uma imagem composta, com apenas solo exposto. Os resultados mostraram que as curvas espectrais de laboratório foram extremamente semelhantes aos das imagens de satélite, seguindo a lógica das variações texturais. Além disso, as técnicas de componentes principais e relação entre bandas 3-4, 5-7, e correlação entre bandas (sendo a mais expressiva com r de 0,87 entre TM7), comprovaram que a imagem apresentou solo exposto. Se um usuário utilizar-se somente uma imagem para estudar solos, teria na faixa de 4% de solo exposto, porém utilizando a técnica de composição de imagens, atingiria 43%. Não obstante, se a área de estudo fosse 100 % com agricultura poderia atingir 95% de solo exposto. Num segundo momento, o trabalho comprova, com o modelo Cubist, que tanto por imagens de satélite quanto por relevo foi possível quantificar os teores de argila da área da camada superficial, atingindo R2 de ≈0,65. No entanto, a qualidade visual do mapa gerado por relevo é ruim. Porém, quando se integra dados de imagens, relevo e geomorfologia, este resultado é de 0,72 e apresenta o melhor resultado visual. / Planet Earth has great dimension, and its natural resources has to be mapped and monitored, looking towards correct decisions. Soil is one of these important resources. Know soils is related with its caracterization and mapping by pedological and attributes recognition. For soil monitoring, its necessary maps in large scale, which demand man power and high cost. Thus, its necessary to invest in geotechnologies, to reach the goal faster and low cost. The objective of this work was to determine a method to determine exposed soils in satellite images, even when have vegetation, taking in account a multitemporal dataset, in agricultural areas, where as in a given season will have exposed soils. b. quantify clay and sand contents by satellite images and relief attributes. The area is located in Araraquara, SP, Brazil, with a 14.614 km2 dimension. We collected soil samples all over the area with a total of 952 points and 0-20 cm depth, georeferenced, representative of the area. Samples were granulometric analysed and afterwards passed throgh a vis-nir-swir sensor (400-2500 nm). We collected multitemporal images from landsat satellite from september and october n the last 15 years. Images were atmospheric corrected and transformed into reflectance. Laboratory spectral data was used to validate pixels spectra information from satellite. We extracted all objects which were not soils from all images. Using R software, we merged the multitemporal images and performed a unique bare soil image. Also, we made processing on the DEM of the área reaching several soil attribute factors. Results indicated as follows: a. labortory spectral curves validated satellite data; b) principal componentes and relation between bands ¾ and 5/7 reached great R2 until 0,87 between laboratory and satellite data; d) a user could reach 1,21% of na image with bare soil, while with our method could reach 43% in the entire image. On the other hand, if the user have only agriculture area, could reach until 95% with bare soil. In a second step of this work, we prove that by regression tree statistics, clay and sand content can be quantified by satellite images with a 0,62 of R2, as also with terrain atributes. On the other hand, when we associate image spectral data with terrain atributes, we can reach 0,72 on clay quantification. Despite this, the visual aspecto of data, is better using image data than relief , which presented more noise. Another conclusion, is that images could substitute geology information in the models. This work can considerably assist pedologists, farmers and environment professionals on soil monitoring.
1007

Remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol distributions using supervised texture classification

Wiltshire, Ben January 2012 (has links)
This thesis presents a new technique to identify a 2D mask showing the extent of particulate aerosol distributions in satellite imagery. This technique uses a supervised texture classication approach, and utilises data from two distinct satellite sources. The vertical feature mask (VFM) product from the CALIPSO lidar, provides an accurate description of the aerosol content of the atmosphere but has a limited footprint and coverage. The CALIPSO VFM is used to provide training data in order to for classiers to be applied to other imagery, namely data from the spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager (SEVIRI) on the MSG satellite. The output from the classication is a 2D mask representing the locations of the particulate aerosol of interest within the SEVIRI image. This approach has been demonstrated on test cases over land and ocean, and shows a good agreement with other techniques for the detection of particulate aerosol. However, the supervised texture approach provides outputs at a higher resolution than the existing methods and the same approach is applicable over land and ocean and therefore shows the advantages compared to the current techniques. Furthermore, the coverage of the approach can be further extended using signature extension and chain classication. Signature extension was applied to one of the test cases to monitor the same geographical region with temporal extension away from the initial supervised classication. The experiments showed that it was possible to extend the coverage for ±90 minutes from the original classication and indicates the possibility of greater extension over larger temporal windows.
1008

Multispectral classification and reflectance of glaciers : in situ data collection, satellite data algorithm development, and application in Iceland & Svalbard

Pope, Allen J. January 2013 (has links)
Glaciers and ice caps (GIC) are central parts of the hydrological cycle, are key to understanding regional and global climate change, and are important contributors to global sea level rise, regional water resources and local biodiversity. Multispectral (visible and near-infrared) remote sensing has been used for studying GIC and their changing characteristics for several decades. Glacier surfaces can be classified into a range of facies, or zones, which can be used as proxies for annual mass balance and also play a significant role in understanding glacier energy balance. However, multispectral sensors were not designed explicitly for snow and ice observation, so it is not self-evident that they should be optimal for remote sensing of glaciers. There are no universal techniques for glacier surface classification which have been optimized with in situ reflectance spectra. Therefore, the roles that the various spectral, spatial, and radiometric properties of each sensor play in the success and output of resulting classifications remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study approaches the problem from an inverse perspective. Starting with in situ reflectance spectra from the full range of surfaces measured on two glaciers at the end of the melt season in order to capture the largest range of facies (Midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard & Langjökull, Iceland), optimal wavelengths for glacier facies identification are investigated with principal component analysis. Two linear combinations are produced which capture the vast majority of variance in the data; the first highlights broadband albedo while the second emphasizes the difference in reflectance between blue and near-infrared wavelengths for glacier surface classification. The results confirm previous work which limited distinction to snow, slush, and ice facies. Based on these in situ data, a simple, and more importantly completely transferrable, classification scheme for glacier surfaces is presented for a range of satellite multispectral sensors. Again starting with in situ data, application of relative response functions, scaling factors, and calibration coefficients shows that almost all simulated multispectral sensors (at certain gain settings) are qualified to classify glacier accumulation and ablation areas but confuse classification of partly ash-covered glacier surfaces. In order to consider the spatial as well as the spectral properties of multispectral sensors, airborne data are spatially degraded to emulate satellite imagery; while medium-resolution sensors (~20-60 m) successfully reproduce high-resolution (2 m) observations, low-resolution sensors (i.e. 250 m+) are unable to do so. These results give confidence in results from current sensors such as ASTER and Landsat ETM+ as well as ESA’s upcoming Sentinel-2 and NASA’s recently launched LDCM. In addition, images from the Landsat data archive are used to classify glacier facies and calculate the albedo of glaciers on the Brøgger Peninsula, Svalbard. The time series is used to observe seasonal and interannual trends and investigate the role of melt-albedo feedback in thinning of Svalbard glaciers. The dissertation concludes with recommendations for glacier surface classification over a range of current and future multispectral sensors. Application of the classification schemes suggested should help to improve the understanding of recent and continuing change to GIC around the world.
1009

Description statistique de la surface océanique et mesures conjointes micro-ondes : une analyse cohérente / Statistical description of the sea surface and colocalised microwave measurements : a consistent analysis

Bringer, Alexandra 18 September 2012 (has links)
De plus en plus de données satellitales ou aéroportées acquises au dessus de la surface de la mer sont disponibles notamment dans la gamme micro-ondes. Pour interpréter correctement ces données, il est nécessaire de disposer d'une part d'un modèle de diffusion qui soit capable de prendre en compte l'aspect multi-échelles de la surface de mer et d'autre part une bonne représentation spectrale de la surface de mer. Ces dernières années, plusieurs modèles de diffusion électromagnétiques unifiés (capables de prendre en compte la diffusion électromagnétique pour les petites et grandes vagues) ont été développés sous statistiques gaussiennes de la surface de mer. Cependant, ces modèles sont insuffisants pour interpréter les observations lorsque différents jeux de données (multi-bande et multi-incidence) sont confrontés. Le plus de cette thèse est de progresser dans une modélisation cohérente de ces données radar.La première étape est d'incorporer les aspects non-gaussiens de la surface de mer, connus pour influer significativement sur la section efficace de rétrodiffusion (SER). Cela est réalisé dans le cadre du modèle électromagnétique "Weighted Curvature Approximation » (WCA) en introduisant le kurtosis des pentes et en se limitant à la SER omnidirectionnelle et à la polarisation verticale.Ces corrections permettent une meilleure modélisation de la section efficace radar mais ne sont pas suffisantes pour obtenir un accord avec les données dans toutes les configurations (bande, incidence, vent). Cela suggère une amélioration nécessaire du spectre des vagues courtes, qui fait l'objet de la deuxième partie de ces travaux de recherche.Un nouveau spectre omnidirectionnel est calculé afin d'obtenir une meilleure modélisation de la SER omnidirectionnelle en polarisation verticale tout en respectant des contraintes a priori sur les pentes mesurées par des techniques optiques. Ce spectre s'avère assez semblable au spectre unifié d'Elfouhaily, avec quelques différences notables cependant dans la gamme des échelles décimétriques. / More and more micro-wave data are available from spatial and airborne measurements over sea surface. An accurate backscattering model which is capable of taking the multi-scale aspect of the sea surface into account, is required to model correctly the data as well as a precise sea spectrum. Several unified backscattering models have been developed in recent years under Gaussian statistics. However, these models are not able to give a correct modelization of the backscattered signal when different data sets are studied together. One of the objectives of this study is to improve the modelization of the backscattered signal to get better agreement with the data.The first step of this study is to include non Gaussian statistics into backscattering model as it is well known they have a significant impact on the normalized radar cross section (NRCS). Then, a non Gaussian version of the Weighted Curvature Approximation was developed taking the kurtosis of slopes into account. This work was based only upon vertical polarization.It is then shown that the corrections allow a better agreement with the data but they are not sufficient to get a good estimation of the NRCS for all incidences and electromagnetic frequencies. This induces the hypothesis of a modification of the short wave sea spectrum.Then, a new parametrisation of the omnidirectional sea spectrum is suggested to get a better agreement with the multiband data sets and is based on the spectrum developed by Elfouhaily et al. The new omnidirectional short wave sea spectrum is quite alike the Elfouhaily’s spectrum with some noticeable differences for the decimetric scales.
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Theoretical studies for microwave remote sensing of layered random media

Zuniga, Michael Anthony January 1980 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Michael Anthony Zuniga. / Ph.D.

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