Este trabajo de investigación aborda la relación que existen entre la resistencia a compresión y el módulo de rotura de concretos que en su composición tienen polvo de vidrio, para lo cual se realizan 16 mezclas de concreto, 1 de concreto convencional y 15 con polvo de vidrio en su composición con diferentes cantidades. En este trabajo se utilizan los siguientes porcentajes de reemplazos, al cemento en 20%, 15% y 10%, al agregado fino en 15%, 10% y 5% además el reemplazo en conjunto de cemento con agregado fino, combinando los porcentajes ya mencionados. De todas las mezclas se obtienen 3 probetas de concreto de 150 mm de diámetro con 300 mm de altura y también 3 vigas de 150x150x750 mm, todos estos especímenes son curados a 28 días para posteriormente realizar los ensayos de flexión y compresión, con los resultados de laboratorio obtenidos se procede a calcular el factor de relación (k) que existe entre estas propiedades mecánicas, para esto se utiliza la formula establecida por el ACI, con todos los resultados obtenidos se pudo crear una data que servirá como referencia cuando se trabaje con este tipo de concretos y sea vital importancia estimar el módulo de rotura, un ejemplo de esto es el diseño del espesor de pavimentos rígidos, que para su calculo se necesita el Mr con antelación. / This research work addresses the relationship between the compressive strength and the modulus of rupture of concretes that contain glass powder in their composition, for which 16 concrete mixtures are made, 1 of conventional concrete and 15 with glass powder. in its composition with different amounts. In this work, the following replacement percentages are used, for cement at 20%, 15% and 10%, for fine aggregate at 15%, 10% and 5%, in addition to the joint replacement of cement with fine aggregate, combining the percentages already mentioned. From all the mixtures, 3 concrete specimens of 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height are obtained and also 3 beams of 150x150x750 mm, all these specimens are cured at 28 days to later carry out the flexural and compression tests, with the results of obtained laboratory proceeds to calculate the relationship factor (k) that exists between these mechanical properties, for this the formula established by the ACI is used, with all the results obtained a data could be created that will serve as a reference when working with this type of concrete and it is vitally important to estimate the modulus of rupture, an example of this is the design of the thickness of rigid pavements, which for its calculation the Mr is needed in advance. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

<p>Therapeutic proteins are often lyophilized with excipients such as sucrose or trehalose to protect them during manufacturing and achieve a longer shelf-life. Formulation design for therapeutic proteins has been a trial-and-error process, and the mechanisms responsible for the stabilizing effects of excipients are not fully understood. Two proposed theories have been widely accepted: the water replacement theory and the vitrification theory.^1,2The water replacement theory suggests that excipients stabilize protein molecules in the solid state by forming hydrogen bonds that “replace” the hydrogen bonds to water that stabilize the protein in solution, while the vitrification theory asserts that proteins are stabilized by a glassy solid matrix of low mobility and does not require direct interactions between excipient and protein. A better understanding of the interactions between proteins and other components of the lyophilized matrix can facilitate rational formulation design and shorten the time in development. However, most of the analytical methods available can only provide information on the bulk properties of the lyophilized matrix such as moisture content and glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g); it has been difficult to measure the interactions between protein and excipient directly, if they exist. In order to characterize the interactions between protein and excipients in a lyophilized matrix with high resolution, a photolytic labeling method was developed in this dissertation, building on previous work in our research group. Photolytic labeling has long been used to identify protein-protein interactions <i>in vivo</i>.^3,4Common types of photo-reaction reagents and their applications are summarized in Chapter 1. The research described in this dissertation utilizes the diazirine functional group, which is activated after UV exposure and undergoes a free radical reaction to form covalent bonds with nearby molecules. The reaction can be used to identify the interactions between excipients and protein or peptide in a solid formulation. Previous studies in our lab have shown that photo-reaction can be applied to lyophilized solids to study protein-matrix properties and interactions in the solid.^5,6This dissertation seeks to further identify photo-reaction products and analyze them in a more quantitative way. </p><p> </p><p>Chapter 2 describes a quantitative analysis of photo-reaction products in solution and lyophilized solids using a model peptide, KLQ (Ac-QELHKLQ-NHCH₃). The purpose of the work in this chapter is to establish a quantitative analytical method for photo-reaction products, enabling studies of peptide-excipient interactions in lyophilized solids. KLQ was derivatized with a bifunctional probe NHS-diazirine (succinimidyl 4,4’-azipentanoate; SDA) at Lys5 to be photo-reactive. The SDA derivatized KLQ (KLQ-SDA) was used to study the photo-reaction products and examine excipient interactions. Identification and quantitation of photo-reaction products of KLQ-SDA was achieved with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and reversed phase HPLC (rp-HPLC). Important reaction products such as peptide-excipient adducts and peptide water adducts varied in different formulations. Unexpected reaction products such as unproductive “dead-end” products and peptide-phosphate adducts from buffer salt were also detected and quantified. Together, the photo-reaction products reflected the local environment near Lys5 of the peptide in the solid state. This study has provided a better understanding of photo-reaction with diazirine in the lyophilized solids together with a quantitative description of the local environment near Lys5. </p><p> </p><p>In Chapter 3, the photo-reaction products in lyophilized solids exposed to increasing moisture were analyzed, and the effect of increasing moisture on the local environment near the peptide was examined. Using the analytical method developed in Chapter 2, these studies explored whether peptide-water interactions, as measured by the formation of water adducts formed by photolytic labeling, are linearly correlated with an increase in solid bulk moisture content. Formulations containing the KLQ-SDA peptide were exposed to various relative humidity conditions and photolytic labeling was induced. Solids containing disaccharide excipients behaved differently from those containing amino acids when exposed to the same relative humidity condition, showing different levels of peptide-excipient and peptide-water adducts. With increasing moisture content in the solids, the formation of photo-reaction products did not mimic the pattern of solutions with same composition, indicating differences in the local environment. </p><p> </p><p>An alternative approach to studying lyophilized formulations using photolytic labeling is to incorporate photo-reactive excipients into the solid matrix. In Chapter 4, a new diazirine-labeled photo-excipient, photo-glucosamine (pGlcN), was chemically synthesized and incorporated into formulations of the therapeutic peptide salmon calcitonin (sCT) and compared with the commercially available diazirine-labeled amino acid, photo-leucine (pLeu). The studies in Chapter 4 further compared peptide-excipient interactions at the molecular level with two different photo-excipients, ionizable pLeu and unionizable pGlcN. Changing solution pH prior to lyophilization was expected to change ionic interactions between sCT and pLeu in the solid samples, resulting in different distributions of photo-reactions products; pH-dependent differences were not expected for pGlcN. The results demonstrated that the distribution of photo-reaction products varied with the composition of the formulation and the pH of the solution prior to lyophilization. The photo-reaction products in the pGlcN-containing formulation differed from those pLeu, showing a difference in the interactions of unionizable (pGlcN) and ionizable (pLeu) excipients with sCT in solid samples. </p><p> </p><p>The work in this dissertation has developed photolytic labeling as a tool to study lyophilized peptide formulations, and has provided a more quantitative understanding of the photo-reaction products that are produced from diazirine-labeled peptides or excipients in the solid state. A new photo-reactive excipient has also been presented (pGlcN), which showed different photo-reaction products than a commercially available photo-excipient (pLeu) and is promising for future study. Photolytic labeling for formulation development is still in its early stages, and additional research regarding reaction mechanism and complementary stability studies is needed. Nevertheless, the results presented in this dissertation support continued development of photolytic labeling as a practical method for formulation design and development. </p><p> </p>

Joint work is a measure of reallotment that guarantees that an important facility is carried out. The measure is applied predominantly in regulations relating to the closure of level crossings in order to ensure the construction of replacement roads for exits to public roads, or the reconstruction of individual roads. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority provides legal manuals to support cadastral surveyors in their conducts. Land surveying operations that are affected by the joint work measure can be found in chapter 9 in manual for the property law. The purpose of the study was to map the working methodology for the management process of reallotment with decisions regarding joint work. The manual lacks national guidelines for handling these cases, which means that the knowledge is today transmitted through oral tradition. This means that cases with decisions regarding joint work are handled differently in Sweden. The aim for the study is to answer the specific questions by presenting what the handling looks like today and in the long term promote the cadastral surveyor’s handling of the process. To answer the study's questions, interviews and examination of land surveying dossiers were conducted. The respondents were made up of land negotiators from the Swedish Transport Agency and cadastral surveyors at the State Cadastral Authority, which works with the issue. The study's results illustrate a wide variety of perspectives and management of joint work. The most prominent was the ambiguity about how the decision should be designed, the interpretation of chapter 9 in the manual but mainly lack of clear guidelines for handling. It was found after the study was completed that national guidelines for the management process need to be established. Clarification of the extent of decision is required, as well as a stricter application of the property law. In addition, a more continuous monitoring by the State Cadastral Authority and the custodian of the construction work contributes to a more efficient process. / Gemensamt arbete är en åtgärd inom fastighetsreglering som garanterar att en viktig anläggning blir utförd. Åtgärden tillämpas övervägande i regleringar som avser stängning av plankorsningar för att tillförsäkra byggnation av ersättningsvägar för utfart till allmän väg, alternativt ombyggnation av enskilda vägar. Lantmäteriet tillhandahåller juridiska handböcker till stöd för FLM i deras handläggning. Lantmäteriförrättningar som berörs av åtgärden gemensamt arbete återfinns i 9 kap. handbok FBL. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga arbetsmetodiken för handläggningsprocessen av fastighetsregleringar med beslut om gemensamt arbete. Handboken saknar nationella riktlinjer för handläggning av dessa ärenden vilket innebär att kunskapen idag överförs via muntlig tradition. Det medför att ärenden med beslut om gemensamt arbete hanteras olika runt om i Sverige. Målet med studien är att besvara specifika frågeställningar genom att framställa hur hanteringen ser ut idag samt att på sikt främja FLM:s handläggning av processen. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar genomfördes intervjuer och granskning av förrättningsakter. Respondenterna utgjordes av markförhandlare från Trafikverket och FLM vid statliga lantmäterimyndigheten som arbetar med frågan. Studiens resultat åskådliggör en stor variation av perspektiven och hanteringen av gemensamt arbete. Det mest framträdande var oklarheter kring hur beslutet ska utformas, tolkningen av 9 kap. i handboken men främst avsaknad på tydliga riktlinjer för handläggningen. Det kunde konstateras efter studiens genomförande att det behöver fastställas nationella riktlinjer för handläggningsprocessen. Det krävs ett tydliggörande av beslutets omfattning samt en striktare tillämpning av FBL:s bestämmelser. Dessutom bidrar en mer kontinuerlig övervakning från lantmäterimyndigheten och sysslomannen av anläggningsarbetet till en effektivare process.

Rapportens syfte är att utveckla en modell bestående av ersättningsalternativ till plast samt verktyg som verksamheter kan tillämpa för att bidra till en global reducering av plast. Således formulerades rapportens tre forskningsfrågor enligt: “Vilket av de utvärderade ersättningsalternativen är enligt modellens ramverk mest lämpad för att konkurrera medtraditionell plasttillverkning?”, “Hur kan modellens utformning hjälpa användaren att ställa om sin verksamhet sett till att ersätta engångsprodukter i plast?” samt “Hur kan ersättandet av engångsprodukter i plast bidra till uppfyllandet av de globala målen?”. För att besvara rapportens forskningsfrågor genomfördes en fallstudie i form av ett samarbete med företaget PulPac AB. Företaget har uppfunnit en tillverkningsteknik vid namn PulPactorrfomning, vilken tillsammans med våtformning och termoformning av bioplaster, utgörrapportens jämförelse över konkurrenskraftiga ersättningsalternativ till den traditionella plasttillverkningen. Litteraturstudien innefattade dels en teoretisk bakgrund om plasten och dess påföljder, en ingående beskrivning av de olika ersättningsalternativen samt definiering avhållbarhetsbegrepp och politiska styrmedel. Dels en bearbetning av data från ett urval avfallstudier med utgångspunkt i att sammanställa faktorer och kriterier till modellens utformning. Resultatet består huvudsakligen av rapportens modell ”Modellen för ersättning av engångsplast”, som innefattar de fyra stegen: jämförelse mellan ersättningsalternativ, värdering&amp; val av alternativ, integrering av kärnfaktorer i verksamheten samt utvärderingsfrågor. Utifrån jämförelsen av modellens formulerade kriterier uppfyllde tekniken PulPac torrformning flest utav faktorerna och anses därmed vara mest lämpad att konkurrera med traditionell plasttillverkning. Vidare presenteras modellens utformning som ett bistående hjälpmedel för att underlätta omställning till ett ersättningsalternativ genom att praktiskt tillämpa tillhandahållna implementeringsverktyg. Ersättandet av engångsprodukter i plast bidrar till uppfyllandet av FN:s globala mål genom att successivt fasa ut plastprodukter och därmed bidra till en global reducering av plast. På så sätt kan konsekvenserna av ett ersättningsalternativ ha en positivpåverkan på samhällsutvecklingen då det resulterar i minskade hälsorisker och nedskräpningav plaster. Sett till vidareutveckling av modellen föreslås främst att införa kriterier för vilka produkttyper som är lämpade att börja ersätta, vilket lyfts fram som rapportens förslag till vidare forskning. Företaget rekommenderas att använda modellen för informationsspridning inom kundnätverk och i egensyfte vid jämförelse mot andra alternativ inom branschen. / The purpose of the report is to develop a model based on replacement alternatives to plastics as well as providing tools which can be applied to contribute to a global reduction of plastics. Thus, the three following research questions were formulated: ”Which of the evaluated replacement alternatives are the most suited to compete with traditional plastic manufacturing according to the framework of the model?”, “How can the design of the model assist the user in rearranging their organisation in order to replace single-use plastics?” and “How can the replacement of single-use plastics contribute to fulfilment of the global goals”?. In order to answer the research questions of the report, a case study was conducted, in terms of a collaboration with the company PulPac AB. The company has invented a manufacturing method called the dry moulded fibre process, which together with the traditional paper making process and thermoforming of bioplastics, accounts for the report’s comparison of potential alternatives to replace traditional manufacturing of plastics. On one hand, the literature study of the report consists of a theoretical background of plastics and its effects, an in-depth description of the replacement alternatives as well as definitions of sustainability terminology and tools for policy makers. On the other hand, it includes processing of a range of external case studies, in order to compile parameters to the design of the model. The key parts of the results include “The Model of Replacement of Single-use Plastics”, which consists of the four-steps: comparison of replacement alternatives, evaluation &amp; selection of alternative, integration of core factors in the organizational structure and evaluation questions. Based on the comparison of the defined criteria, the dry moulded fibre process was the replacement alternative fulfilling most factors and thereby also the one most suited to compete with traditional manufacturing of plastics. Moreover, the design of the model can be applied as an assisting tool in order to facilitate implementation of the selected replacement alternative. The replacement of single-use plastics can contribute to fulfilling the global goals by phasing out plastic products and thereby further contribute to a global reduction of plastics. Thus, a replacement alternative can have a positive effect on social development since it results in decreased health risks as well as reduced plastic pollution. The suggestion to further research within the area, involves investigating the possibilities of developing and expanding the model with additional criteria regarding which range of products that are the most suitable to start replacing. Furthermore, the case company is recommended to use the model as a tool to increase the information flow within their network, by benchmarking their method against other techniques within the industry.

The building sector contributes to a large part of the total emissions of greenhouse gases, which demands for increased sustainability in all phases of a buildings’ lifecycle. Choices of building materials and the respective required maintenance and replacements are becoming more important if further reductions of climate impacts should be obtained. Folkhem is a Swedish construction company who constructs multi-storey buildings made of wood. The company has shown interest in developing knowledge about how the selection of building materials effects the impacts on climate, the extent of necessary maintenance and replacement work as well as economic consequences. The aim of this master thesis was to evaluate the potential climate impacts and costs for different scenarios of maintenance and replacements of selected exterior building components for Folkhem’s planned building in Stadshagen, in Stockholm. The façade, roof, windows and balconies have been in focus. To fulfill the aim of this study, life cycle assessment and a simplified cost analysis have been carried out. With the basis of the results from this study, recommendations of building materials for the chosen building components in Folkhem’s planned building have been stated. A façade made of pine impregnated with boiled linseed oil is recommended as façade cladding, and OrganoWood is recommended for the balcony decking. Folkhem planned to use wooden windows, but it is recommended that these are substituted to aluminum coated wooden windows. No recommendation could be provided for the roof from this study. The following conclusions have been made; More attention should be payed to the phases of maintenance and replacement when carrying out LCAs for timber buildings, since general assumptions could be misleading. The origin of the building materials could have a significant climate impact if several replacements need to be performed, since this includes a large number of transports of materials. Different building materials or building components have different lifespans and needs for maintenance. To reduce costs and potential climate impacts, long lifespans with little need for maintenance are desired. Planning for a specific lifespan of the building and the required maintenance and replacements may contribute to reduce the potential climate impacts. Maintenance is recommended for timber buildings, since this could reduce the need for replacements, which could reduce the potential climate impacts. LCA can be a useful tool for Folkhem to plan for maintenance and replacements of their timber buildings if improvements are performed regarding LCA data quality. LCA can provide guidance for Folkhem to choose sustainable building materials, with regards to maintenance and replacements at an early stage in the design process. A future study could be to perform a more detailed LCA of the materials and products that required assumptions in this study, for instance the surface treatments for maintenance. A more detailed LCA of all maintenance that should be conducted in a building could be of interest as well, and to investigate the impacts from excluded processes in this study. Alternative building materials for the exterior building components could be evaluated as well as different percentages of painting area. More impact categories than climate change could also be evaluated. Impacts from the building lifecycle phases of repair and refurbishment could also be interesting to evaluate in order to receive an overview of the total potential climate impacts and costs from all parts of the lifecycle of a building. Another approach could be to investigate if maintenance and replacement are carried out as described from technical literature and manufacturers in reality. Finally, a more thorough cost analysis could be carried out, evaluating how a housing society would be affected from costs from maintenance and replacement.

Den här studien syftar till att undersöka vuxnas erfarenheter av sexuella problem under könsbekräftande behandling med testosteron, samt erfarenheter av samtal om sexuell hälsa inom den könsbekräftande vården. Tidigare forskning har visat att omfattningen av studier på området är bristfälligt. Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ metod och fenomenologisk ansats. Den består av berättelser från sex halvstrukturerade livsvärldsintervjuer som har analyserats med reflexiv tematisk analys. Fyra huvudteman presenteras i resultatanalysen: Nya sexuella kroppar, Nya sexuella känslor, Nya sexuella rum och relationer och Olika vård för lika problem. Resultaten visar att sexuella problem under könsbekräftande behandling är en flytande process där olika individuella, interpersonella och kontextuella faktorer spelar in. Sarah Ahmeds (2006) queera fenomenologi och Jack Halberstams (2005) begrepp queer tid har använts för att identifiera processer av orientering i tid och rum. Resultaten visar även på olika erfarenheter av den könsbekräftande vårdens förmåga att tillgodose behov för sexologiskt stöd samt ett fortsatt behov av forskning och insatser på området. / This study aims to explore adults’ experiences of sexual problems during gender affirming treatment with testosterone, and experiences of conversations about sexual health within gender affirming health care services. Previous research shows that there is a lack of studies on the subject. This study has been conducted with qualitative methods and phenomenological approach. It is constituted by stories from six semi structured interviews which has been analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes are presented in the result analysis: New sexual bodies, New sexual feelings, New sexual spaces and relationships and Different care for equal needs. The results show that sexual problems during gender affirming treatment is a fluent process where different individual, interpersonal and contextual factors contribute. Sarah Ahmed’s (2006) queer phenomenology and Jack Halberstam’s (2005) queer time has been used to identify processes of orientation in time and space. The results also show different abilities for gender affirming health care services to meet the needs for support from a sexologist, and a need for future research on the subject.

Is support for democracy decreasing among the young? Attitudes among the young tell us about the future of democracy. Today, support is declining in the USA and researchers disagree about whether the same is true for Western Europe. Some researchers believe that there is cause for concern while others argue that the young generation is more tolerant and have higher aspirations for democracy, which means that we do not need to worry. According to the theory of generational replacement and its scarcity and socialization hypotheses, diffuse support for democracy as well as tolerance should be stable or even increasing in the young cohorts. Using a quantitative method and data from the European Values Study, these parameters along with specific support will be measured in the countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, which are most-likely cases to have strong support for democracy among citizens. The main findings are that diffuse support seems to be stable in the young cohort in all countries except Denmark, where there is a slight decline. Specific support fluctuates over time and tolerance is highest among the young cohort but declining over time in the older cohorts in Denmark and Norway. The results predict that support for democracy will remain although there are some signs of challenges ahead.

The work provides a comprehensive overview of the issues hallux rigidus with a focus on the first metatarsophalangeal joint replacement and development of our own implant. The development was built to perform anatomical studies, the results were the basis for the construction of hemiarthroplasty and total arthroplasty. It was necessary to measure the marrow cavities of the distal part of first metatarsal and proximal half of proximal phalanx. We measured the size of the metatarsal head in two planes, and its tendency to diaphysis on the dry preparations. Through these studies we obtained valid data for the construction all components of both hemiarthroplasty and total arthroplasty of specifying the size spectrum. We have verified and then corrected the shape of implant treatment during post-mortem tests on the models. The result is a new type of arthroplasty with their own design to guarantee restoration of joint function and coated with a high osteointegral potential. In clinical studies, we performed 22 implantations of hemiarthroplasty and one implantation of total arthroplasty. Clinical results suggest the fact that the implant will be successful. However the ultimate answer to this question will provide long-term study. The other results presented with a detailed anatomical description show to...

Drawing on long-term clinical experience, the dissertation provides an overview of the options for the reconstructive surgery of irreversibly damaged elbow joints and the individual structural directions in the development of total elbow replacements. The clinical study focuses on the comparison of the unconstrained Souter-Strathclyde elbow implant, which has been used at our workplace since 1987, and the semiconstrained Coonrad-Morrey implant, which we started to use in the nineties. The disadvantages of the Souter-Strathclyde implant consist of a relatively complex surgery technique and narrower indication which does not permit larger primary instability of the operated elbow and large bone defects. Due to these reasons in recent years the Coonrad-Morrey total elbow replacement has been the preferred option at our workplace. The main problem as regards the long-term survival of this implant is especially the wear of the polyethylene bushings of the fl oppy hinge. This can be solved through an early replacement of this hinge before substantial abrasive wear develops ultimately leading to the loosening of the whole implant. We have elaborated a methodology that maps the condition of the polyethylene bushings and at the same time examines the integration of the humeral and ulnar component in the...