Inledning: Det förändrade säkerhetspolitiska läget till följd av Rysslands invasion av Ukraina har lyft fram behovet av militär internationell samverkan. Den svenska regeringen beslutade om ett medlemskap i NATO och Sverige blev fullvärdig medlem den 7 mars 2024. Försvarsmakten har lång erfarenhet av samarbete med NATO och andra allierade länder, men det samarbetet har inte inneburit samma typ av kravställning som ställs för en medlemsstat. Ett NATO-medlemskap i denna kontext innebär att lagar och förordningar kan behöva anpassas och Försvarsmakten kan uppleva ett behov av att justera sina styrande dokument. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka om den organisatoriska riskhanteringen är en del av målstyrningen inom Försvarsmakten och om inträdet i NATO kan komma att påverka Försvarsmaktens organisatoriska riskhantering. Metod: En kvalitativ studie som till del är jämförande och en innehållsanalys mellan Försvarsmaktens och NATO:s riskhanteringsdokument. Materialet består av styrande dokument som beskriver den organisatoriska riskhanteringen samt den övergripande organisatoriska styrningen i respektive organisation. Semistrukturerade intervjuer av tjänstemän inom Försvarsmakten har också genomförts. Data kategoriserades sedan tematisk med hjälp det av utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer kopplat till kapacitetsutveckling och tolkades utifrån dessa samt teorin riskstyrning. Resultat:  Resultatet visar på att det finns likheter och skillnader mellan Försvarsmaktens och NATO:s riskhanteringsdokument, samt att riskhanteringen är beskriven i relation till Försvarsmaktens uppdrag och mål. Respondenterna bekräftar och ger en djupare inblick i Försvarsmaktens riskhantering. Slutsatser: Resultatet visar på att den organisatoriska riskhanteringen är en del av målstyrningen. Dock framkommer det att det finns utmaningar bland annat politiskt. Skillnaderna mellan Försvarsmaktens och NATO:s riskhanteringsdokument visar även att dessa kan komma att påverka Försvarsmakten i form av ställningstagande och eventuell anpassning av styrande dokument. / Introduction: The Russian Federation’s war of aggression against Ukraine have altered the security environment and have highlighted the need for military international cooperation. The Swedish government decided that Sweden would apply for NATO membership and Sweden became a full member on March 7, 2024. The Swedish Armed Forces have a long experience of cooperation with NATO and other allied countries, but that cooperation has not entailed the same demands that of its member states. NATO membership in this context means that laws and regulations may need to be adapted and the Swedish Armed Forces may experience a need to adjust their governing documents. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether the organizational risk management is part of the management by objectives within the Swedish Armed Forces and whether the entry into NATO may affect the Swedish Armed Forces' organizational risk management. Method: A qualitative comparative and content analysis study between the Swedish Armed Forces' and NATO's risk management documents. The material consists of governing documents that describe the organizational risk management as well as the overall organizational management, in each organization. Semi-structured interviews of officials within the Swedish Armed Forces have also been conducted. The data was then categorized thematically using challenges and success factors linked to capacity development and interpreted based on these and the theory of risk governance. Results: The results show that there are similarities and differences between the Swedish Armed Forces' and NATO's risk management documents, and that risk management is described in relation to the Swedish Armed Forces' missions and goals. The respondents confirm and further describe the Swedish Armed Forces' risk management. Conclusions: The results show that organizational risk management is part of goal management within the Swedish Armed Forces. However, it appears that there are challenges, political ones among other things. The differences between the Swedish Armed Forces' and NATO's risk management documents also show that these may affect the Swedish Armed Forces in terms of taking a position towards these differences and possible adaptation of governing documents.

The issue of environmental risks from the pharmaceutical endocrine disrupter 17 alpha-ethinyl oestradiol (EE2), which is an active ingredient in the contraceptive pill, confronts government responsibilities for citizens' health with potential environmental risks from its presence in aquatic ecosystems. Further to a risk appraisal process conducted under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) between 2006 and 2012, the European Commission recommended the imposition of an environmental quality standard for EE2. In 2013, this recommendation was rejected by politicians. The outcome was both contested and commended. The UK Government was particularly vehement in its opposition and claimed that the risk assessment process for EE2 was not robust. The UK Government also insisted that it had swayed opinion of other EU Member States to convince them that action for EE2 was not proportionate given the extremely elevated costs of risk control options. At the present time, environmental policy for EE2 and other endocrine disrupters remains resolutely ineffective. Despite three distinct policy interventions recommending precautionary action for EE2 during the past twenty years, emissions of this potent, oestrogenic endocrine disrupter continue unabated. This thesis explains why European politicians rejected the European Commission’s risk governance recommendations for EE2 in 2013 under the Water Framework Directive. This comprises its principal empirical contribution. A novel analytical framework which draws on insights from the policy sciences, risk governance and wicked problems literature is developed. This framework is employed to determine whether the policy outcome for EE2, and the decision-making processes that preceded it, were legitimate. The research findings in this respect advance understanding of the implications of specific properties of wicked problems, of which it is argued, EE2 is an example, for the legitimacy of decision-making processes during the risk appraisal and political phases of policy development in Europe. This comprises the principle theoretical contribution of the thesis. Recommendations to promote more effective and legitimate policy development for wicked problems in similar multi-level governance contexts are also made.