No description available.

Each year in the United States over 1,000 fatalities occur as a result of collisions with utility poles. In addition, approximately 40% of utility pole crashes result in a non-fatal injury. Moreover, with over 88 million utility poles lining United States highways, it is not feasible to immediately remedy all poles that are potentially unsafe. Utility poles which pose a danger to motorists can, however, be identified and addressed over time in a structured, methodical manner. The goal of this project was to develop a method to identify and prioritize high risk utility poles that are good candidates for remediation as well as develop a standard operating procedure for the relocation of existing utility poles and placement of future utility poles along Massachusetts highways. This research found that the lateral offset, annual average daily traffic and density of the utility poles are major risk factors. Road geometry, however, also impacts the risk. Basic corrective measures such as delineation, placing poles as far from the edge of road as achievable, as well as placing poles a safe distance behind horizontal barriers are all suggested solutions.

The halophytes invading roads are mostly from maritime habitats and their invasion appears to be a response to the heavy use of de-icing salt which began in the 1960"s. The most widespread species, Puccinellia distans now occurs extensively in the north and east of England and Wales. Other maritime species occur mostly near the coast and include Aster tripoli , Cochlearia officinalis, Puccinellia rraritirna and Sperqularia marina. Experiments and observations indicated that seed of invading populations is carried from the coast to roadsides on vehicles and once there is swept along in vehicular slipstreams. Rates of invasion, estimated by comparing the present distribution with that in 1975, were highest for species adapted to disturbed saline sites. Levels of salt in roadside soils varied between sites. Well drained soils had lower salinities than clay soils, some of which had salinities higher than previously recorded on roadsides in Britain. There were peaks in winter during salt application and at some sites in early summer due to evaporation. Soil salinity levels proved to be significantly correlated with salt application rates, site exposure to the prevailing wind and traffic volume. Species occured in distinct zones with maritime species confined to the saline road margin. This confinement was partly due to canpetition as glycophytes eliminated mritime species from non-saline experiRental plots but was also due to a requirement for salt by the maritirre species when growing on roadside soil. 2 Salt affected the resistance of maritime species to stress. For example the application of salt increased the freezing resistance of four of the species but decreased it in one. In trials using roadside soil protection from drought increased the survival of maritime species not treated with salt. Treatment with nutrients and other solutions containing ions easily assimilated by plants overcame the requirement f or salt. Two of the maritime grasses, Puccinellia distans and P. maritima proved to be suitable for reclaiming areas of roadside verge damaged by de-icing salt.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-114). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2005. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Michael Meyer, Committee Chair ; Adjo Amekudzi, Committee Member ; Randall Guensler, Committee Member ; David Sawicki, Committee Member ; Michael Dobbins, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

More motorcyclists are fatally injured each year in guardrail crashes than passengers of any other vehicle, while only accounting for three percent of the vehicle fleet. Since motorcyclists account for a high percentage of these fatalities, the goal of zero deaths on the road cannot be achieved without addressing the safety of motorcyclists. The objective of this research was to determine the factors that lead to serious or fatal injury in motorcycle barrier crashes, given that a crash occurred. The likelihood of serious or fatal injury in barrier crashes was significantly influenced by both barrier type and rider trajectory after striking the barrier. A national study of motorcyclist fatality risk using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and General Estimates System (GES) showed that crashes with guardrail than crashes were about 7 times more likely to be fatal than those with the ground, based on the most harmful event reported. An analysis of 1,000 riders in barrier crashes in three states showed that the odds of serious injury were 1.4 times greater in guardrail crashes than in concrete barrier crashes. These analyses did not take into account the trajectory of the rider after striking the barrier, since this was unknown. The police accident report for 350 barrier crashes in New Jersey was used to determine the rider trajectory in those crashes. Being ejected from the motorcycle after impacting the barrier significantly increased the odds of serious injury over crashes where the rider was not ejected. While providing insight into factors influencing injury severity, these analyses do not provide an understanding of the nature of injuries incurred in these crashes. To further understand how injuries were caused in motorcycle-barrier crashes, we developed a methodology for determining injury mechanisms in motorcycle-barrier collisions. Using this methodology, we investigated 9 serious motorcycle-to-barrier crashes. In these crashes, as well as in an analysis of 106 barrier crashes in Maryland, the thorax and lower extremities most commonly suffered serious injury. Of particular concern are the posts and top of the rail, both of which can lead to lacerations and blunt trauma. / Ph. D.

Guardrails are a key safety feature of modern roadways. Collisions with many roadside hazards, e.g. trees, poles and culverts, can be dangerous and guardrail prevents many crashes with such hazards. However, using guardrail safely and effectively is a challenging problem in itself. This research examined two aspects of the problem: 1) assessment of the injury risks posed by guardrail itself; 2) determination of appropriate guardrail length. When controlling for other factors, light truck / van / sport utility vehicles (LTVs) showed injury odds 3.9 times greater in end terminal crashes compared to guardrail face crashes, while cars showed no significant increase in injury odds. Additionally, the odds of injury in frontal end terminal crashes appeared to be between 3.9 and 5.0 times lower when the terminal design was compliant with the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 350 crash testing protocol, compared to non-compliant designs. Rollover occurred in 10 % of all frontal guardrail crashes, and was initiated by the guardrail in roughly 46 % of instances. The evidence indicates that end terminal contact increases rollover odds by 6.9 times compared to guardrail face contact for LTVs, but not for cars. NCHRP 350 compliance of end terminals was not observed to have any significant effect on rollover propensity. In side-impact crashes with guardrail, end terminal crashes represented only about 25% of crashes but accounted for more than 70 % of the injuries sustained. End terminals compliant with NCHRP-350 may be about five times as safe as non-compliant designs, but the difference appears to be overshadowed by the high degree of risk involved in striking any narrow fixed object with the side of the vehicle. A somewhat larger sample appears necessary to make this finding significant at the 95 % confidence level. Only about 20 % of rollovers in non-tracking guardrail side crashes are initiated by contact with the rail; 80 % are initiated by some subsequent contact. Those rollovers which are rail-initiated appear to be about twice as likely to be initiated by a terminal as by the guardrail face. Cars showed odds of minor to severe injury 3.6 times greater than LTVs in end terminal crashes. End terminal designs compliant with NCHRP 350 were not observed to carry significantly different odds of minor to severe injury than non-compliant end terminals. The findings control for driver seat belt use, rollover occurrence, terminal orientation (leading/trailing), control-loss and the number of impact events. Rollover and non-use of seatbelts were observed to carry much larger increases in risk than end terminal type. For cars, electronic stability control (ESC) reduces odds of fatal crashes with roadside barriers by about 50 % For LTVs, ESC reduces barrier fatality odds by about 40 %. Based on the effectiveness levels observed in this research, it is estimated that ESC could prevent about 410 out of 1180 possible barrier-related fatalities per year by 2028, when 75 % of the fleet is estimated to be equipped with ESC. The study findings suggest that ESC significantly reduces road departures into roadside barriers, and/or that ESC changes departure conditions so that barrier crashes have less severe outcomes. This research has compared the current standard procedure for computing guardrail length of need (LON) with 'departure corridors' based on real-world road departure trajectories. Due to the current procedure's simplified treatment of road departure geometry, LON recommended by the current procedure becomes very conservative for hazards located closer to the roadside, and less conservative for hazards located further away. By contrast, the departure corridor technique developed in this research provides a known, precisely defined level of protection which remains the same for different hazard offsets. Departure corridors can be made for any desired level of protection, and the technique provides flexibility in how protection may be defined. Most importantly, the departure corridor technique is fundamentally more realistic than the current standard procedure and gives LON recommendations which provide protection levels that can be easily communicated to policy makers and other stakeholders. / Ph. D.

published_or_final_version / Geography and Geology / Master / Master of Philosophy