Objetivos: Padronizar a análise dos grupos rotacionais de crescimento proposta por Lavergne e Petrovic, para os padrões brasileiros. A primeira meta foi à correlação dos grupos rotacionais por meio da análise proposta por Lavergne e Petrovic utilizando o ângulo ANB medido e a individualização do ângulo ANB proposta por Goffi. Uma segunda avaliação foi correlacionar o tipo facial de Ricketts com as rotações de crescimento dos grupos rotacionais de Lavergne e Petrovic. Uma terceira proposição foi a alteração dos valores numéricos da análise de Lavergne e Petrovic para a determinação dos grupos rotacionais. Métodos: Foi realizado um levantamento radiográfico de 60 elerradiografias em norma lateral,pertencentes ao acervo do Departamento de Clínica Infantil – Ortodontia – Ortopedia Facial da Universidade Paulista – UNIP - São Paulo. As referidas telerradiografias eram de indivíduos jovens, brasileiros, portadores de normo-oclusão de Classe I de Angle e padrão basal ou esquelético de Classe I, que não foram submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico prévio. A amostragem era composta por 60 pacientes, sendo 42 do sexo masculino e 18 do sexo feminino. A idade cronológica da amostra variou de 11 a 16 anos, com idade média de 12,6 anos. O trabalho consistiu na elaboração dos traçados cefalométricos da análise de Bergne complementada por Lavergne para obtenção dos grupos rotacionais de crescimento de Lavergne e Petrovic, o traçado da análise de Panagiotidis e Witt para determinação do ângulo ANB individualizado utilizando a fórmula matemática proposto por Goffi para padrões brasileiros e análise parcial de Ricketts para determinação do tipo facial de Ricketts. Resultados: Os resultados foram avaliados pelos testes estatísticos de média aritmética, desvio padrão, teste “t" de Student para amostra pareada e o teste do quiquadrado. Conclusão: A dividualização do ângulo ANB, estatisticamente não influenciou a avaliação dos grupos rotacionais de Lavergne e Petrovic; as concordâncias dos resultados estatísticos não determinaram uma correlação entre o tipo facial e a rotação do crescimento e por último a alteração dos valores da tabela para T1>4.5, melhor direcionou os indivíduos na classificação dos grupos rotacionais de crescimento de Lavergne e Petrovic conforme o tipo facial. / Purpose: To standardize the analysis of the rotational growth groups proposed by Lavergne and Petrovic for Brazilian patterns. The first aim was the correlation of the rotational groups through the analysis proposed by Lavergne and Petrovic using the measured ANB angle and the individualization of the ANB angle proposed by Goffi. A second evaluation was performed to correlate the facial types of Ricketts with the rotations of Lavergne and Petrovic’s rotational groups. A third proposition was the alteration of numeric values of Lavergne and Petrovic’s analysis for the determination of the rotational groups. Methods: A radiographic search of 60 teleradiography was accomplished in lateral norm, belonging to the collection of the Department of Infantile Clinic - Orthodontic – Facial Orthopedic of the University Paulista - UNIP - São Paulo. These teleradiographys were of Brazilian young individualization, with Angle Class I normo-occlusion and basal or skeletal Class I pattern that were not submitted to previous orthodontic treatment. The sample was composed for 60 patients, being 42 male and 18 female. The chronological age of the sample varied from 11 to 16 years, mean age of 12,6 years old. The research consisted on the elaboration of cephalometric tracings of Bergne analysis complemented by Lavergne in order to obtain the Lavergne and Petrovic’s rotational growth groups, the tracing of the analysis of Panagiotidis and Witt for ANB angle determination using the mathematical formula proposed by Goffi for Brazilian patterns and partial analysis of Ricketts for determination of the facial type of Ricketts. Results: The results were appraised for the statistical tests of arithmetic average, standard deviation, test "t" of Student for the paired sample and the test of chi-square. Conclusion: The individualization of the ANB angle statistically didn't influence the evaluation of the Lavergne and Petrovic’s rotational groups, the agreements of the statistical results didn't determine a correlation between the facial type and the rotational growth. Also,and finally the deviation of the table values for T1>4.5 better lead the individualizatoin in the classification of the Lavergne and Petrovic’s rotational growth groups according to facial type.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michael.pdf: 1358064 bytes, checksum: 7b7dc640218999c74c7f3b747a92d228 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-20 / In the twenty-first century, the broiler production has increased in the world and continues increasing due to the high consumption of this meat. The broiler litter is the largest amount of waste generated in poultry production. It is also characterized by its high concentration of organic matter. The broiler production integrated system defines a radius around it to settle down poultry farms in order to reduce costs. It has also increased the concentration of broiler litter in the producing regions and demanded waste treatment. So, the anaerobic digestion has come as an alternative treatment with high organic load removal. Thus, this trial aimed at evaluating the treatment capacity of broiler litter by anaerobic digestion into tubular biodigester with a semi-continuous flow. The applied treatments varied both the amount of added total volatile solids, from 2.93 to 3.72%, as well as the hydraulic retention time, from 11.60 to 28.40 days. The digesters were maintained at 27 ºC and considered stabilized when the removal efficiency of total solids, total volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand were according to the statistical quality control. Once stabilized, the 11 digesters of 0.6 m per 0.15 m (length per diameter) were evaluated for removal of solids and chemical oxygen demand with statistical quality control and design composite central rotational in a factorial design (22), at two levels (-1, 1), plus the axial points (-α, α) and the central point. The analysis of statistical quality control showed that the treatment with 3.32% added total volatile solids and 20 days of hydraulic retention time removed the highest amount of total solids (64.37%) and total volatile solids (72.38%), while the removal values of chemical oxygen demand were similar in all treatments, around 80%. Significant statistical models were registered with the central composite rotational design to remove total solids and for chemical oxygen demand. / No século XXI, a produção de frangos de corte ganhou espaço no mercado e continua crescendo, devido ao alto consumo da carne. A cama de frango é o resíduo gerado em maior quantidade na produção de frangos e caracteriza-se pela elevada concentração de matéria orgânica. O sistema de produção de frango de corte das empresas integradoras delimita um raio ao seu redor para implantação de aviários, visando à redução de custos, além de ocasionar a concentração de cama de frango nas regiões produtoras e gerar a necessidade de tratar o resíduo. A digestão anaeróbia é uma alternativa de tratamento, com alta remoção de carga orgânica. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de tratamento da digestão anaeróbia da cama de frango em biodigestor tubular de fluxo semicontínuo. Os tratamentos aplicados variaram tanto a quantidade de sólidos totais voláteis adicionados, de 2,93 a 3,72% como o tempo de detenção hidráulica, de 11,60 a 28,40 dias. Os biodigestores foram mantidos a 27 ºC e considerados estabilizados quando as eficiências de remoção de sólidos totais, sólidos totais voláteis e demanda química de oxigênio encontraram-se dentro do controle estatístico de qualidade. Depois de estabilizados, os onze biodigestores de 0,60 m por 0,15 m (comprimento x diâmetro) foram avaliados quanto à remoção de sólidos e à demanda química de oxigênio com o controle estatístico de qualidade. O delineamento composto central rotacional foi em esquema fatorial (22), em dois níveis (1, +1), mais os pontos axiais (-α, +α) e o ponto central. A análise do controle estatístico de qualidade mostrou que o tratamento com 3,32% de sólidos totais voláteis adicionados e 20 dias de tempo de detenção hidráulica foi o que mais se destacou na remoção de sólidos totais (64,37%) e sólidos totais voláteis (72,38%) e os valores de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio foram próximos em todos os tratamentos, em torno de 80%. Com o delineamento composto central rotacional, foram verificados modelos estatísticos significativos para a remoção de sólidos totais e demanda química de oxigênio.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michael.pdf: 1358064 bytes, checksum: 7b7dc640218999c74c7f3b747a92d228 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-20 / In the twenty-first century, the broiler production has increased in the world and continues increasing due to the high consumption of this meat. The broiler litter is the largest amount of waste generated in poultry production. It is also characterized by its high concentration of organic matter. The broiler production integrated system defines a radius around it to settle down poultry farms in order to reduce costs. It has also increased the concentration of broiler litter in the producing regions and demanded waste treatment. So, the anaerobic digestion has come as an alternative treatment with high organic load removal. Thus, this trial aimed at evaluating the treatment capacity of broiler litter by anaerobic digestion into tubular biodigester with a semi-continuous flow. The applied treatments varied both the amount of added total volatile solids, from 2.93 to 3.72%, as well as the hydraulic retention time, from 11.60 to 28.40 days. The digesters were maintained at 27 ºC and considered stabilized when the removal efficiency of total solids, total volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand were according to the statistical quality control. Once stabilized, the 11 digesters of 0.6 m per 0.15 m (length per diameter) were evaluated for removal of solids and chemical oxygen demand with statistical quality control and design composite central rotational in a factorial design (22), at two levels (-1, 1), plus the axial points (-α, α) and the central point. The analysis of statistical quality control showed that the treatment with 3.32% added total volatile solids and 20 days of hydraulic retention time removed the highest amount of total solids (64.37%) and total volatile solids (72.38%), while the removal values of chemical oxygen demand were similar in all treatments, around 80%. Significant statistical models were registered with the central composite rotational design to remove total solids and for chemical oxygen demand. / No século XXI, a produção de frangos de corte ganhou espaço no mercado e continua crescendo, devido ao alto consumo da carne. A cama de frango é o resíduo gerado em maior quantidade na produção de frangos e caracteriza-se pela elevada concentração de matéria orgânica. O sistema de produção de frango de corte das empresas integradoras delimita um raio ao seu redor para implantação de aviários, visando à redução de custos, além de ocasionar a concentração de cama de frango nas regiões produtoras e gerar a necessidade de tratar o resíduo. A digestão anaeróbia é uma alternativa de tratamento, com alta remoção de carga orgânica. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de tratamento da digestão anaeróbia da cama de frango em biodigestor tubular de fluxo semicontínuo. Os tratamentos aplicados variaram tanto a quantidade de sólidos totais voláteis adicionados, de 2,93 a 3,72% como o tempo de detenção hidráulica, de 11,60 a 28,40 dias. Os biodigestores foram mantidos a 27 ºC e considerados estabilizados quando as eficiências de remoção de sólidos totais, sólidos totais voláteis e demanda química de oxigênio encontraram-se dentro do controle estatístico de qualidade. Depois de estabilizados, os onze biodigestores de 0,60 m por 0,15 m (comprimento x diâmetro) foram avaliados quanto à remoção de sólidos e à demanda química de oxigênio com o controle estatístico de qualidade. O delineamento composto central rotacional foi em esquema fatorial (22), em dois níveis (1, +1), mais os pontos axiais (-α, +α) e o ponto central. A análise do controle estatístico de qualidade mostrou que o tratamento com 3,32% de sólidos totais voláteis adicionados e 20 dias de tempo de detenção hidráulica foi o que mais se destacou na remoção de sólidos totais (64,37%) e sólidos totais voláteis (72,38%) e os valores de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio foram próximos em todos os tratamentos, em torno de 80%. Com o delineamento composto central rotacional, foram verificados modelos estatísticos significativos para a remoção de sólidos totais e demanda química de oxigênio.

Les spectres de rotation de anti- et gauche-normal-butyronitrile, mesurés au laboratoire jusqu'à 506 GHz ont été analysés pour obtenir un jeu de paramètres moléculaires précis pour l'état fondamental de vibration et cinq vibrations de faible énergie de chaque conformère. L'objectif est de pouvoir fournir les meilleures prévisions possibles pour la radioastronomie. Un total d'environ 15000 raies a été utilisé pour l'analyse. Des paramètres améliorés ont été déterminés pour v30 = 1, v30 = 2, v18 = 1, v29 = 1, pour le conformère anti, et v30 = 1, v30 = 2, v28 = 1, v29 = 1, pour le conformère gauche. Des paramètres ont été déterminés pour la première fois pour v18 = v30 = 1 du conformère anti et v29 = v30 = 1 du conformère gauche. Des preuves ont été trouvées pour un couplage des vibrations pour certains transitions supérieures à 380 GHz. Le couplage entre v18 = 1 et v30 = 2 du conformère anti a été bien caractérisé. Certaines raies montrent aussi un dédoublement dû à la rotation interne qui ne devrait pas être résolu dans les spectres astronomiques. / Laboratory measured rotational spectra of anti- and gauche-normal-propyl cyanide up to 506 GHz have been analyzed to obtain a precise set of molecular parameters for the ground state and five low-lying vibrational states of each conformer. The objective is to be able to make best possible predictions for radio-astronomy. In total around 15000 lines have been included in the analysis. Improved parameters have been determined for v30 = 1, v30 = 2, v18 = 1, v29 = 1, for the anti conformer, and v30 = 1, v30 = 2, v28 = 1, v29 = 1, for the gauche conformer. Parameters are derived for the first time for v18 = v30 = 1 of the anti conformer and v29 = v30 = 1 of the gauche conformer. Evidence has been found for vibrational coupling for some transitions above 380 GHz. The coupling between v18 = 1 and v30 = 2 of the anti conformer has been well characterized. Internal rotation splitting is also observed but not expected to be resolved in astronomical spectra.

This dissertation is concerned with the mathematical modeling of the flow in a porous cylinder with a focus on applications to solid rocket motors. After discussing the historical development and major contributions to the understanding of wall injected flows, we present an inviscid rotational model for solid and hybrid rockets with arbitrary headwall injection. Then, we address the problem of pressure integration and find that for a given divergence free velocity field, unless the vorticity transport equation is identically satisfied, one cannot find an analytic expression for the pressure by direct integration of the Navier-Stokes equations. This is followed by the application of a variational procedure to seek novel solutions with varying levels of kinetic energies. These are found to cover a wide spectrum of admissible motions ranging from purely irrotational to highly rotational fields. Subsequently, a second law analysis as well as an extension of Kelvin's energy theorem to open boundaries are presented to verify and corroborate the variational model. Finally, the focus is shifted to address the problem of laminar viscous flow in a porous cylinder with regressing walls. This is tackled using two different analytical techniques, namely, perturbation and decomposition. Comparisons with numerical Runge--Kutta solutions are also provided for a variety of wall Reynolds numbers and wall regression speeds.

Chirality is a nuclear symmetry which is suggested to occur in nuclei when the total angular momentum of the system has an aplanar orientation [Fra97, Fra01]. It can occur for nuclei with triaxial shape, which have valence protons and neutrons with predominantly particle and hole nature. It is expected that the angular momenta of an odd particle and an odd hole (both occupying high-j orbitals) are aligned predominantly along the short and the long axes of the nucleus respectively, whereas the collective rotation occurs predominantly around the intermediate axis of a triaxially deformed nucleus in order to minimize the total energy of the system. Such symmetry is expected to be exhibited by a pair of degenerate DI = 1 rotational bands, i.e. all properties of the partner bands should be identical. The results suggested that spin independence of the energy staggering parameter S(I ) within two-quasiparticle chiral bands (previously suggested a fingerprint of chirality) is found only if the Coriolis interaction can be completely neglected. However, if the configuration is nonrestricted, the Coriolis interaction is often strong enough to create considerable energy staggering. It was also found that staggering in the intra- and inter-band B(M1) reduced transition probabilities (proposed as another fingerprint of chirality) may be a result of effects other than strongly broken chirality. Therefore, the use of the B(M1) staggering as a fingerprint of strongly broken chiral symmetry seems rather risky, in particular if the phase of the staggering is not checked.

Abstract This study focuses on the development of a plate-shell element using the vector form intrinsic finite element (VFIFE) method to analyze the structural behavior of thin shell structure subjected to various exerting forces. The shell element employed here is the flat three-node triangular shell element proposed by Bathe and Ho, which is obtained by superimposing CST (constant strain triangle) element with DKT (discrete Kirchhoff theory) triangular plate element. The nodal coordinates, displacements, rotations, and the motion equations of the structure are defined in a fixed global set of coordinates. The strains of the shell element, the element internal nodal forces and the element stiffness matrix are defined in terms of co-rotational coordinates, which are corresponding to the configuration of the shell element. Based on the co-rotational coordinate principle, the nodal displacement between two adjacent time steps can be separated into displacements induced from rigid body motion or deformation, and the incremental internal nodal forces can also be obtained. Finally, following the Newton's 2nd law, the equations of motion can be built to analyze the dynamic responses of thin shell structures. The theory derived in this study, were further verified to be able to simulate the behavior of thin shell structures subjected to both static and dynamic loadings. This new analytical model was proved to be an effective tool that can be an alternertive to traditional finite element procedure to solve for complicated engineering problems in thin shell structures.

We have used a series of observations of HD119419, performed in 2012 and 2013at the European Southern Observatory 3.6-m telescope in La Silla, Chile. These are high resolutionspectropolarimetric observations with coverage in all four Stokes parameters. We performed a chemical abundance analysis of HD119419, in the absence of any being published previously for this star. We used a LLmodels stellar atmosphere code with effective temperature11500 K and surface gravity log g = 4.0, together with the spectrum synthesis code synmast. Abundances were adjusted until the synthetic spectra matched the mean observed spectra as well as possible, and these abundances were assumed to be representative of the photosphere of HD119419. We found good estimates for some Fe-peak elements and rare-earth elements. The abundance estimates were used to compute least-squares deconvolution Stokes spectra, from which we calculated how the longitudinal magnetic field and net linear polarization varies with rotational phase for HD119419. We calculated an improved rotational period for HD119419 using our longitudinal magnetic field measurements together with previous measurements from the literature, determining it to be 2.60059(1) days. We found that the Stokes QUV are unusually strong for the rare-earth elements in HD119419, considering their weaker Stokes I profiles compared to the Fe-peak elements in particular.

This study aimed to extend the knowledge on player and surface loading by contributing new data in relation to a greater range of movements, relevant in-game scenarios and on carefully controlled third generation artificial turf surfaces. This was done by selecting soccer relevant movements and in-game scenarios for a player movement study with the help of a player focus group and questionnaire. Furthermore, four surfaces were created with surface hardness and rotational traction values at the upper and lower limits of the standards set by FIFA. The study showed that both the surface hardness and rotational traction properties can affect the human movement dynamics, though these effects were mainly present during the stop and turn manoeuvre. During the stop and turn manoeuvre the soft and high traction surfaces conditions led to increased frontal plane moments as well as increased average ground reaction forces during mid-stance. In combination with decreased ground contact times it appeared that the players were able to decelerate / accelerate faster and generate a larger force on the soft and high traction surfaces. During peak push off it appeared that the players were able to generate a larger force on the hard surfaces, which also led to a significant increase in plantar flexion moment. While some parameters showed an effect for surface hardness and / or rotational traction across all four surface conditions, for others such as the knee valgus, hip extension and hip internal rotation moment showed only a significant effect between two of the four surfaces. At the same time the other surfaces showed either no effect or the opposite effect. This suggests that the effects of the surface hardness can be influenced by the rotational traction properties, and vice versa. Regarding the jumping / heading manoeuvre the effects of the surface conditions were limited. This may have been related to the high demands of the movement, or to limitations of the mechanical measurement methods. In addition to the effects of surface properties on human movement dynamics the study also showed that the mechanical measurement methods may not be representative of the human loading. The impact force conditions of the advanced artificial athlete were substantially different to that of the stop and turn and jumping / heading manoeuvre. Whereas for the rotational traction test the study showed that the rotation of the foot during the ST was substantially less than the minimum 45° required by the FIFA guidelines. Regarding the inclusion of in-game scenarios the study showed that both the simulated opponent used for the stop and turn manoeuvre, and heading a ball during a maximal vertical stop jump manoeuvre can affect the human movement dynamics. During the stop and turn with a simulated opponent the frontal plane moments in the lower limbs were significantly increased. However, this increase in joint loading could not be related to any changes in movement strategy. During the landing after heading a ball during a maximal vertical stop jump the players used a different landing strategy by landing in a more upright position and increasing the ankle plantar flexion ankle just before lading. This allowed for a larger change in the ankle plantar / dorsi flexion angle to absorb the impact of the landing. In addition to this, the heading manoeuvre also led to a significant increase in the frontal plane joint moments of the lower limbs. For future studies it is recommended that a combination of surface properties is used to gain insight into how these affect each other regarding the effects they have on human movement dynamics. In addition, they should provide detailed information on the surface design as well as the properties. Regarding the quantification of the properties it is recommended that in addition to industry standards the surfaces are also quantified using conditions closer to those expected within the study. It is also recommended that future studies incorporate in-game scenarios in order to gain more insight into the effects of interventions that simulate actual match situations.

Chirality is a nuclear symmetry which is suggested to occur in nuclei when the total angular momentum of the system has an aplanar orientation [Fra97, Fra01]. It can occur for nuclei with triaxial shape, which have valence protons and neutrons with predominantly particle and hole nature. It is expected that the angular momenta of an odd particle and an odd hole (both occupying high-j orbitals) are aligned predominantly along the short and the long axes of the nucleus respectively, whereas the collective rotation occurs predominantly around the intermediate axis of a triaxially deformed nucleus in order to minimize the total energy of the system. Such symmetry is expected to be exhibited by a pair of degenerate DI = 1 rotational bands, i.e. all properties of the partner bands should be identical. The results suggested that spin independence of the energy staggering parameter S(I ) within two-quasiparticle chiral bands (previously suggested a fingerprint of chirality) is found only if the Coriolis interaction can be completely neglected. However, if the configuration is nonrestricted, the Coriolis interaction is often strong enough to create considerable energy staggering. It was also found that staggering in the intra- and inter-band B(M1) reduced transition probabilities (proposed as another fingerprint of chirality) may be a result of effects other than strongly broken chirality. Therefore, the use of the B(M1) staggering as a fingerprint of strongly broken chiral symmetry seems rather risky, in particular if the phase of the staggering is not checked.