Public sector organisations are established in order to promote the quality of citizen's lives through the provision of public services. However, the demands for public services often outstrip the limited resources at the disposal of the public sector for the delivery of such services. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are emerging as an important tool of public policy to deliver public infrastructure and the attendant services. The main aim of this study is to establish the extent to which PPPs can be used to improve the quality of the delivery of secondary education in the Gaborone City area in Botswana. The study includes a conceptual analysis of the nature of the public services in general, and in particular, the nature and the provision of secondary education in Botswana with specific reference to the Gaborone City area. The study also includes a conceptual analysis of PPPs as gleaned from published literature. Various dimensions of PPPs are analysed and these include but are not limited to definitions, benefits, models and the antecedents for the successful implementation of PPPs. Among the various models that are analysed in the study, the design, build, operate and finance (DBOF) model is preferred for improving the quality of the delivery of secondary education in the Gaborone City area in Botswana. In addition to the conceptual analysis, an empirical research study is undertaken in which the secondary school heads are the respondents to a structured questionnaire. The results of the empirical research support the conceptual analysis to the extent that in both cases, it is possible to improve the quality of the delivery of secondary education through PPPs. More secondary schools can be built and more facilities be made available to schools. Through the use of PPPs, most if not all learners can receive the entire secondary education programme, from junior to senior secondary education. Existing secondary schools can be modernised through PPPs. Ancillary services can be delivered by the organisations that have the necessary expertise. Certain antecedents for the successful implementation of PPPs are necessary. Through PPPs, secondary schools can be made attractive and intellectually stimulating. / Public Administration and Management / (D.Litt. et Phil. ( Public Administration))

Submitted by Simone Arantes (sq.chaves@gmail.com) on 2017-01-03T21:30:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Simone_Quirino.pdf: 3765143 bytes, checksum: bb4a41aaff0508c321ce158dd143ee31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-01-04T14:47:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Simone_Quirino.pdf: 3765143 bytes, checksum: bb4a41aaff0508c321ce158dd143ee31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-18T11:17:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Simone_Quirino.pdf: 3765143 bytes, checksum: bb4a41aaff0508c321ce158dd143ee31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-21 / This study aims to identify the financial instruments used to finance the catastrophic risk’s management existing in the Brazilian National Policy on Protection and Civil Defense (PNPDEC) and relevant additional legislation through comparison of such mechanisms with those adopted by other countries. For this, we considered four international examples of relevant financial strategies, represented by Mexico, Caribbean Countries, Turkey and France, which were analyzed based on their historical, social and economic context, on the causal variables that led governments to their enforcement and on the variables related to its implementation mechanisms. Later, the same variables were applied to the Brazilian case, wherewith identified the current state of national financing structure, and the possible obstacles and opportunities for their development. The results of this study indicate that Brazil uses almost exclusively regular budget transfers and extraordinary credits to promote actions related to prevention, response and disaster recovery having, accordingly, a financial protection structure at a significant disadvantage compared with the international examples. / Este estudo objetiva identificar os instrumentos financeiros utilizados para o financiamento da gestão de riscos catastróficos presentes na Política Nacional de Proteção e Defesa Civil (PNPDEC) brasileira e na legislação complementar pertinente, por meio da comparação de tais mecanismos com aqueles adotados por outros países. Para isso, foram considerados quatro exemplos internacionais de estratégias financeiras relevantes, representados por México, Países Caribenhos, Turquia e França, os quais foram analisados com base em seu contexto histórico, social e econômico, nas variáveis causais que levaram os governos à sua efetivação e nas variáveis relacionadas aos seus respectivos mecanismos de implementação. Posteriormente, as mesmas variáveis foram aplicadas ao caso brasileiro, por meio das quais foi identificado o atual estágio da estrutura de financiamento nacional, além de possíveis entraves e oportunidades ao seu desenvolvimento. Os resultados desse estudo indicam que o Brasil utiliza, de forma praticamente exclusiva, transferências orçamentárias regulares e créditos extraordinários para promoção das ações relacionadas à prevenção, resposta e recuperação de desastres dispondo, nesse sentido, de uma estrutura de proteção financeira consideravelmente defasada, quando comparada aos exemplos internacionais.

Le législateur français a formellement prévu des contrats de transfert de risque de crédit sans pour autant en donner une définition. Partant de ce visa exprès, il est possible d’identifier substantiellement des contrats de transfert de risque, de les distinguer de contrats voisins et de les systématiser malgré leur diversité, en une catégorie autonome. Ayant posé la définition d’un contrat de transfert de risque et analysé ses éléments constitutifs, un régime juridique commun ressort clairement, pour régir aussi bien la formation que les effets d’un tel contrat. L’existence d’une notion de contrat de transfert de risque, qui va de pair avec un régime particulier ouvrira la voie aux praticiens à la conclusion de contrats innommés de transfert de risque, répondant à un besoin grandissant : celui de couverture des conséquences dommageables issues de la réalisation d’un évènement incertain / The French legislator has formally established a credit risk transfer contrat, but without actually defining it. Drawing on this, it is possible to substantially identify many risk transfer contracts, to distinguish them from neighbouring contracts, and assemble them despite their diversity in an autonomous category. Having set a definition of a risk transfer contract and having analysed its essential components, a legal status that governs the formation as well as the effects of such a contract emerges naturally. The existence of a risk transfer contract notion and as well as a corresponding legal status, makes it possible for the parties to conclude new contractual figures of risk transfer contract, in order to meet a growing need: the need to cover the pecuniary losses, resulting from the occurrence of an uncertain event.

Private military and security companies (PMSCs) are established actors in the global militaryindustry. The adaptation to utilize PMSCs as a complement to national militaries has increased their importance significantly. PMSCs have gained attention due to similarities with outlawed mercenary activity, causing legal implications and difficulties regulating them. However, the risks that PMSC recruits experience are not addressed sufficiently. Thus, this study aims to scrutinize and analyze how PMSCs recruitment relates to risk, which risks exist for the recruits, and how the recruits’ origin affects risks. By developing the idea of Risk-Transfer War with the Global South and Global North concept, the study gains insight into how Risk-Transfer can beextended to the private military industry. The study shows that economic, physical, and political risks are present for PMSC recruits, and the recruits from the Global South are the most affectedby them. The globalized private military industry enables countries that utilize PMSCs which recruit from the Global South, to get a cheaper, more flexible workforce with fewer politicalimplications. However, the Global South recruits are paid less than their Northern colleagues, they are getting little to no recognition for their sacrifices while risking their lives for the secompanies in hopes of a better livelihood. By understanding PMSCs and their recruitmentprocesses better, we can adjust issues in current regulations.

A partir des années 1970, la remise en cause du système monétaire des parités fixes entraine l'apparition de risques nouveaux sur les marchés, et conduit les opérateurs financiers à rechercher de nouvelles techniques pour en maitriser les effets : les premiers instruments financiers dérivés naissent de cette volonté. Pour autant, au moment de reconnaitre juridiquement ces instruments, le législateur quant à lui ne prévoit aucune qualification ni définition précises et adopte la technique peu concluante de l'énumération. Ce qui laisse présager que les dérivés ne peuvent fonder une notion juridique unitaire mais constituent simplement l'addition de modèles financiers hétérogènes. Dès lors, la recherche de la nature juridique du dérivé se doit de démontrer sa spécificité en tant qu'instrument de transfert du risque financier à part entière et le caractériser par rapport aux autres familles de contrats nommés. En outre, si le dérivé opère un transfert de risque, il s'avère lui-même générateur d'un risque spécifique, à la fois pour les parties qui le concluent et pour les tiers en relation avec ces dernières: par ses attributs intrinsèques, il est donc fondamentalement porteur de risque pour le système financier dans son ensemble. La nécessité de reconnaitre ce risque et de le contrôler étroitement se pose alors en objectif impérieux. / From 1970s, the questioning of the monetary system of the fixed parities causes the appearance of new risks on markets, and leads financial players to look for new techniques to master the effects: the first derivative financial instruments arise from this will. However, at the time of recognizing legally these instruments, the legislator as for him plans no precise qualification and no definition and adopts the little decisive technique of the enumeration. What leads to predict that derivatives cannot base a unitarian legal notion but constitute simply the addition of heterogeneous financial models. From then on, the research for the legal nature of derivative owes demonstrate its specificity as instrument of transfer of the full financial risk and to characterize it with regard to the other families of named contracts. Besides, if the derivative operates a transfer of risk, it turns out itself generator of a specific risk, at the same time for the parties which conclude it and for thirds in connection with the latter: by its intrinsic attributes, it is fundamentally carrying risk to the whole financial system. The necessity of recognizing this risk and of controlling it closely settles then in compelling objective.

Today's environment is filled with the proliferation of cyber-attacks that result in losses for organizations and individuals. Hackers often use compromised websites to distribute malware, making it difficult for individuals to detect. The impact of clicking through a link on the Internet that is malware infected can result in consequences such as private information theft and identity theft. Hackers are also known to perpetrate cyber-attacks that result in organizational security breaches that adversely affect organizations' finances, reputation, and market value. Risk management approaches for minimizing and recovering from cyber-attack losses and preventing further cyber-attacks are gaining more importance. Many studies exist that have increased our understanding of how individuals and organizations are motivated to reduce or avoid the risks of security breaches and cyber-attacks using safeguard mechanisms. The safeguards are sometimes technical in nature, such as intrusion detection software and anti-virus software. Other times, the safeguards are procedural in nature such as security policy adherence and security awareness and training. Many of these safeguards fall under the risk mitigation and risk avoidance aspects of risk management, and do not address other aspects of risk management, such as risk transfer. Researchers have argued that technological approaches to security risks are rarely sufficient for providing an overall protection of information system assets. Moreover, others argue that an overall protection must include a risk transfer strategy. Hence, there is a need to understand the risk transfer approach for managing information security risks. Further, in order to effectively address the information security puzzle, there also needs to be an understanding of the nature of the perpetrators of the problem – the hackers. Though hacker incidents proliferate the news, there are few theory based hacker studies. Even though the very nature of their actions presents a difficulty in their accessibility to research, a glimpse of how hackers perpetrate attacks can be obtained through the examination of their knowledge sharing behavior. Gaining some understanding about hackers through their knowledge sharing behavior may help researchers fine-tune future information security research. The insights could also help practitioners design more effective defensive security strategies and risk management efforts aimed at protecting information systems. Hence, this dissertation is interested in understanding the hackers that perpetrate cyber-attacks on individuals and organizations through their knowledge sharing behavior. Then, of interest also is how individuals form their URL click-through intention in the face of proliferated cyber risks. Finally, we explore how and why organizations that are faced with the risk of security breaches, commit to cyberinsurance as a risk management strategy. Thus, the fundamental research question of this dissertation is: how do individuals and organizations manage information security risks?