Operationssjuksköterskan arbetar i en högteknologisk och komplex miljö, där samarbetet sker multiprofessionellt. För att kunna upprätthålla en god och säker vård för patienten, behövs en god kommunikation. Operationssjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att skapa en god atmosfär i operationsrummet och samarbeta med teamet för att upprätthålla ett etiskt förhållningsätt kring patienten. Forskning visar att om kommunikationen brister i operationssalen, finns en ökad risk för att patientens vård äventyras. Syftet var att belysa betydelsen av kommunikation i operationsteamet på operationssal utifrån operationssjuksköterskans perspektiv. En systematisk litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ design genomfördes. Artiklar söktes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. 13 vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades enligt Bettany-Saltikov och McSherrys (2016) analysmodell. Resultatet presenteras med hjälp av tre huvudkategorier som har betydelse för kommunikation. Att bli påverkad av arbetsmiljön i operationssalen, att teamrelation påverkas i operationssalen och betydelse för säker vård. En god kunskap och förståelse för hur respektfullt versus respektlöst beteende påverkar kommunikationen, är viktig för att främja en god atmosfär i operationssalen. Detta leder till ett gott samarbete i operationsteamet vilket stärker patientsäkerheten. / The operating room nurse works in a high-tech and complex environment, where collaboration takes place multi-professionally. In order to maintain good and safe care for the patient, good communication is needed. The operating room nurse has a responsibility to create a good atmosphere in the operating room and cooperate with the team to provide an ethical approach to the patient. Research shows if communication is lacking in the operating room, there is an increased risk of care being compromised. The purpose was to highlight the communication in the operation team in the operating theatre from the operating room nurse's perspective. A systematic literature review with a qualitative design was conducted. The search was conducted in the Cinahl and PubMed databases. Thirteen scientific articles were analysed according to Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry's (2016) analysis model. The result is presented in three main categories and are important for communication. being affected by the work environment in the operating room, the team relations are affected in the operating room and importance for safe care. A good knowledge and understanding of how respectful versus disrespectful behaviour affects the communication is important to promote a good atmosphere in the operating theatre. This leads to good cooperation in the operation team and strengthens patient safety.

Background: In today's healthcare, it is common for patients to be treated with other patients in a shared room. Patients' experience of being cared for in a shared room can be experienced differently from individual to individual. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to investigate patients’ experience of being cared for in a shared room. Method: Literature study with qualitative studies and quantitative studies from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Results: The result is based on 13 studies with qualitative and quantitative methods. After reviewing all the articles, it resulted in three themes, “Privacy, Well-being and Environment”. The patients had a positive experience with the shared room as it brought a community between the patients in the ward, it created an opportunity to find comfort and think about something other than their health condition. High noise level, impaired sleep, room structure with limited access to windows were perceived as something negative for the patients' experience of being cared for in a shared room. The patients also felt that their integrity and dignity were not respected to the same extent in a shared room. Conclusion: Patients' experiences of being cared for in a shared room can differ greatly. In order for nurses to be able to adapt the care, when it is possible, to each individual patient's needs, it is important to know which factors are decisive for the patients' health. The care environment is of great importance for the psychosocial environment, shared room can both increase well-being but can also give a negative experience for the patient.

Bakgrund: Röntgensjuksköterskan undersöker och behandlar patienter medvarierande grad av symtom och diagnos varje dag. Dessa patienter upplever ofta orooch stress, miljön de vistas i innan undersökningen påverkar patienten både fysisktoch psykiskt Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga väntrummets påverkan på patienter Metod: En litteraturstudie med resultat från åtta kvantitativa studier. Artiklarnakvalitetsgranskades med en mall av Olsson & Sörensens och analyserades i enighetmed Febe Fribergs analysmodell för kvantitativ litteraturstudie. Sökningar utfördes idatabaserna PubMed och CINAHL Resultat: Resultatet delades in i sex underrubriker som uppvisar positiva effekter avolika interventioner i väntrummet, hjälpt av vitalparametrar, HAD depressionsskala,STAI-6 ångestskala med flera. Konklusion: Flera förändringar visade sig effektiva i att reducera patientens ångestoch depression samt normalisera vitala parametrar. Det är viktigt med vidareforskning inom radiologiavdelningarnas miljöer för att utvärdera dess inverkan påpatienterna.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has emerged as an indispensable tool in various engineering fields, particularly in the design and optimization of HVAC systems in complex environments, such as engine rooms. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of CFD applications and focuses on the engine rooms of the Grange Castle Power Plant in Dublin, Ireland. Sustainable Development Capital LLP (SDCL) is constructing a state-of-the-art power plant at Grange Castle Business Park in Dublin, featuring six MAN 18V51/60DF engine generators and a total net export capacity of 111 MW. The plant uses pioneering dualfuel technology and serves as a contingency facility to stabilize the power grid amidst increasing integration of renewable energy. It functions as a responsive backup power generator and a peak load reducer, aiding the Irish government's goal of sourcing 80% of power from renewables by 2030. The initiative is part of a wider strategy including MAN Energy Solutions and Greener Ideas Limited, contributing to three new power plants in Ireland with a combined capacity of 311 MW.This study utilizes steady-state CFD simulations, employing the widely adopted k-epsilon turbulence model. Known for its robustness and computational efficiency, the k-epsilon turbulence model is utilized to analyse one engine cell at the Grange Castle Power Plant. As a two-equation model, it involves solving two additional transport equations alongside the Navier-Stokes equations to simulate fluid flow.Commonly applied in engineering applications, this model will be utilized to provide predictions of airflow and temperatures within the cell during standby and running states over the course of the year. By leveraging the strengths of the k-epsilon turbulence model, the study seeks to gain valuable insights into the complex fluid dynamics within the engine cell, ultimately helping to optimize its performance and efficiency. The analysis focused on one engine cell, with the setup and geometry for each cell being identical.Specifically, the research investigates maintaining the temperature within the cell, temperature distributions, airflow comparisons to design specifications and requirements, heating load and adequate airflow calculations, and potential benefits of optimizing the design and operation of the engine cell.The dimensions and characteristics of the engine room, along with the engines themselves and the heat they generate, play a significant role in the design process. In this study, there are several essential factors to consider, including a negative pressure ventilation system, as well as combustion and cooling air provided through air intake units that draw air from outside the engine hall and exhaust it using fans mounted on the roof. The ventilation system must be designed to maintain the room temperature within the range of 9 °C to 45°C at different points in the room. Since the engine combustion air will be drawn from inside the engine hall, the ventilation system must provide the required volumes of combustion air at all times, along with the necessary ventilation. The CFD analysis conducted in this study provides the groundwork for designing an effective ventilation system that can maintain optimal temperature conditions in the engine room. Using the simulation results, the ventilation system will be optimized to ensure the required temperature is maintained while also preventing the formation of explosive atmospheres.iiAlso, the simulation study presented in this report showcases the ability of CFD simulations to predict airflow and temperature fields in the engine room of a power plant. It is essential to understand the different scenarios' conditions to design a reliable and efficient engine room system. Furthermore, CFD simulations have proven to be an effective tool for optimizing HVAC installations to meet specific building requirements even before installing any equipment. CFD takes into account all factors influencing airflow and temperature, ensuring finely tuned designs even in confined spaces.To accurately analyse and simulate the environment, a 3D model of the engine and room is created using Inventor and AutoCAD software. However, for complex systems like the engine room, simplifying the geometry is necessary when preparing a CFD model. This is because including every detail can result in an excessive number of mesh elements, leading to longer simulation times and higher computational costs. Therefore, striking a balance between geometric complexity and computational efficiency is important for an optimal CFD model. By creating a simplified model, the CFD simulation can be more computationally efficient while still accurately capturing important flow features. The 3D model allows for seamless integration with the CFD software, enabling accurate representation of the environment for analysis.The study conducted simulations for a high-power diesel & gas engine room under four different scenarios, covering various seasonal and load conditions. The results indicated that a heating coil with a 250 kW capacity is required to preheat the airflow of 25.5 m³/s by 8 °C to maintain the required temperature above 9 °C during winter. Similarly, during summer, fans with an airflow rate of 60 m³/s are necessary to keep the engine room temperature below 45 °C. This analysis is critical for designing an optimal ventilation system in engine rooms, ensuring sufficient airflow and maintaining appropriate engine temperature to prevent engine start failure. The simulation results provide invaluable information for HVAC engineers to design an efficient and reliable engine room system.Through the utilization of CFD simulations, engineers can simulate and analyse the performance of the HVAC system under various conditions, providing them with the necessary information to make well-informed decisions to ensure that the system meets the required performance criteria. Implementing CFD in the early stages of HVAC design provides valuable insights, saving engineers time and money associated with real-life testing and validation. By leveraging CFD simulations, engineers can virtually test and evaluate multiple design alternatives, ventilation strategies, and system configurations prior to actual implementation. This proactive approach helps engineers pinpoint potential issues, optimize system design for enhanced efficiency and effectiveness, and minimize the need for expensive post-installation modifications and adjustments.

Introduktion: Det råder brist på operationssjuksköterskor nationellt vilket har lett till stängda operationssalar och långa vårdköer. Med detta examensarbete vill författarna skildra sjuksköterskors perspektiv och ge en djupare kunskap i deras syn på operationssjuksköterskans profession, och vad som skulle kunna öka deras intresse för att söka till specialistsjuksköterskeutbildningen mot operationssjukvård. Syfte: ​​Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattning om operationssjuksköterskans profession.  Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor med grundutbildade sjuksköterskor i åtta gruppintervjuer med sammanlagt 17 deltagare. Data analyserade enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudkategorier, med totalt fyra underkategorier. Den första huvudkategorin blev tvetydig kunskap som råder om operationssjuksköterskans profession med tillhörande underkategorier specifikt ansvar utifrån specialistkompetens samt otydlig kunskap och fysiskt krävande arbete. Den andra huvudkategorin blev öka intresse för specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning inriktning mot operationssjukvård, med underkategorierna bra anställningsvillkor och ha nära till utbildningsort samt synliggöra operationssjuksköterskans profession. Konklusion: Studiens resultat visade att operationssjuksköterskans profession inte är helt känd för alla sjuksköterskor. Det fanns olika uppfattningar som mer eller mindre stämmer in på vad operationssjuksköterskans kompetens innebär. I resultatet framkom även förslag på faktorer som skulle kunna öka sjuksköterskors intresse för operationssjukvård. / Introduction: There is a shortage of surgical nurses nationally, which has led to closed operating theaters and long medical care queues. With this degree project, the researchers want to portray nurses' perspectives and provide a deeper knowledge of their view of the operating theatre nurse's profession and what could increase their interest in applying for specialist nursing training against surgical care. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe nurses' perception of the operating theatre nurse's profession.  Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions with basic nurses in eight group interviews and a total of 17 participants. Data analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. Results: The results revealed two main categories, with a total of four subcategories. The first main category was ambiguous knowledge that prevails about the surgical nurse's profession with associated subcategories of specific responsibilities based on specialist competence as well as unclear knowledge and physically demanding work. The second main category was to increase interest in specialist nursing training focusing on surgical care, with the subcategories of good employment conditions and being close to the place of training and making the surgical nurse's profession visible. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the profession of operating theatre nurse is not completely known to all nurses. There were different perceptions that are more or less correct in what the surgical nurse's competence entails. The results also revealed suggestions for factors that could increase nurses' interest in surgical care.

Introduktion: Strävandet efter ett gemensamt mål utgör grunden för ett kollaborerat samarbete och bristande kommunikation ger märkbara effekter. Operationssjuksköterskan ansvarar även för samverkan och en god kommunikation med operationsteamet och andra vårdenheter. Detta för att tillgodose kontinuitet för patientens vård. Teamets olika professioner och kompetenser skapar ett gemensamt vårdande till förmån för patienten. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa operationssjuksköterskans erfarenhet av kommunikationen inom den perioperativa vården. Metod: Litteraturstudie med en integrativ översikt. 14 studier valdes ut och systematisk artikelsökning utfördes i relevanta databaser. Resultat: Kommunikationen har påvisats kunna ske verbalt eller icke-verbalt för att förmedla information. Operationssjuksköterskans erfarenheter av beteenden och bemötanden har haft en inverkan på hur kommunikationen har påverkats för patientens vårdande. Missförstånd i kommunikationen medförde otrygghet, kulturella skillnader och frångående av rutiner som hotar patientsäkerheten. Konklusion: Flera olika professioner ska kunna samarbeta, kommunicera och tillsammans ansvara för att vården som ges är patientsäker. Med förbättrad och stödjande kultur för vårdpersonalen på operationssalarna och ökat lärande inom IPC och IPL finns möjlighet till förbättrad kommunikation och patientsäkerhet. / Introduction: The pursuit of a common goal forms the basis of collaborative cooperation and lack of communication produces noticeable effects. The operating room nurse is also responsible for cooperation and good communication with the operating team and other care units so that continuity is ensured for the patient's care. The team's various professions and competencies create joint care for the benefit of the patient. Aim: The purpose is to shed light on the operating room nurse's experience of communication within perioperative care. Method: Literature study with an integrative overview. 14 studies were selected and a systematic article search was performed in relevant databases. Results: Communication has been shown to be able to take place verbally or non-verbally to convey information. The operating room nurse's experiences of behaviors and attitudes have had an impact on how communication has been affected for the patient's care. Misunderstandings in communication led to insecurity, cultural differences and deviations from routines that threatened patient safety. Conclusion: Several different professions must be able to cooperate, communicate and together be responsible for ensuring that the care that is given, is patient safe. With improved and supportive culture for the nursing staff in the operating rooms and increased learning in IPC and IPL, there is an opportunity for improved communication and patient safety.

This thesis concentrates on lighting preferencesin living rooms concerning Nordic lightqualities in winter. Living rooms are spaceswhere we relax, communicate, eat, gather andread. Lighting in living rooms gives hints aboutour perception and character.Nordic countries, there is something uniquethan others; use of light and daylight sensiblyand wisely. In the Nordic countries, where thelight and darkness change dramatically betweenthe seasons, the transitions have a specialsignificance. Higher the latitude, twilight hoursare getting longer, and it creates a homogeneoustransition between daylight and night.The thesis consists of literature research andsurvey. Literature research concerning the topicbriefly explains different aspects of the color oflight, its effects on performance, basic lightingsolutions and Nordic daylight qualities in winter.Furthermore, the culture of window lightingand use of daylight as a background are studiedand added to the survey in order to understandthe relation between indoor and outdoor lightqualities from the participants’ perspective.The survey with twenty-one questions andseventy-two participants tries to evaluatehow Nordic light affects people’s preferences.Evaluation and results followed by thediscussion of desired color temperature, lightinglevel, comfortability under Nordic daylight inwinter. Additionally, paintings from differentseasons help me to understand awareness oflocal daylight and attention of participants.Results show us that the attention people giveto the desired light intensity and colors aremore related to the people’s interests than totheir background, profession and length ofstay in Stockholm. It would be interesting toinvestigate this topic with more people who livein Stockholm more than five years.The concentration of the thesis is understandinghow local daylight conditions can affect people’slighting preferences in their living room.Results will help us to implement the knowledgeand collected information into the lightingdesign process in living rooms in Nordic countries.

Background Each Emergency Room (ER) across the USA provides every patient with paperwork upon discharge, which commonly includes information about the patient’s diagnosis. This information will briefly describe the condition, provide information on treatment outside the ER, and possibly more, depending on the document and source. These documents are not made by hospital staff, but are generally purchased from outside providers who mass market such documents as resources for hospitals to use to educate patients. One issue with these documents lies in their mass usage, which is not necessarily designed to target the general population’s reading and educational levels. Purpose The purpose of this research was to investigate currently used discharge education materials and evaluate them for their readability and content. From this investigation, recommendations were made and adjustments to the documents were applied in order to increase understanding for the general population. Results The documents ranged in Flesch-Kincaid grade level rankings from 7.8 to 3.6, and with Flesch Reading Ease scores of 54.7 to 85.3. The entirety of the standard documents were ranked at a minimum of 7th grade equivalents, and are, at the hardest rank, ranked at a 54.7 by the Reading Ease score. In comparison, the ‘easy to read’ documents were ranked all below 5th grade level, and at the hardest rank, ranked at a 69.0 with the Flesch Reading Ease calculation. At a minimum, all documents included condition information and home care guidelines. The major obvious difference between the documents considered ‘easy to read’ and the standard documents are that those considered easy to read typically had sections found on the standard document removed, and have the same overall content as the standard version remaining, only in a simpler vocabulary. Conclusions In order to provide the best educational materials to the general public, it would be in the best interest of companies manufacturing these documents to produce only one version, which would be at a level around the 6th grade or below. A document slightly below the 6th grade level would be more ideal, as the simpler the document is, the more patients it will be accessible for overall, accounting for those who are below the national standards. It is not truly necessary to separate the documents into two forms, and it helps to prevent confusion or offense by doing so.

Surgical procedures that require general anesthesia can be stressful and create needless anxiety for school-age children. Interventions aimed at reducing preoperative anxiety can improve cooperation and enhance postoperative outcomes by lowering anxiety levels prior to induction of general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of behavioral interventions versus drug therapy in reducing pre-operative anxiety in children. The secondary purpose was to compare methods used to integrate anxiety reduction interventions into pre-operative care and to evaluate the most widely used and effective strategy for clinical practice. A literature review exploring behavioral based stress reduction interventions and drug therapy targeted at reducing preoperative anxiety was conducted from various online databases. Peer reviewed articles, published in the English-language between 2006 and 2015 that focused on postoperative outcomes in which preoperative interventions to reduce anxiety in children age two years and older, as well as the parent’s perspective of the outcome, were included for synthesis. Results from 9 randomized controlled trials that used behavioral based interventions implemented on the day of surgery, prior to anesthesia induction were compared for effectiveness at anxiety reduction versus the use of drug therapy prior to surgery. The studies suggest more successful post-surgical outcomes related to shorter length of stay and post-operative delirium for behavioral interventions to reduce anxiety prior to surgery and demonstrated even greater optimal outcomes for combined behavioral interventions. Drug therapy alone to decrease anxiety prior to anesthesia induction showed mixed results in reduction of physiologic and general outcomes following surgery. No significant difference between behavioral based interventions versus drug therapy was shown in any of the reviewed studies to have a significant effect on post-surgical outcomes. However, potentially promising behavioral based interventions such as clowns, electronic devices, parental presence and music over drug therapy prior to surgery, require further evaluation for their use in decreasing pre-operative anxiety in school-age children and having a positive impact on post-operative outcomes.

In her 1929 essay "A Room of One's Own," Virginia Woolf famously asserts that "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction" (4). This concept places an immediate importance on the role of the Modernist female subject as an artist and as an architect, constructing the places and spaces that she exists within. With Woolf's argument as its point of departure, this thesis investigates the theme of female space in two Modernist texts: Nella Larsen's Quicksand (1928) and Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (1963). The respective protagonists of Quicksand and The Bell Jar, Helga Crane and Esther Greenwood, each undertake journeys to obtain spaces that are purely their own. However, this thesis positions each space that Helga and Esther occupy as both male-constructed and male-dominated in order to address the inherent gendering of space and its impact on the development of feminine identities. This thesis focuses specifically on the roles of the mother, the muse, and the female mentor, tracking the spaces in which Helga and Esther begin to adhere to these roles. Expanding on Lauren Berlant's theory of cruel optimism, this thesis will use the term "cruel femininity" to support its intervening claim that the respective relationships that Helga and Esther each have with their own feminine identities begin to turn cruel as they internalize the male-dominated spatial structures surrounding them. Overall, this thesis argues that there is no space in existence where Helga and Esther can realize their full potential as human beings, as long as the spatial structures within their communities continue to be controlled by hegemonic, patriarchal beliefs.