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Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts standen sich in Deutschland zwei verschiedene Arten psychiatrischer Institutionen gegenüber, die Anstaltspsychiatrien auf der einen, die universitären psychiatrischen Kliniken auf der anderen Seite. Die psychiatriehistorische Forschung widmete sich überwiegend psychiatrischen Anstalten während Kliniken hier unterrepräsentiert sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit möchte zur historischen Kenntnis universitärer psychiatrischer Einrichtungen beitragen. Hierzu werden die Charakteristika einer psychiatrischen Klinik um 1900 anhand des Beispiels der psychiatrischen Klinik der Universität Würzburg betrachtet. Der Fokus liegt hierbei neben Lage und Aufbau der Klinik sowie deren Personal auf den drei Bereichen Patient*innen, Forschung und Lehre. / At the end of the 19th century, there were two different types of psychiatric institutions in Germany: asylums on the one hand and university psychiatric clinics on the other. Research into the history of psychiatry has mainly focused on asylums, while clinics are underrepresented. This study aims to contribute to the historical knowledge of university psychiatric institutions. To this end, the characteristics of a psychiatric clinic around 1900 are examined using the example of the psychiatric clinic at the University of Würzburg. In addition to the location and structure of the clinic and its staff, the focus is on the three main topics of patients, research and teaching.

Patients with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) present various dental abnormalities. ARS is genetically associated with mutations in the PITX2 gene, which encodes one of the earliest transcription factors to initiate tooth development. Thus, Pitx2 has long been considered as an upstream regulator of the transcriptional hierarchy in tooth development. However, it is unclear how its mutant forms cause ARS dental anomalies. In this report, we outline the transcriptional mechanism that is defective in ARS. We demonstrate that during normal tooth development Pitx2 activates Amelogenin (Amel) expression, whose product is required for enamel formation, and that this regulation is perturbed by missense PITX2 mutations found in ARS patients. We further show that Pitx2-mediated Amel activation is enhanced and controlled by co-factors and target genes of Pitx2. These co-factors include cooperative transcription factors such as Dlx2 and FoxJ1; chromatin-associated remodeler factor Hmgn2; and Wnt signaling components such as Lef-1, β-catenin and Dact2. We also unveil a novel Pitx2 target gene Irx1 that functions in dental epithelium differentiation. Consistent with a physiological significance to these modulations, we show that FoxJ1, Dact2, Irx1 knockout mice and K14-Hmgn2 transgenic mice display various types of amelogenesis defects including enamel hypoplasia - consistent with the human ARS phenotype. Collectively, these findings define transcriptional mechanisms and multi-level regulations involved in normal tooth development and shed light on the molecular underpinnings of the enamel defect observed in ARS patients who carry PITX2 mutations. Moreover, our findings validate the etiology of the enamel defect in novel mouse models of enamel hypoplasia. The impact of this study on current understanding of the dental epithelium development and the translational value lie in the gene network we identified. By manipulating components of the network, pluripotent dental cells can be reprogrammed and serve as new source for tooth regeneration. Our findings brought insights of novel gene therapy approach that can alleviate the dental problems of patients with ARS and other developmental anomalies.

anglicky: Title of the thesis: Louis Leger, mediator of the Czech-French cultural relationships. Key words: Louis Leger, Slavic studies, Collège de France, correspondence, policy, Frantisek Palacky, Frantisek Ladislav Rieger, Ernest Denis, Hanus Jelinek, Karolina Svetla, Sobeslav Pinkas, Jan Neruda. Abstract: Louis Leger, french Slavophile, Slavicist and promoter of Czech issues in France in the second half of the 19th century, led correspondence with leading figures of the French nation as well as with the personalities of the Slavic word. Leger's correspondence with the Czech national elite is evidence of his interest in the Czech issue. Correspondence written in Czech and French is stored in the Literary Archive of the Museum of Czech Literature in Prague. The aim of this thesis is to discuss the Leger's written correspondence and present its contents to readers with regard to the historical context.

The women of the bohemian politicians in the 19th century Annotation I have chosen ten women of the bohemian politics living in the 19th century. The first chapter has been about the reasons for choice of the life female partner. I have described the social, lingual and religious background of these women. I have tried to analyse their antenuptial correspondence. The second part of my work has attended to the use of women in the social life and it has focused on their involvement into the {\clqq}morning-room`` life. I have outlined the women incidence in the public asociation in the third chapter.I have been interested in any women activites mainly the philanthrophy. I have tried to find out if the husbands had encouraged thein wives in these acitivities. I have focused on the role of women in the family. I have observed how the husbands had been participated in the running the household and education of their children. I have studied the family correspondence. I have focused on the political aspect of the letters. I have tried to catch how much the women had been interested in the policy.

The thesis Political Programmes of the Czech Representation in the Second Halve of the 19th Century focuses on both programme documents and actual work of Czech political parties, whether more or less institutionalized, between the years 1848 (March Revolution) and 1918 (the downfall of Austria-Hungary). At first it summarizes the historical development in the respective period (Chapter 1), next, it analyses programmes of political parties in three broadly defined topics: 1) Organisation of the empire, question of the Czech State Right (Chapter 2); 2) Constitutionalism, civil rights and role of a citizen (Chapter 3) and 3) National matters (Chapter 4). The attitudes about each of these areas of the following political parties are defined: Bohemian nobility, National Party (till 1874) or Old Czechs (since then), Young Czechs, Social Democrats, Agrarians, Catholic parties, National Socialists, Progress parties and parties of the Radical State Right, Realists and Anarchists. For the conclusion, the author of the thesis attempts to characterise and evaluating the Czech political representation, as well as its importance for the development since 1918.