<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> <p align="left">The Social Capital approach to development is based on the premise that both cognitive and structural aspects of a given society determine the level of development performance. It is argued that norms of trust and reciprocity, networks, and mutual aid govern interaction among people, hold them together, facilitate opportunities to manage common property and pursue common goals, and ultimately contribute to development by facilitating their cooperation and collective action. In this thesis I explore the relationship between social capital and development by analysing the performance of household wellbeing in a given community. Two dominant views on social capital and the outcomes of development performance are currently in prominence in the development discourse. This debate centres on whether social capital is a sufficient cause on its own or whether it needs intermediary actors. The social capital theory argues that the development performance of a particular community can be explained directly by the prevailing level of social capital, and that the underlying levels of trust, social norms and networks are sufficient to explain development. On the other hand, the school of thought that supports the need for intermediary actors argues that social capital is unable to influence development performance at higher levels. If a larger impact and a more precise outcome are expected, intermediary actors who facilitate interest formation, aggregation and representation are necessary. Without them, social capital remains largely inactive and dormant. In exploring the possible link between the two variables, this thesis supports the second premises, introducing the notion of intermediary actors that might activate the stock of social capital and its performance on household wellbeing. The need to explore the relationship between the two variables demanded empirical research. The research was conducted in the rural villages of Oromia regional State of Ethiopia. Based on the empirical evidence, the relationship between the stock of social capital and performance in household wellbeing is generally positive. A large stock of social capital is generally accompanied by a higher level of performance in household wellbeing. However, I argue that social capital is only truly social when activated by an intermediary development actor. Failing this, though it contributes significantly to village solidarity and unity, social capital remains inactive and dormant. Therefore, the general conclusion of this thesis is that social capital matters, but its utilisation by intermediary agencies matters more.</p> </font></font></p>

The southern Campos Basin comprises syn- and post-rift strata characterised by thick and extensive units of non-marine limestones. These carbonate platforms are scientifically significant due to their unusual palaeoenvironmental setting, and the complexity of the factors controlling their accumulation. They are of economic importance due to discoveries of giant hydrocarbon accumulations in these non-marine carbonate rocks. 3D seismic interpretations show an oblique extensional rifting system that formed a series of graben, half-graben, accommodation zones and horsts oriented NESW to NNE-SSW. The area is subdivided into three tectonic domains based on structural style, stretching factors and subsidence rates. The structural template of the syn-rift exerts a strong influence on depositional patterns. Core logging and thin-section work together with FMI and sidewall core data indicate proximal to more distal lacustrine carbonate deposits with fluvio-deltaic clastics in marginal areas. The dominant carbonate facies are molluscan rudstones and floatstones and a taphonomic analysis (taphofacies) of the cored intervals and exposure surfaces indicate accumulation in shallowing-upward cycles in response to changes in lake level. Microbialite facies, Aptian in age, appear to occur in the most distal locations in restricted palaeoenvironmental conditions. Facies models are presented for the skeletal, mollusc-rich deposits of the Barremian Coqueiros Formation and the overlying microbialite-rich Aptian Macabu Formation. The deposits are stacked in a hierarchical arrangement of four levels of cyclicity ranging from the entire rift basin fill to metre-scale cycles. Controls on formation of these cycles include structural setting, climate and lacustrine margin progradation. Different types of carbonate platform form in the different basinal settings and include footwall areas of fault-blocks, accommodation zones and buried horst blocks. The southern Campos Basin evolves from an initial alkali lake (Barremian) to a main phase of syn-rift, brackish lake conditions. The post-rift succession (Aptian) is characterised by both brackish and hypersaline conditions.

As indicated by drilling and geophysical data, the Mississippi Valley Graben, the Rough Creek Graben, together with the Rome Trough of eastern Kentucky and West Virginia, are fault-bounded graben structures filled with as much as 27,000 feet of Early to Middle Cambrian sediments. Detailed regional mapping of Cambrian and younger strata within and surrounding these structures indicates that they formed contemporaneously. The proximity of these structures suggests they developed within the same regional stress fields and tectonic environments. These three structures are mechanically and kinematically connected, and formed part of a single continent-scale rift system produced during the breakup of Rodinia and the separation of Laurentia from Amazonia. Data including stratigraphic tops from 1,764 wells, interpretations of 106 seismic profiles, aeromagnetic and gravity survey analysis, and mapped surface geology and structures were used within this project. Seven stratigraphic packages resolvable in both geophysical well logs and reflection seismic profiles were mapped in the subsurface across parts of Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee. These stratigraphic units were then analyzed through structure maps, isopachous maps, and across 12 regional well-based cross sections. Detailed analysis of thickness patterns of seven major stratigraphic packages was used to identify the locations and timing of major fault movements within the study area. The regional patterns of fault movements through time were used to investigate how the structures evolved in response to the tectonic episodes in southeastern Laurentia during the Cambrian through Devonian Periods. Active rifting of the Precambrian crystalline bedrock began by the Early Cambrian, and resulted in a thick deposit of Reelfoot Arkose and Eau Claire Formation within the Mississippi Valley and Rough Creek Grabens, and the Rome Formation and Conasauga Group within the Rome Trough. Major tectonic extension ended by the Late Cambrian, prior to the deposition of the Knox Supergroup. Counter-clockwise rotation of the regional sigma-1 stress field between the Middle Ordovician and Early Mississippian (Taconic through Acadian Orogenies) resulted in the reactivation of varying sets of preexisting faults through time. The locations, orientations, and timing of these active faults relate to the deep architecture of the rift system.

Impulsive differential equations are useful for modelling certain biological events. We present three biological applications showing the use of impulsive differential equations in real-world problems. We also look at the effects of stability on a reduced two-dimensional impulsive HIV system. The first application is a system describing HIV induction-maintenance therapy, which shows how the solution to an impulsive system is used in order to find biological results (adherence, etc). A second application is an HIV system describing the interaction between T-cells, virus and drugs. Stability of the system is determined for a fixed drug level in three specific regions: low, intermediate and high drug levels. Numerical simulations show the effects of varying drug levels on the stability of a system by including an impulse. We reduce these two models to a two-dimensional impulsive model. We show analytically the existence and uniqueness of T-periodic solutions, and show how stability changes when varying the immune response rate, the impulses and a certain nonlinear infection term. The third application shows how seasonal changes can be incorporated into an impulsive differential system of Rift Valley Fever, and looks at how stability may differ when impulses are included. The analysis of impulsive differential systems is crucial in developing more realistic mathematical models for infectious diseases.

No description available.

Mt Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain (5895m), is a large, young (<1.6Ma) stratovolcano at the southern end of the East African Rift, in northern Tanzania. Consisting of three distinct volcanic centres, Shira, Mawenzi and Kibo, Shira contains the highest proportion of mafic rocks. Shira samples are strongly silica under-saturated rocks, ranging from picro-basalt, to nephelinite and hawaiite (Mg numbers (Mg #) ranging from 77.2-35.5). Phenocrysts constitute up to 55% of some samples, and include aluminous augite (often containing abundant fluid and/or melt inclusions), olivine (Fo92-Fo49), plagioclase (An75-An42), nepheline (Ne77-Ne68), magnesiochromite and ulvöspinel. Groups identified on the basis of phenocryst assemblages and textures correlate with location. East Shira Hill samples contain olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts + microphenocrysts of plagioclase (Group 1), or plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts + microphenocrysts of olivine (Group 2). Samples with high Mg #'s contain abundant cumulate clinopyroxene and olivine (Fo92-Fo85). Group 3 samples (Shira Ridge) contain nepheline phenocrysts and Group 4 samples (Platzkegel) have distinct intergranular textures. Chondrite normalised REE patterns are steep, with light REE-enrichment up to 400x chondrite. Spider diagrams, normalised to OIB for primitive Shira samples have strong K depletions and Pb enrichments. The source of the Shira volcanic rocks is most likely an amphibole-bearing spinel lherzolite, in which amphibole remains residual. Similarities in spider diagram patterns and trace element ratios suggest a source similar to average OIB. The Shira volcanic centre is a polygenetic volcano, in which multiple small volume, low degree (4-10%) partial melts from a metasomatised subcontinental lithospheric mantle follow pre-existing structural weaknesses, before ponding in the lithosphere. Evolution of these small volume melts is dominated by shallow fractional crystallisation of clinopyroxene, olivine±spinel, with plagioclase also fractionating from Group 4 (Platzkegel) samples. A magma mixing origin is suggested for some samples and supported by complex zonation patterns in major and trace element chemistry of clinopyroxene phenocrysts as well as linear mixing arrays. The Shira volcanic centre has since ceased activity, and collapsed to form the present day Shira Ridge and caldera before being overlain by various Kibo and parasitic lavas to the east and northwest of the Shira region.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2007. / "Graduate Program in Geological Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-232).

University, Diss., 2004--Bremen.

Detta examensarbete syftar till att skapa ett gestaltningsförslag till en trädgård baseratpå pc-spelet League of Legends. Arbetet följer konceptet corporate garden då detbaseras på en produkt som är skapad av ett företag. Arbetet ska besvara frågan ”Hur kanett gestaltningsförslag för en corporate garden för spelföretaget Riot Games medinspiration från spelet League of Legends se ut?”, ”Hur uppfattar spelarna landskapet ispelet?” samt ”Vilka växter kan passa i en miljö med halvskugga till skugga, lågt pHvärdesamt relativt hög markfuktighet i zon 1? ”. Metoderna som nyttjades var en kortlitteratursökning åtföljt av en mer omfattande studie av spelets landskapsgrafik samtenkätfrågor till målgruppen spelarna. Motiven till tagna beslut presenteras tillsammansmed växtvalen, varpå illustrationsplanen presenteras. Som komplement till dennaanvänds exempelskisser i mindre skala för att kunna peka på detaljer, såsom placeringav växtval. Resultatet pekar på 25 stycken olika växter som passar i de olikaståndorterna. Växtvalen består av lignoser, perenner, mossor och knölar/lökar.Illustrationsplanen visar en stor parkliknande trädgård i pc-spelet League of Legendsanda.

Este trabalho visa contribuir ao estudo geotectônico relacionado à Bacia do Camaquã, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir de dados gravimétricos provenientes do Rifte Guaritas. Com este intuito, foram propostos três modelos de um perfil que corta perpendicularmente o trend do Rifte Guaritas e suas unidades. O mapa Bouguer residual, com valores entre –36 e 29 mGal, permitiu de maneira geral, delimitar áreas que possuem diferentes profundidades de embasamento. Os altos valores de gravidade podem indicar porções onde o topo do embasamento possui baixas profundidades ou rochas de maior densidade, enquanto que baixos valores podem estar associados a grandes profundidades ou rochas de densidade inferior. Com base nos dados de gravimetria, de caráter local à regional, foi possível estabelecer e, em algumas situações, estimar, o comportamento do embasamento ao longo deste perfil. Convêm ressaltar que cada modelo proposto contou com valores diferenciados de densidades de rocha, o que resultou em pequenas diferenças, tais como estruturais e variações de profundidade do embasamento. Porém, de modo geral, os três modelos se comportam de maneira muito semelhante. Cada um dos modelos propostos pode ser separado em cinco diferentes compartimentações que refletem as variações gravimétricas ao longo do perfil. De acordo com os modelos propostos neste trabalho a profundidade máxima do embasamento está localizada na porção oeste do Rifte Guaritas, chegando próxima dos seis quilômetros e a porção leste possui uma extensa estrutura deposicional. / This dissertation aims to contribute to geotectonic study related to Camaqua Basin, from gravimetric data of the Guaritas Rift. For this was proposed three models of one perpendicular profile which cross the trend of the Guaritas Rift. The residual Bouguer map, with values between -36 to 29 mGal, let, in general, to delimit areas with different depth of basement. The values of gravity may show areas where the top of the basement has low depths or rocks of major density while low values could be associated to great depth or rocks of minor density. Based on the gravimetric data of regional and local character, was possible to establish or at least estimate the variations of the depth basement along to this profile. It was proposed three models and each one of them used different combinations of rock densities, what resulted in few minor differences as structural differences and few minor variations of depth of the basement. However, in a general way, the three models behaved similarly. Each one of the models proposed could be fragmented in five different compartments which reflect the gravimetric variations across the profile. According to the models proposed in this paper, the maximum depth of the basement is located at the West portion of Rift Guaritas, almost six kilometers, and the East portion has an extensive depositional structure.