BACKGROUND: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been used as durable water and oil repellent treatments in clothing for more than 50 years. The reason for its popularity is related to the chemical structure, which also makes these compounds persistent in the environment. Numerous studies have shown negative environmental and health effects related to high concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in blood serum. Due to these studies, this paper aimed to find out if perfluorinated compounds could be replaced by non-perfluorinated without compromising performance related to water and oil repellency. METHODOLOGY: A reference sample impregnated with fluorocarbons was compared with the following non-perfluorinated treatments, aliphatic polyurethane (comb polymer) organic silicone and acid (comb polymer) and hydrocarbon (dendrimer). Impregnations were subjected to abrasion, UV-radiation and washing and after each destructive treatment; oil and water repellency tests were conducted. The environmental and health effect of all treatments were examined in a theoretical study. RESULTS: Due to difficulties with the impregnation process, comparable results could only be concluded with the perfluorinated and the hydrocarbon compound. The hydrocarbon was superior the perfluorinated compound to abrasion but for usage simulation methods that allowed chemical reactions, hence UV-radiation and washing, the fluorocarbons showed better resistance. CONCLUSION: Results show that the hydrocarbon treatment could replace perfluorinated treatments commercially when only water and not oil repellency is required. The alternative treatments in this study are not yet sufficiently examined with respect to environmental and health and can therefore not be called greener with certainty. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DucianeOF.pdf: 2916882 bytes, checksum: 4dd79fd7f32c69ce44eb80c291049409 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The 100% cotton fabric (CO)* treated with plasma of methane CH4 has direct application in all areas that needs of aqueous solutions repellent material like coatings and uniforms applied biomedical, aeronautics, and automobile between others. 100% cotton fabric (CO) samples were treated by plasma with two differents atmosphere: Methane gas (CH4), treatment time was varied in 10 in 10 min. until 60 min., and mixture methane/argon (CH4/Ar), it was varied the proportion 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 e 9:1, with treatment time of 30 minutes. In both, the fluxe was 5 sccm (second cubic centimeter), pressure 6 mbar, voltage 490 V and current 0,15A. The objective of work was measure the superficial tension of 100% CO then it treated with plasma, using contact angle measures of water and glycerol with the surface. The samples were tested after treatment, with 8 and 12 months to verify the superficial modification effects. It was verified an increase of hydrophobility with the Sessile drop values varied between 116,69? to 137,85? and it carried on after 12 months. The no treated samples shows contact angle equal 0?. OES analysis and Raman spectroscopy were accomplished. In the SEM analysis was verified oligomers. The plasma treatment is correct environmental, It turning greater than conventional treatments / O tecido 100% Algod?o (CO)* tratado com plasma de metano (CH4) tem aplica??o direta em todas as ?reas que necessitam de um material com maior repel?ncia a solu??es aquosas, como revestimentos e uniformes aplicados a ?rea biom?dica, aeron?utica, automobil?stica, entre outras. Amostras de tecido 100% CO foram tratadas com plasma utilizando duas atmosferas diferentes: g?s CH4, com tempos que variaram de 10 em 10 min. at? 60 min., e uma mistura de metano/arg?nio (CH4/Ar), em propor??es 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 e 9:1, durante 30 min. O fluxo utilizado nos dois processos foi de 5 cm3/s (cent?metro c?bicos por segundo), a uma press?o de 6 mbar , voltagem de 490 V e corrente de 0,15 A. O objetivo do trabalho foi medir a varia??o da tens?o superficial do tecido 100% CO ap?s tratado com plasma; Utilizando medidas de ?ngulo de contato da ?gua e do glicerol com a superf?cie. As amostras foram testadas imediatamente ap?s o tratamento, com 8 e 12 meses, a fim de verificar a dura??o do efeito desta modifica??o superficial. Verificou-se um aumento da hidrofobicidade atrav?s dos valores do teste da gota s?ssil que variaram entre 116,69? a 137,85? e se mantiveram ap?s 12 meses; As amostras n?o tratadas apresentam ?ngulo de contato igual a 0?. An?lises de espectroscopia de emiss?o ?tica (EEO) e espectroscopia Raman (ER) foram realizadas, bem como, an?lise de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) a qual confirmou presen?a de olig?meros. O processo a plasma ? ambientalmente correto e se torna superior em compara??o aos tratamentos convencionais

Nature-inspired surfaces provide an endless potential for innovations and exploitations in material science and engineering for a broad range of applications. Particularly, significant progress has been achieved in the fields of ice formation and wetting phenomena on metallic surfaces. One of the most relevant wetting states is superhydrophobicity, which is characterized by the complete repellency of water droplets upon impinging on a surface. A superhydrophobic surface can be accompanied by additional functions such as anti- icing, corrosion-resistance or self-cleaning. A particularly attractive material to implement functional surfaces is aluminum, due to its outstanding mechanical properties such as lightweight and high strength combined with an excellent electrical conductivity and affordable price. Functionalized aluminum surfaces can further increase the added value of technical aluminum products which are used in the automotive, aerospace and life science industry among others. A promising strategy to achieve multifunctionalities is by fabricating micrometer and submicrometer features on the material’s surface. Thus, surface texturing of aluminum components is an extremely relevant topic in science and engineering which affects all facets of our lives. Until now, micropatterned aluminum surfaces, that combine water- repellent, self-cleaning and icephobic properties, have not yet been completely explored. The present doctoral thesis focuses on structuring aluminum substrates to fabricate multifunctional surfaces with superhydrophobic, self-cleaning and anti-icing properties. To accomplish this goal, scanner-based direct laser writing (DLW) and two- and four-beam direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) are applied to pattern micrometer and sub- micrometer features on aluminum. They are employed separately to fabricate single-scale textures, as well as in combination in order to obtain multi-scale geometries and complex patterns. The laser texturing parameters are optimized to maximize the addressed functionalities and their influence on the microstructure are studied. In order to explain the wetting and freezing behavior of the functional surfaces, numerical heat transfer simulation models are applied. The most promising textures are then selected and tested under realistic icing conditions simulating the freezing behavior of water droplets on aircraft parts during flight. Moreover, a new method to characterize the self-cleaning efficiency of laser-patterned aluminum is developed. The textured aluminum surfaces attained a water-repellent functionality with a static water contact angle of up to 163° and a sliding angle of 12° without chemical post-processing. This functionality permitted a self-cleaning property where the DLIP and DLW+DLIP structures provided a maximum self-cleaning efficiency with remaining contamination as low as 1 %. The ice-repellent characterization at a temperature of -20°C revealed that in all investigated laser-structured surfaces the freezing time of 8 μl droplets increased up to three times compared to an unstructured reference. Moreover, it was demonstrated, that optimized surface textures led to a reduction of the ice adhesion strength by up to 90 %.:Selbstständigkeitserklärung Kurzfassung Abstract Acknowledgements Table of content List of abbreviations and symbols 1 Motivation 2 Theoretical principles and definitions 3 State of the art 4 Materials and methods 5 Results and discussion 6 Conclusions 7 Outlook Literature Curriculum vitae of the author List of publications / Von der Natur inspirierte Oberflächen bergen ein endloses Potential für Innovationen auf den Gebieten der Materialwissenschaft und demonstrieren ein breites Anwendungsfeld. Insbesondere in den Bereichen der Eisbildung und der Benetzungsphänomene auf Metalloberflächen wurde ein bedeutender Fortschritt erzielt. Einer der relevantesten Benetzungszustände ist der der Superhydrophobizität, welcher sich durch die vollständige Abweisung von Wassertropfen auszeichnet, sobald diese auf eine Oberfläche auftreffen. Eine superhydrophobe Oberfläche kann von zusätzlichen Funktionen wie Vereisungsschutz, Korrosionsbeständigkeit oder Selbstreinigung begleitet werden. Dabei ist besonders der Werkstoff Aluminium zur Realisierung funktionaler Oberflächen attraktiv, aufgrund seiner mechanischen Eigenschaften wie etwa ein geringes Gewicht und eine hohe Festigkeit bei gleichzeitig hervorragender elektrischer Leitfähigkeit ergänzt durch einen günstigen Preis. Funktionalisierte Aluminiumoberflächen können die Wertschöpfung von technischen Aluminiumprodukten deutlich erhöhen. Diese werden u.a. im Automobilsektor, in der Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie oder im Life-Science-Bereich eingesetzt. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Realisierung multifunktionaler Eigenschaften basiert auf der Herstellung von Mikrometer- und Submikrometer-Strukturen auf der Oberfläche. Daher stellt die Texturierung von Aluminiumkomponenten ein äußerst relevantes Thema in der Wissenschaft und Technik dar, da sie sämtliche Facetten unseres täglichen Lebens tangiert. Bis heute sind laser-strukturierte Aluminiumoberflächen, die wasserabweisende, selbstreinigende und eisabweisende Eigenschaften vereinen, noch nicht vollständig erforscht. Die zugrunde liegende Dissertation thematisiert die Strukturierung von Aluminiumsubstraten zur Herstellung multifunktionaler Oberflächen mit superhydrophoben, selbstreinigenden und vereisungsmindernden Eigenschaften. Dafür, werden direktes Laserschreiben (engl. Direct laser writing, DLW) sowie die direkte Laserinterferenzstrukturierung (engl. Direct laser interference patternin, DLIP) auf Aluminium angewendet. Die Verfahren werden sowohl separat zur Herstellung von einskaligen Texturen als auch in Kombination eingesetzt, um mehrskalige komplexe Muster zu fertigen. Die Strukturierungsparameter werden zur Maximierung der erwähnten Eigenschaften hin optimiert, und ihr Einfluß auf die Mikrostruktur wird untersucht. Um das Benetzungs- und Vereisungsverhalten der funktionalisierten Oberflächen zu erklären, werden numerische Simulationsmodelle eingesetzt. Die vielversprechendsten Texturen werden unter realistischen Vereisungsbedingungen getestet, welche das Gefrierverhalten von Wassertropfen auf Flugzeugbauteilen während des Fluges simulieren. Darüber hinaus wird eine neue Methode zur Charakterisierung der Selbstreinigungseffizienz von laserstrukturiertem Aluminium entwickelt und angewendet. Die texturierten Aluminiumoberflächen erhielten ohne chemische Nachbearbeitung eine wasserabweisende Funktionalität mit einem statischen Wasserkontaktwinkel von bis zu 163° und einem Gleitwinkel von 12°. Diese Funktionalität ermöglichte eine Selbstreinigungseigenschaft, bei der die DLIP- und DLW+DLIP-Strukturen die höchste Effizienz mit einer Restverunreinigung von bis zu 1 % erzielten. Die eisabweisende Charakterisierung bei einer Temperatur von -20°C offenbarte, dass bei allen untersuchten laserstrukturierten Oberflächen die Vereisungszeit von 8 μl Wassertropfen bis um das Dreifache anstieg, im Vergleich zur unstrukturierten Referenz. Darüber hinaus konnte demonstriert werden, dass optimierte Oberflächentexturen zu einer Reduzierung der Eis- Adhäsionskraft um bis zu 90 % führten.:Selbstständigkeitserklärung Kurzfassung Abstract Acknowledgements Table of content List of abbreviations and symbols 1 Motivation 2 Theoretical principles and definitions 3 State of the art 4 Materials and methods 5 Results and discussion 6 Conclusions 7 Outlook Literature Curriculum vitae of the author List of publications

<p>Due to overpopulation and resource-poor habitat structure, deer threaten the<a> future of oak and other browse-sensitive species in hardwood forests. </a>Appropriate tools must be used to ensure desirable, diverse, and ecologically stable regeneration of future forests and the sustainability of native plant communities. We performed two experiments and a review to examine the effectiveness of available methods for managing browse of hardwood seedlings and to discover how these interact with each other and other silvicultural methods. First, we examined how fencing interacts with controlled-release fertilization, seed source (genetically select and non-select), and site type (afforested and reforested sites) to enhance the regeneration of planted northern red oak (<i>Quercus rubra </i>L.), white oak (<i>Quercus alba</i>), black cherry (<i>Prunus serotina</i>), and black walnut (<i>Juglans nigra</i>) at five sites in Indiana. Fencing proved to be the greatest determinant of seedling growth, survival, and quality. Fertilizer enhanced the early growth of white oak and black cherry, though for black cherry this occurred only inside fences. Select seed sources grew better and showed greater quality; however, the survival of select seedlings was limited by deer browse in absence of fences. Trees at afforested sites had lower survival if left non-fenced. Secondly, we also investigated how fencing and invasive shrub removal affected natural regeneration, species richness, and ground-layer plant cover under closed-canopy forests. Honeysuckle (<i>Lonicera maackii</i>) removal had a variable effect depending on species and site. Positive effects were most common for shade-intolerant species, while negative effects occurred for a few shade-tolerant species at some sites. Deer fencing had a positive effect on cherry and hackberry seedling density, and a negative effect on elm seedling density. Honeysuckle and deer fencing interacted antagonistically in some instances. Fencing without honeysuckle removal resulted in lower elm abundance and herbaceous-layer cover. In the densest invasions, leaving honeysuckle intact resulted in a complete lack of recruitment into the sapling layer. Our experiment suggests that invasive shrub removal and fencing be done together. Finally, we synthesized the existing literature on browse management options for hardwood regeneration to evaluate their relative effectiveness. Fences, tree shelters, repellents, facilitation by neighboring plants, deer population control, timber harvest, and slash all had positive effects on height growth of regenerating seedlings under deer browse pressure. Fences were more effective at reducing browse than repellents, while fertilizers increased browse and had no effects on growth. </p>

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / The importance of pine forest as a timber and water producing area has led to intensive management, including protection from wildfire. This has resulted in dense stand growth with increased destructive fire potential and transpirational water loss. In Arizona, as in many areas, prescribed forest burning has been used to effectively reduce these fuel hazards. Some question has arisen about the possible side effects of such treatments, particularly air pollution and reduction of infiltration and water yield. In an effort to determine the effects on infiltration, plots receiving various treatments (control, light burn, heavy burn) were fitted with fusion pyrometers before burning, to measure soil surface temperatures during burning. After burning, infiltrometers were installed. Surface temperatures did not exceed 200 degrees f. For the light burns, and ranged over 350-500 degrees f. During heavy burns. Both heavy and light burns produced highly significant decreases in infiltration capacities after burning and the surface 2 inches showed increases in soil pH, carbon and total nitrogen percentages. Infiltration capacities returned to normal after overwintering and were attributed to frost action on soil texture and porosity. The soil chemical changes decreased slowly over 2 years. Soil water repellency also increased and the significance of this is discussed.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / Reported are laboratory evaluations to screen water-repellent materials and treatments before testing them in the field. Water repellency tests were conducted on paraffin wax, a wax emulsion and silicon, lard, and a liquid dust suppressant. Six water repellency tests showed that the high rates of paraffin wax and all rates of the dust suppressant produced highly water-repellent soil surfaces. The six water repellency tests were: (1) the aqueous-alcohol drop test for determination of the 90 degree surface tension for a porous solid, (2) the water drop penetration time test, (3) the relative height of a large sessile water drop resting on the smoothed, treated soil surface, (4) and (5) the presence and persistence of air bubbles trapped between the soil-water interface, and test (6) was made to note whether the large sessile water drop from test (3) would infiltrate the soil or evaporate. Tests (3), (4), and (5) proved the most useful of the six methods for measuring water repellency. Soil type had no significant influence on degree of water repellency as measured in the laboratory by these six tests.

El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es estudiar diferentes herramientas para el manejo de plagas y enfermedades del cultivo de la platanera. Entre las herramientas que vamos a desarrollar, se van a analizar los compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) fúngicos derivados de hongos entomopatógenos (HE) y nematófagos, como fuente de metabolitos con actividad antagónica contra el picudo negro (PN) de la platanera, Cosmopolites sordidus, para su control y manejo en el campo. Así mismo, vamos a estudiar las respuestas de cultivares de plataneras a quitosano, un polisacárido biodegradable, para evaluar su posible uso en el campo como estimulante y protector de las plantas frente a plagas y patógenos, como Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. El conjunto de capítulos de esta tesis pretende sentar las bases de una estrategia de manejo sostenible de plagas y enfermedades del cultivo de la platanera, basada en el uso de COVs derivados de hongos presentes de forma natural en los cultivos, en combinación con la suplementación de quitosano en el riego, para un efecto de protección y activación de las defensas de las plataneras antes de cualquier infección de plagas y/o enfermedades. El objetivo principal de esta Tesis Doctoral es encontrar nuevas fórmulas para la gestión integrada de plagas como Cosmopolites sordidus y enfermedades de la platanera en condiciones de campo. En esta Tesis Doctoral hemos ideado enfoques sostenibles para la gestión de las plagas y enfermedades de las plataneras. Nuestros objetivos son: a) Cosmopolites sordidus (picudo negro de la platanera, PN), la principal plaga de los cultivos de plátano y, b) el hongo del marchitamiento Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Raza Tropical 4 (FocTR4), agente causante de una nueva variante extremadamente virulenta de la enfermedad del “Mal de Panamá”, que se está extendiendo rápidamente por todo el mundo. Nuestras herramientas de gestión sostenible son: a) los hongos entomopatógenos (HE, conocidos por su uso como agentes de control biológico, ACBs) aislados de campos comerciales de plátanos, b) sus compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) y, c) el quitosano, un compuesto biodegradable y elicitor de la inmunidad de las plantas con actividad antimicrobiana. Damos evidencia de que los COVs de los hongos agentes de control biológico son repelentes del PN. Pueden utilizarse en los cultivos de platanera mediante estrategias de push and pull para gestionar la plaga de forma sostenible. El quitosano puede utilizarse en el riego para prevenir las defensas de la platanera local y sistémicamente. Por lo tanto, este polímero, con probada actividad antimicrobiana frente a otros patógenos de marchitamiento de Fusarium spp., podría utilizarse contra la actual pandemia en las plataneras causada por FocTR4. La capacidad de inducir reguladores del crecimiento de las plantas sostiene también el papel fertilizante del quitosano. La inducción de compuestos relacionados con la respuesta sistémica adquirida (RSA) hace que el riego con quitosano sea una herramienta para manejar también las plagas de las plataneras sobre el suelo (PN) y las enfermedades (Sigatoka). De esta manera, los COVs y el quitosano podrían ayudar a reducir el uso de agroquímicos tóxicos en los cultivos de platanera en todo el mundo.

Laser patterning techniques have shown in the last decades to be capable of producing functional surfaces on a large variety of materials. A particular challenge for these techniques is the treatment of additively manufactured parts with high roughness levels. The presented study reports on the surface modification of additive-manufactured components of Ti64 and Al–Mg–Sc (Scalmalloy), with the aim of implementing water- and ice-repellent properties. Different laser-based microstructuring techniques, using nanosecond and picosecond pulses, are combined to create multiscale textures with feature sizes between ≈800 nm and 21 μm. The wettability could be set to static water contact angles between 141° and 153° for Ti64 and Al–Mg–Sc, respectively. In addition, surface free energy is analyzed for different surface conditions.

In this thesis I hope to provide a clear and concise introduction to Feigenbaum scaling accessible to undergraduate students. This is accompanied by a description of how to obtain numerical results by various means. A more intricate approach drawing from renormalization theory as well as a short consideration of some of the topological properties will also be presented. I was furthermore trying to put great emphasis on diagrams throughout the text to make the contents more comprehensible and intuitive.