Dans le dernier tiers du XIIe siècle, la sculpture romane espagnole connaît un renouvellement de grande ampleur qui aboutit à la création de véritables chefs-d’œuvre et suscite une production d’une exceptionnelle fécondité. Au monastère de Silos eurent lieu à cette époque d’importantes transformations, au cours desquelles intervint un des plus grands sculpteurs de la période : le Second Maître de Silos. Celui-ci, fut, avec Maître Mathieu à Compostelle, le principal inspirateur d’un vaste courant de sculptures qui envahit tout le Nord de l’Espagne, à la fin du XIIe et au début du XIIIe siècle. La prospérité que connaît alors le pays entraîne en effet un développement considérable de l’activité architecturale. En Aragon, en Navarre, en Vieille-Castille, les sculpteurs espagnols s’inspirèrent des grands maîtres et décorèrent jusque dans les années 1200-1210, un grand nombre de monuments alors en chantier. De cette abondante production se dégagent d’importants pôles régionaux, qui apparaissent comme des relais de l’art de Silos : c’est le cas notamment pour Burgo de Osma, Soria, Estella ou Tudela. Ce renouvellement de la sculpture concerne aussi bien de grands ensembles, comme les cloîtres et les grandes façades, que des productions plus modestes, églises rurales ou petits reliefs. Ce travail visait à déterminer dans ces sculptures ce qui provient de Silos, de Compostelle ou d’ailleurs. Cela nous a permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur les chemins de diffusion de l’art du second Maître de Silos. La domination de l’art de Silos paraît claire dans les régions les plus proches du monastère, c’est-à-dire dans la meseta castillane. Dans les anciens évêchés de Burgos et d’Osma, l’empreinte de Silos est des plus prégnantes, et marque durablement les artistes, qui deviennent à leur tour des relais de l’art de Silos, qui se diffuse ainsi dans les régions voisines. Dans les zones plus éloignées du monastère castillan, la propagation de l’art de Silos est parfois plus complexe à déterminer, car s’y mêlent des éléments venus d’ailleurs, de Compostelle, notamment, ou des influences locales. / At the end of the 12th century, the Spanish Romanesque sculpture knows a great renewal, which leads to the creation of true masterpieces. In Santo Domingo de Silos, one of the greatest sculptor of the time, the Second Master creates one of the most beautiful example of Romanesque sculpture. With Maître Mathieu, he is the principal initiator of a vast movement, which spread over the entire Northern Spain. At this time, the prosperity of the country involves an important development of the architectural activity. In Aragon, Navarra, Castile, Spanish sculptors take inspiration from the great masters and carry out the decoration of many monuments. They work in Burgo de Osma, Soria, Estella, Tudela, in cloisters and cathedrals, but in small churches as well. This research tries to determinate how the art of the Second Master of Silos spread over in the latest Romanesque sculpture of Spain.

Topic of this dissertation thesis follows previous dissertations dealing with reconstructions of historical buildings that were successfully defended at Institute of Building Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology. The thesis deals with Romanesque and Pre-Romanesque round churches, called rotundas, that were built between 9th and 13th century in the historical territory of Great Moravia. Churches of similar shape can be also found in surrounding countries, but only scarcely. By the time of origin these rotundas were among the oldest masonry buildings built within borders of contemporary Czech Republic. Later some rotundas were destroyed and are known only thanks to the archaeological findings or written records. Some are still waiting to be discovered. Surviving rotundas are the oldest masonry buildings in Czech Republic, therefore it can be said that they belong to the most valuable historical buildings in the country. Preserved rotundas were often modified or rebuild in some way. Thanks to their age, origins of many of these buildings are shrouded in a mystery, which is one of the reasons why they attract attention of many researchers – archaeologists, historians and art historians. Many questions arise from their research. These questions have interdisciplinary character and finding the answers requires cooperation of specialists in different fields. One of these fields is building engineering. This dissertation thesis deals with proportional and structural analysis of Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque rotundas. For the proportional analysis author focused on verifying of some of the hypotheses of other researchers connected to the Romanesque rotundas. These include hypothesis dealing with use of historical units for the design of rotundas, hypothetical use of proportional canon, or some universal sets of proportional ratios of vertical and horizontal dimensions. The proportional analysis also helped with verification of some hypothe

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette étude se fixe un triple objectif. Il s’agira d’abord de décrire les représentations textuelles du rire dans Le Roman comique de Scarron, en établissant d’une part les conditions de possibilité du comique et, d’autre part, en montrant la dette qu’a contractée le genre de l’histoire comique du XVIIe siècle auprès de la poétique de la comédie classique. Nous préciserons ensuite la nature et le sens à donner aux stratégies dramaturgiques mises en œuvre par Scarron pour rendre compte de l’humanité comique, tantôt disqualifiée, toujours remise en question. Nous mettrons enfin en évidence l’originalité de la structure du roman de Scarron qui accueille contradictoirement des esthétiques ennemies. Expérience de l’insubordination et affirmation d’une conscience critique, le rire de Scarron, en même temps qu’il brouille les hiérarchies culturelles, littéraires et idéologiques de l’âge classique, induit une rhétorique de la lecture comique et délivre une vision sceptique du monde. Innervée par ce rire protéiforme et ambivalent, notre étude propose donc une interprétation globale du roman scarronien à partir de l’analyse détaillée de sa poétique. / The following study has three main goals. We will first describe the textual representations of laughter in Scarron’s Le Roman comique, establishing on the one hand the conditions of possibility of the comic and by showing, on the other hand, the debt that the seventeenth century’s comic novels have contracted towards the poetics of the comedy. We will then identify the nature and meaning of the dramaturgical strategies used by Scarron to represent his comical characters, sometimes disqualified but always questionned. Finally, we will highlight the originality of Scarron’s novel structure that hosts contradictory aesthetics. While it blurs the frontiers of cultural, literary and ideological hierarchies, Scarron’s laughter, an experience of insubordination and an affirmation of a critical consciousness, induces a certain way of reading comedy and delivers a skeptical view of classical age’s world. Animated by this protean and ambivalent laughter, our study proposes a global interpretation of Scarron’s novel based on a detailed analysis of his poetics.

Bislang gab es keine detaillierte Untersuchung der umfangreichen Bauplastik der Kirche Santa María la Real in Sangüesa, obwohl es sich um einen der für die Entwicklung der spätromanischen Skulptur Nordspaniens wichtigsten Komplexe des 12. Jahrhunderts handelt. Die Arbeit versucht, diese Forschungslücke zu schließen. Grundlage der Analyse und gleichzeitig Bestandsaufnahme ist ein Katalog, der die gesamte Bauplastik (360 Einzelskulpturen) und rund 40 Vergleichsbeispiele erfaßt. Mittels einer detaillierten Stilanalyse wurden stilistische und ikonographische Ordnungsprinzipien aus dem scheinbaren Durcheinander herausgearbeitet. Von dieser Grundlage aus konnten mehrere Skulpturenkomplexe Nordspaniens zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Nur Sangüesa vereint Skulpturen aus mindestens drei anderen Zentren und führt gleichzeitig neue Elemente - wie die Gewändefiguren Chartreser Prägung - ein. Das gesamte Spektrum der Bauplastik Navarras und Aragóns zwischen etwa 1130 und 1170 läßt sich daran ablesen. Als einziges Beispiel einer solchen Syntheseleistung in Nordspanien ist Sangüesa Rezeptor, Katalysator und Innovator zugleich. Das Tympanon Santa Marías zeigt die einzige erhaltene explizite Darstellung des jüngsten Gerichts einer nordspanischen Kirche des 12. Jahrhunderts. Vieles spricht dafür, daß auf Portalen entlang des Camino de Santiago eine inhaltliche Verbindungslinie zu ziehen ist von den furchteinflößenden Darstellungen in Frankreich über die auf wenige Elemente reduzierte Illustration des Weltgerichts in Sangüesa bis hin zu dem versöhnenden Christus im Pórtico de la Gloria der Kathedrale von Compostela. Die vorliegende Analyse erweist die spanische Bauplastik als eine eigenständige, innovative und hochqualitative Skulptur. / Santa María la Real, Sangüesa (Navarra) The architectural sculpture of Santa Marías and 12th century sculpture in Navarre and Aragón Receptor, catalysator, innovator? Beyond any doubt, Santa María la Real of Sangüesa is one of the most important sculptural complexes of 12th century Romanesque sculpture in Northern Spain. Nevertheless no detailed analysis of the rich sculpture of the main portal and the capitals in the interior of the church has hitherto been made. This is the first time a thesis tries to set up a catalogue and to present an analysis of the 360 different sculptures and to compare them with 40 examples of other places. In a specific and detailed analysis out of the enormous variety of sculptures some important stilistic and iconographic categories can be brought out allowing to establish the relationship between Sangüesa and other important monumental sculptural complexes in Northern Spain. Thus one can prove that only Sangüesa combines sculptures from at least three different centres of Ronanesque art in Northern Spain; and - what is more - the Sangüesa masters have introduced new elements like the column statues of Chartrese style. In Sangüesa the whole spectre of monumental sculpture in Navarre and Aragón between 1130 and 1170 is well represented. Santa María la Real is, therefore, a unique example of such a synthesis and can be regarded as a receptor, catalysator and innovator as well. The Sangüesan tympanum shows the only existing explicit illustration of the Last Judgement in a church of 12th century Spain. One may argue that a continuous iconographic program exists on portals along the Camino de Santiago: starting with the frightening representations in France passing by the reduced illustration of the Last Judgement in Sangüesa up to the reconciling Christ of the Pórtico de la Gloria of the Cathedral in Compostela. The thesis proves the high and innovative quality, and in particular, the originality of Spanish architectural sculpture of the period.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal / Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

La tesi è rivolta allo studio comparativo delle tecniche costruttive datate tra tardo antico e romanico (fine IV-XII secolo), con particolare attinenza agli edifici di culto milanesi. L'obiettivo principale è stato quello di delineare le linee evolutive delle tecniche costruttive e identificare la presenza di caratteri tecnici particolari che avessero valore di indicatore cronotipologico. Il quadro complesso e articolato degli studi pregressi sulle più note basiliche medievali milanesi ha reso necessaria l'indagine, per la presenza di ipotesi interpretative contraddittorie e la frequente carenza di indagini aggiornate sotto il profilo metodologico. Per questa ragione, la prima parte del lavoro è stata rivolta alla definizione della storia degli studi editi riguardanti temi di carattere archeologico e architettonico, che hanno costituito la base di riferimento per l'individuazione delle campionature murarie da analizzare. Nell'ambito di questa stessa sezione si è resa poi indispensabile la stesura di una parte destinata alla trattazione del metodo utilizzato che, per quanto riguarda l'analisi del materiale da costruzione in laterizio, ha previsto l'applicazione, in via sperimentale su un raggio di indagine così esteso, del metodo mensiocronologico al materiale di recupero. La seconda parte della tesi ha riguardato l'analisi dei principali contesti architettonici esaminati (S. Giovanni alle Fonti, S. Tecla, S. Simpliciano, S. Nazaro Maggiore, S. Ambrogio, S. Eustorgio), affrontata con schede apposite destinate all'inquadramento dei dati storico-archeologici pregressi, delle campionature murarie esaminate, in pietra e laterizio, e dei risultati delle analisi metriche. Ogni fase costruttiva individuata è stata poi approfondita in sezioni specifiche nelle quali sono confluiti i risultati raggiunti. La terza ed ultima parte del lavoro, è stata infine rivolta alla trattazione delle cronotipologie dei tipi costruttivi elaborate (in opus latericium, opus latericium spicatum e opera di spolia), a quella dei principali indicatori cronotipologici individuati e alle loro modalità di trasformazione nel tempo. Il lavoro di ricerca ha aperto molteplici prospettive di approfondimento, relative ai singoli monumenti trattati ma anche a problematiche di più ampio respiro nel settore dell'edilizia medievale, che sono state trattate nel capitolo conclusivo. / The thesis is dedicated to the comparative study of construction techniques dating from late antiquity and Romanesque (end of 4th-12th century), with particular attention to the religious buildings in Milan. The main objective was to represent the evolutionary lines of the construction techniques and to identify the presence of technical characteristics that have a specific age-typology meaning. The contradictory interpretative hypotheses and the lack of up-to date - in terms of methodology - investigations within the complex and extensive literature on the most known medieval basilicas in Milan has inspired this investigation. For this reason, the first part of the work treats the definition of the history of the published studies on the archaeological and architectural subjects, which have represented the reference for the identification of the masonry samples to be analyzed. As part of this section it was necessary the drafting of a description of the method used. With regard to the analysis of structural clay material, such process provided for the application - on an experimental basis on a so extensive investigation - of the metric-age analysis method to the recovered material. The second part of the thesis concerned the analysis of the main architectural complexes examined (S. Giovanni alle Fonti, S. Tecla, S. Simpliciano, S. Nazario Maggiore, St. Ambrose, St. Eustorgio), performed through dedicated files for the classification of former historic-archaeological data, of the masonry and the stone and brick samples tested, and of the results of the metric analysis. Each identified construction phase was then further investigated in specific sections where the results are gathered. The third and final part of the work concerns the discussion of the developed age-typologies of the construction materials (opus latericium, opus spicatum latericium and works in spolia), the main age-typology indicators identified and the different ways they changed over time. The research has opened up many scenarios for further studies, in relation to the individual monuments treated but also to broader issues in the sector of the Middle Ages building activity, as discussed in the final section.

Cette étude se fixe un triple objectif. Il s’agira d’abord de décrire les représentations textuelles du rire dans Le Roman comique de Scarron, en établissant d’une part les conditions de possibilité du comique et, d’autre part, en montrant la dette qu’a contractée le genre de l’histoire comique du XVIIe siècle auprès de la poétique de la comédie classique. Nous préciserons ensuite la nature et le sens à donner aux stratégies dramaturgiques mises en œuvre par Scarron pour rendre compte de l’humanité comique, tantôt disqualifiée, toujours remise en question. Nous mettrons enfin en évidence l’originalité de la structure du roman de Scarron qui accueille contradictoirement des esthétiques ennemies. Expérience de l’insubordination et affirmation d’une conscience critique, le rire de Scarron, en même temps qu’il brouille les hiérarchies culturelles, littéraires et idéologiques de l’âge classique, induit une rhétorique de la lecture comique et délivre une vision sceptique du monde. Innervée par ce rire protéiforme et ambivalent, notre étude propose donc une interprétation globale du roman scarronien à partir de l’analyse détaillée de sa poétique. / The following study has three main goals. We will first describe the textual representations of laughter in Scarron’s Le Roman comique, establishing on the one hand the conditions of possibility of the comic and by showing, on the other hand, the debt that the seventeenth century’s comic novels have contracted towards the poetics of the comedy. We will then identify the nature and meaning of the dramaturgical strategies used by Scarron to represent his comical characters, sometimes disqualified but always questionned. Finally, we will highlight the originality of Scarron’s novel structure that hosts contradictory aesthetics. While it blurs the frontiers of cultural, literary and ideological hierarchies, Scarron’s laughter, an experience of insubordination and an affirmation of a critical consciousness, induces a certain way of reading comedy and delivers a skeptical view of classical age’s world. Animated by this protean and ambivalent laughter, our study proposes a global interpretation of Scarron’s novel based on a detailed analysis of his poetics.

A la recherche du paysage silencieux ou du silence du paysage, cette thèse explore un large corpus ouvert de romans réalistes publiés en France, en Angleterre et dans les pays germanophones durant les années 1850-1900. Le parcours de lecture comparatiste représente un voyage littéraire en quête d'un type de paysage particulier, non pas paysage à connotation géographique, mais paysage perçu comme un espace imaginaire et sensible. Face au topos romantique que constitue le paysage silencieux, le silence «réaliste» apparait souvent comme une tentative de musellement des voix romantiques tout en démontrant que le réalisme réinvente les rapports entre l'être humain et le monde naturel, entre le sujet et l'objet de la perception. Contrecarrant l'hégémonie du visuel et du verbal, unissant des données objectives et humanistes, instaurant une relation entre le paysage et le lecteur, le silence dans le roman permet de découvrir des espaces inexplorés et garantit l'expérience d'une lecture nouvelle, à l'écoute des mondes naturel et textuel. / In search of silent landscapes or of the silence of the landscape, this thesis explores a wide open corpus of realistic novels published in France, in England and in the German-speaking countries between 1850-1900. This comparative reading represents a literary journey looking for a particular type of landscape, not with geographical connotation, but perceived as an imaginary and sensitive space. Against the romantic commonplace of silent landscape, "realistic" silence often appears as an attempt Io muzzle the romantic voices, while demonstrating that realism reinvents the relationship between the human being and the natural world, between the subject and the object of perception. Abrogating the hegemony of the visual and the verbal, uniting objective and humanist observation, establishing a relation between the landscape and the reader, silence allows Io discover unexplored spaces and guarantees the experience of a new reading, as the attempt to listen to the natural and textual worlds.