Orientadores: Sergio Marangoni, Luís Alberto Ponce Soto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:51:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RomeroVargas_FreyFrancisco_D.pdf: 4482249 bytes, checksum: 951ba98ea20426e2308c178f17a7680d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Uma nova miotoxina fosfolipase A2 (BtTX-II) foi purificada a partir do veneno total de Bothriopsis taeniata através de dois passos cromatográficos, envolvendo inicialmente cromatografia de exclusão molecular, seguida de HPLC de fase reversa. BtTX-II foi caracterizada bioquimicamente através de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) mostrando uma única banda eletroforética com massa relativa (Mr) de 14000 Da, em condições não reduzidas e reduzidas (DTT 1M). A pureza e massa molecular foram confirmadas por espectrometria de massa (MALDI-Tof MS), a qual determinou uma massa molecular de 13889,98 Da. BtTX-II apresentou atividade catalítica de 12,075 ± 0,138 nmoles/mg/min em presença do substrato cromogênico específico ácido 4-nitro-3-(octanoyloxy) benzoico. Análise de composição de aminoácidos da PLA2 (BtTX-II) corroborou seu caráter básico. A análise dos peptídeos trípticos foi determinada por ESI-QTof-MS/MS espectrometria de massa e as regiões contendo peptídeos internos mostraram semelhança com outras PLA2s miotóxicas botrópicas cataliticamente ativas. BtTX-II, pertencente à classe PLA2 D49, exibiu atividade ótima a pH 8,0 e temperatura de 37 ºC. Na ausência de Ca2+ e na presença de alguns íons divalentes, tais como Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ e Cd2+ (10mM), a atividade fosfolipásica foi significativamente diminuída. Também foi demonstrado o efeito inibitório de crotapotinas crotálicas sobre a atividade PLA2 da BtTX-II. O efeito neurotóxico da BtTX-II foi analisado através de estudos miográficos em preparações neuromusculares "ex vivo", mostrando que BtTX-II induz um leve bloqueio na junção neuromuscular em preparações Biventer cervicis de pintainho. Tais preparações foram utilizadas para o estudo morfológico quantitativo da BtTX-II, o que mostrou uma leve atividade miotóxica "in vitro" com a concentração de 50?g de BtTX-II. O efeito miotóxico também foi avaliado através de ensaios de liberação de creatina kinase plasmática e análise histopatológica do músculo gastrocnêmio de camundongo "in vivo", com estes últimos testes foram observandos maiores mudanças morfológicas quando comparadas aos estudos "in vitro", mostrando estar diretamente relacionada com a liberação de CK. BtTX-II induz miotoxicidade local após injeção intramuscular, mas não produz miotoxicidade sistêmica após injeções intravenosa. O efeito edematogênico foi estudado através do modelo coxim plantar de camundongo e mostrou ser elevado nas primeiras horas após injeções subcutâneas, em todas as concentrações aplicadas (1- 20 ?g). O efeito citotóxico "in vitro" foi caracterizado utilizando uma cultura celular da linhagem de mioblastos/miotubos de músculo esquelético de camundongo. BtTX-II não induz citotoxicidade em mioblastos; mas BtTX-II evidenciou atividade citotóxica em miotubos, em uma concentração padrão de 20 ?g. Nossos resultados sugerem que BtTX-II atua no processo de regeneração muscular em baixas concentrações (10 ?g) durante o período de 28 dias após as injeções intramusculares no gastrocnêmio de camundongo, demonstrando ser apropriado para a análise na regeneração muscular, pois induz necrose e não acarreta lesão do tecido vascular nem nervoso, o que é de suma importância para o processo de regeneração muscular. Isto foi possível pela presença de células satélite envolvidas neste processo junto com o infiltrado inflamatório notório em todos os períodos da regeneração / Abstract: A new miotoxin phospholipase A2 (BtTX-II) was purified from Bothriopsis taeniata crude venom through two steps cromatográficos, involving molecular exclusion chromatography, as first step, and followed by RP-HPLC. BtTX-II, was characterized biochemically through electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) showing a single eletrophoretic band, in reduced and not reduced conditions, with relative mass (Mr) of 14000 Da. The purity and molecular mass was confirmed by mass spectrometry mass (Maldi-Tof SM), showed a molecular mass of 13889.98 Da. BtTX-II showed catalytic activity of 12.075 ± 0.138 nmoles/mg/min upon of the specific chromogenic substrate acid 4-nitro-3-(octanoyloxy) benzoic. Analysis of aminoacid composition of PLA2 (BtTX-II) corroborated its basic character. Tryptic peptide analyse were determined for ESI-QTof-MS/MS mass spectrometry and the regions containing internal peptides showed similarity with other miotoxic botropics PLA2s. BtTX-II belonging to the class PLA2 D49 exhibited an optimal activity in pH 8.0 and at 37 ºC. In the absence of Ca2+ and in presence of some divalent íons such Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ (10mM), the phospholipasic activity was significantly decreased. Also, it was demonstrated the inhibitory effect of crotalics crotapotins upon activity PLA2 of the BtTX-II. The neurotoxic effect of the BtTX-II was analized through myographic studies in neuromuscular preparations "ex vivo", showing that BtTX-II induce a light blockade at the neuromuscular junction on chicken Biventer cervicis preparations. Such preparations were used for quantitatives morphologic studies, were shown a light myotoxic activity "in vitro" at higher concentration. On the other hand, the myotoxic effect was evaluated through release of plasmatic creatine kinase "in vivo" and was carry out histophatologic analyzes mouse gastrocnemius muscle, with these last tests were observed larger morphologic changes when compared to studies "in vitro", showing directly related with the CK liberation. BtTX-II induces local miotoxicity after intramuscular injection, but it did not produce systemic miotoxicity after intravenous injections. The edematogenic effect was studied through the model mouse paw edema and showed to be high in the first hours after subcutaneous injections, in all applied concentrations (1-20 ?g). The cytotoxic effect "in vitro" was characterized using a cell culture of the rodent lineage of myoblasts/myotubes cells. BtTX-II did not induce citotoxicity in skeletal muscle myoblasts; however, BtTX-II showed cytotoxic activity in myotubes, both with a standard concentration of 20 ?g. Our results suggest that BtTX-II act in the process of muscular regeneration in low concentrations (10 ?g) during a period of 28 days after intramuscular injections in the mouse gastrocnemius muscle, This effect was to be appropriate for muscular regeneration analyzes because it induces necroses and it did not carry out lesion of the vascular nor nervous tissue, thus, it is of supreme importance for the process of muscular regeneration. Those results were possible by the presence of satellite cells involved in these processes together with notorious inflammatory infiltrate in every periods of the regeneration / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

<p>Sukcinimidi su jedinjenja koja pokazuju vi&scaron;estruke farmakolo&scaron;ke efekte uključujući i antiproliferativnu aktivnost, zahvaljujući prisustvu farmakofore sa dva hidrofobna regiona i dva regiona bogata elektronima. Savremeni dizajn lekova ima za cilj da se modifikacijama u strukturi (promena vrste, položaja i orijentacije supstituenata) i in silico računarskim metodama predvide i optimizuju farmakokinetske osobine i bezbednosni profil kandidata za lek. U ranoj fazi razvoja lekova se koriste postojeće baze podataka o molekulskim, farmakokinetskim i toksikolo&scaron;kim parametrima već ispitanih jedinjenja i pomoću matematičkih modela i algoritama predviđaju se osobine novih molekula, elimini&scaron;u se neodgovarajući kandidati i postiže se u&scaron;teda u vremenu i materijalnim sredstvima. Da se ispitaju fizičko-hemijske karakteristike 11 novosintetisanih metil-etil-N-aril-sukcinimida na osnovu strukture, primenom različitih softverskih paketa; da se na osnovu strukture odrede farmakokinetski i toksikolo&scaron;ki parametri, primenom različitih softverskih paketa; da se ispita retenciono pona&scaron;anje, odnosno odrede retencione konstante za svako jedinjenje primenom visokoefikasne hromatografije na tankom sloju (HP-TLC) i ispita mogućnost primene retencionih konstanti kao mere lipofilnosti ispitivanih jedinjenja; da se ispita antiproliferativna aktivnost na odabranim kulturama ćelija karcinoma i na zdravim ćelijama fibroblasta pluća; da se analizom molekulskog dokinga ustanovi vezivanje za estrogene receptore. Ispitano je retenciono pona&scaron;anje 11 novosintetisanih derivata sukcinimida primenom visokoefikasne hromatografije na tankom sloju (HP-TLC) obrnute faze uz primenu dvokomponentne sme&scaron;e vode i organskog rastvarača (metanola, acetonitrila ili acetona), sa odgovarajućim zapreminskim udelom organskog rastvarača kao mobilne faze. Iz razvijenih hromatograma su izračunate retencione konstante RM0 i S. Logaritam podeonog koeficijenta (logP) određen je in silico, kori&scaron;ćenjem različitih računarskih programa. In silico su određene fizičko-hemijske karakteristike, farmakokinetski parametri, toksikolo&scaron;ki parametri, akvatična toksičnosti i afinitet vezivanja za estrogene receptore. Izračunate su vrednosti afiniteta za 4 vrste receptora (G-protein spregnuti receptori, jonski kanali, inhibitori kinaza, nuklearni receptori). Antiproliferativna aktivnost ispitivanih derivata sukcinimida određena je primenom kolorimetrijskog testa sa tetrazolijum solima (MTT testa) na komercijalnim kulturama ćelija (MRC-5, A549, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HT-29) i izračunate su IC50 vrednosti. Urađena je i doking analiza sukcinimida prema ERA (estrogen receptor alfa) i ERB (estrogen receptor beta) i dobijene su vrednosti energije formiranja kompleksa sa posmatranim receptorima (MolDock Score). Statistički najznačajnije linearne korelacije dobijene su između eksperimentalno određenih hromatografskih parametara (RM0 i S) i in silico parametara lipofilnosti MlogP i ClogP. Ispitivanjem uticaja promene RM0 i S na farmakokinetske karakteristike dobijeni su rezultati koji pokazuju paraboličnu zavisnost konstante apsorpcije (Ka) i procenta vezivanja za proteine plazme (PPB) od posmatranih retencionih konstanti, dok je zavisnost sa volumenom distribucije (Vd) i sposobno&scaron;ću prolaska kroz krvno-moždanu barijeru (logBBB) bila linearnog tipa. Toksičnost ispitivanih jedinjenja, procenjena na osnovu in silico dobijenih LD50 vrednosti, nije bila vi&scaron;a od toksičnosti već registrovanih lekova sa strukturom sukcinimida, i dala je parabolične zavisnosti u odnosu na RM0 i S vrednosti. Eksperimentalno nijedno od ispitivanih jedinjenja nije pokazalo aktivnost u odnosu na zdrave fibroblaste pluća. Najznačajniju antiproliferativnu aktivnost (najniže IC50) su pokazala jedinjenja 6 i 7 u odnosu na ćelije linije MCF-7 i jedinjenje 11 u odnosu na A549 ćelijsku liniju. Doking analiza je pokazala niže energije formiranja kompleksa sa ERA, u odnosu na ERB. Eksperimentalno određeni parametri RM0 i S se mogu koristiti kao alternativne i pouzdane mere lipofilnosti analiziranih sukcinimida. Ispitivana jedinjenja pokazuju povoljne fizičko-hemijske karakteristike, predviđene in silico metodama i povoljne farmakokinetske karakteristike: male vrednosti konstante apsorpcije, umeren volumen distribucije, povoljan afinitet vezivanja za proteine plazme, favorizovan prolazak kroz krvno-moždanu barijeru za lipofilnija jedinjenja. Procenjuje se da sva ispitivana jedinjenja, izuzev derivata sa &ndash;CN supstituentom, imaju zahtevani nizak stepen toksičnosti. Po antiproliferativnoj aktivnosti u odnosu na ćelije ER-zavisnog karcinoma dojke (MCF-7) izdvajaju se jedinjenja sa metil i nitro supstituentom u para položaju. Na osnovu malih energija formiranja kompleksa sa ERA, koji su eksprimirani na ćelijama MCF-7 linije, pretpostavlja se da bi mehanizam njihovog delovanja delimično mogao biti obja&scaron;njen uticajem na ERA, ali su potrebna dodatna istraživanja na tom polju.</p> / <p>Succinimides have exhibited various pharmaceutical effects including antiproliferative activity due to an important structural fragment (a pharmacophore) presented in form of two hydrophobic regions and two electron-rich centers. Current development of new drugs involves modifications in structure (type, position and orientation of substituents) and usage of in silico computational programs to predict and optimize pharmacokinetic and safety profile of drug candidates. In early phase of drug development, databases regarding the molecular, pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters of already tested compounds are used, mathematical models and algorithms are applied for predicting the properties of new molecules and inadequate candidates are eliminated saving time and resources. Determination of physico-chemical properties of the analyzed methyl-ethyl-N-phenilsuccinimide derivatives by software packages; virtual pharmacokinetic and toxicology screening; investigation of retention behavior of the compounds by the reversed-phase HPTLC analysis and calculation of retention constants and their correlation with lipophilicity; in vitro evaluation of antiproliferative activity toward five carcinoma cell lines and normal fetal lung cell line; molecular behavior study on target estrogen receptors by molecular docking and correlation of antiproliferative activity toward ER+ breast carcinoma cell lines and in silico estrogen receptor affinity binding. Retention behavior of 11 newly synthesized succinimide derivatives was determined by reversed phase high performance thin layer chromatography (RP HPTLC) with the application of two-component mixtures water - organic solvent (methanol, acetonitrile or acetone) with adequate volume fractions of the organic modifier. After chromatographic development RM0 and S parameters were calculated. The logarithm of partition coefficient, logP for the analyzed compounds were calculated by different softwares. Physico-chemical properties, pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters, aquatic toxicity and relative affinity to estrogen receptors were predicted in silico. The affinity toward 4 types of receptors (G-proteine coupled receptors, ion channels, kinase inhibitors, nuclear receptors) were calculated as well. Standard MTT assay was applied to evaluate cytotoxic activities of the analyzed succinimides after cells were exposed. Antiproliferative activity were investigated toward commercial MRC-5, A549, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HT-29 cell lines and IC50 values were calculated for each compound. MolDock Score that represents energy of binding to estrogen alfa and estrogen beta receptors was determined by molecular docking. Statistically significant linear correlations were determined between the chromatographic retention constants (RM0 and S) and calculated logP, and the best two were obtained in correlation of retention constants with MlogP and ClogP. The examination of RM0 and S influence on pharmacokinetics indicated parabolic dependence of the absorption constant (Ka) and plasma protein binding predictor (PPB) from the observed constants while the volume of distribution (Vd) and the ability to cross the brain blood barrier (logBBB) had linear association with the retention parameters. The toxicity of the analysed compounds evaluated in silico as LD50 on rodents was lower in comparison with the drugs with succinimide structure that are on the market and had parabolic correlation with the RM0 and S values. The experiments indicated that none of the compounds examined had cytotoxic activity toward the healthy lung fibroblast cells. The results of the in vitro assay shown that none of the investigated compounds demonstrated antiproliferative activity toward fetal lung cells. The most potent antiproliferative agents were compounds 6 and 7 toward MCF-7 cell line, and compound 11 toward A549 cell line. Molecular docking shown lower energy for binding to ERA in comparison to ERB.</p>