Intensive development of the city and efficient use of space are essential if rapidly increasing populations are to be accommodated in urban areas. Land requirements for transportation functions can be minimized by utilization of air space above transportation facilities. The problems of rapid urbanization and scarcity of land are of particular concern in the major metropolitan areas of British Columbia. British Columbia has experienced the most rapid rate of growth of any Canadian province yet most of this growth has been confined to a few hundred square miles of the province's vast area. These factors suggest utilization of air space above or below transportation facilities has particular relevance to land use and transportation planning in British Columbia. The object of this thesis is to examine the legal and legislative implications, the financial aspects and planning considerations of air rights development in British Columbia. In Chapter II, the position of air space at common law is analyzed. Statutes regulating the ownership of land and the powers of municipalities, governmental agencies and railway companies have been examined. Common law courts have ruled that air and space are not susceptible of ownership except as incidental to the use and enjoyment of the land surface or as space within a structure bearing upon the soil. The Land Registry Act and the Strata Titles Act regulate land ownership in British Columbia. The Strata Titles Act passed in 1966 provides for the individual and multiple ownership of land within an administrative framework. A critical prerequisite to strata development is that land included in the strata plan must be registered in indefeasible title as a single parcel in the name of the Strata corporation. Public and private, agencies responsible for administering highways and rights-of-way are prohibited by legislation from alienating lands that are required, therefore, air rights cannot be developed using the Strata Titles Act. It is shown that these agencies only have authority to lease interest in air space. Of all the agencies examined, none are restricted from developing air rights for their own purposes. The financial aspects of air space utilization are examined in Chapter III. Three methods of valuating air space are examined and the applicability of each is evaluated. Air rights have no real estate value if the cost of developing the air rights platform is greater than the cost of comparable land in fee simple. Air space may be utilized as a matter of public policy if long term costs and benefits show air space utilization to be economically feasible. Programs of financial assistance for air rights development are finally considered. Mortgage financing from private lenders is not readily available because of the legal implications and the traditional blighting influence of freeways and railways on adjacent urban areas. In view of the blighting influence, of highways and railways, it is suggested that provisions of the existing National Housing Act be extended to include assistance for air rights projects in conjunction with urban renewal assistance. Chapter IV outlines the planning considerations that must be recognized in air rights development. The value of determining potential air rights development areas and the methods of regulating air rights development are examined. Public ownership of air rights is the most effective method of control. Municipalities in British Columbia do not own streets, lanes, or highways, therefore, their powers of control are limited only to land that they own. Controls can be exercised over private air rights development using the zoning powers of the municipal government. Special "overlay zones" or comprehensive development provisions of most zoning bylaws can be adapted to control air rights projects. Chapter V contains the conclusions and recommendations of this thesis. Individual and multiple ownership of land is permissible through the regulations of the Land Registry Act and the Strata Titles Act. Public and private agencies controlling transportation facilities are prohibited by Statute from alienating lands required for transportation purposes. It is recommended that legislation be adopted granting powers to these agencies to participate in strata developments providing the transportation facility is maintained within the development. Extension of the Strata Titles Act to include the ownership of space would provide for easier conveyancing of air rights. Feasibility studies of air rights development must be based on the long term costs and benefits rather than on costs of comparative land for conventional development. Extension of urban renewal legislation to include air rights developments would assist in mitigating against the blighting influence of freeways and railways on adjacent urban areas. Air rights development can be most effectively controlled by vesting owner-, ship of all air rights with the municipality or city. Failing this, boards consisting of representatives from agencies owning potential air rights sites should be established to insure that maximum potential of air rights above various transportation facilities is achieved. When zoning controls are used to control air rights, special provisions should be made within zoning by-laws to accommodate air rights projects. Finally, an order of priority for use of publicly controlled air rights is suggested. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

No description available.

For technical systems in the electricity and paper and pulpindustries, asset management is emerging as a new approachaddressing how to exploit physical assets with long operativelives in the most profitably way. An important problem forasset management staff is knowing when to carry out areplacement or renewal. This is a difficult question whichrequires taking into consideration parameters of totallydifferent natures–e.g. reliability data, operatingcosts, condition information from technical systems, theenvironment and rules and regulation. An incorrect estimate ofa residual lifetime can result in a premature renewal withaccompanying high capital costs. If, however, renewal isdelayed, a breakdown may occur which can cause major damage totechnical equipment and a loss of income due to outages. This work presents a formal model that calculates expectedcosts of different long-term strategies when managing technicalsystems. It is shown that with relatively few inputs, which inmany cases are easy to collect or estimate, a good picture canbe developed that shows the amount of resources a company willneed in the future in terms of renewals of their technicalsystems. The foundation for this work is a case study and aliterature review; the objective was to study what methods andmodels are in use today when estimating residual lifetime oftechnical systems. Also, aspects that influence long-term assetmanagement were investigated. Lessons learned from the casestudy and literature review were then used to develop a dynamicmodel, the Dynamic Lifetime Analysis model (DLA model). This model is based on a probabilistic and dynamic riskanalysis of a technical system, linking different aspects ofrisk management strategies to specific characteristics of thephysical system. Furthermore it is shown how this model,coupled with specific value judgments, can be used to designoptimal long-term strategies. When taking more than onetechnical system under consideration the model shows that it isnot always the most effective, from a system viewpoint, torenew it too close to a possible breakdown. If there is aperiod predicted to incur high investment, it can, at times, bebetter to do an early renewal thereby maintaining resources ata constant level. The thesis also describes how to work withlong-term strategic decisions in a structural manner in orderfor the actors on a deregulated market to stay competitive. <b>Key Words:</b>Residual lifetime estimation, Assetmanagement, Maintenance, Technical systems in power and pulp-and paper industries, Long terms renewal strategies. / NR 20140805

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This paper will be discussing gay and lesbian activism in Indianapolis during the 1980s and how the mayoral administration at the time interacted with it. We know the stories of Stonewall and San Francisco. But what about gay and lesbian activism in the Midwest? What stories does Indianapolis have to tell? This thesis will cover how a portion of the movement played out in Indianapolis. It will shine a light on the 1980s and look specifically at police discrimination on Monument Circle, gatherings like the Gay Knights rallies and the 1990 Celebration on the Circle, and political efforts to combat the HIV epidemic. It will also explore the local actions by city government to undertake the urban renewal movement and how those efforts interacted with queer activism. Collections from the Indiana Historical Society, University of Indianapolis, and the Indiana State Library illuminate both sides of the social conflict to understand what made this moment in Indianapolis a touchstone moment for the city. This thesis argues that gay and lesbian protests and social gatherings on Monument Circle rendered the queer community impossible to ignore in the Hudnut administration’s dreams to reform Indianapolis into an entrepreneurial city.

This research considers a single-item two-echelon supply chain facing a sequence of stochastic bulky customer demand with random order inter-arrival time and random demand size. The demand process is a general renewal process and the cost functions for both parties involve the renewal function and its integral. The complexity of the general renewal function causes the computational intractability in deciding the optimal order quantities, so approximations for the renewal function and its integral are introduced to address the computational complexity. Asymptotic expansions are commonly used in the literature to approximate the renewal function and its integral when the optimal decisions are relatively large compared to the mean of the inter-renewal time. However, the optimal policies do not necessarily fall in the asymptotic region. So the use of asymptotic expansions to approximate the renewal function and its integral in the cost functions may cause significant errors in decision making. To overcome the inaccuracy of the asymptotic approximation, this research proposes a modified approximation. The proposed approximation provides closed form functions for the renewal function and its integral which could be applied to various optimization problems such as inventory planning, supply chain management, reliability and maintenance. The proposed approximations are tested with commonly used distributions and applied to an application in the literature, yielding good performance. By applying the proposed approximation method to the supply chain cost functions, this research obtains the optimal policies for the decentralized and the centralized cases. The numerical results provide insights into the cost savings realized by the centralization of the supply chain compared to the decentralized case. Furthermore, this research investigates coordination schemes for the decentralized case to improve the utilities of parties. A cost sharing mechanism in which the vendor offers the retailer a contract as a compensation of implementing vendordesired inventory policy is investigated. The sharing could be realized by bearing part of the retailer’s inventory holding cost or fixed cost. The contract is designed to minimize the vendors cost while satisfying the individual rationality of the retailer. Other forms of coordination mechanisms, such as the side payment and delayed payment, are also discussed.

No description available.

Lido bath is located on the island next to new watercourse. Lido and urban district are connected with the pedestrian bridge. There is a large sandy beach and several smaller forest meadows on the island. Becouse of flood risk all facilities are three meters above the ground. There is a rest area under them.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.