Roundhouses are ubiquitous in prehistoric Britain, yet previous studies of these iconic features have tended to overlook their human occupants, focusing instead on their external morphology and structural engineering. Those studies which have attempted to move beyond functionalist frameworks, have often applied overarching and broad-scale cosmological models which, though re-orientating study towards social considerations, have likewise failed to shed light on the interaction between roundhouse and their inhabitants, particularly at a household level. This research reanalyses the Late Iron Age settlement at Broxmouth, East Lothian, using new theoretical approaches and advances in AMS dating to ask new questions of a 30 year old data-set. Biographical and materiality approaches, which draw heavily on relational analogy with the ethnographic record, have allowed for detailed reconstruction of the life-history of each structure, and important moments within these histories. Roundhouse replacement appears to have taken place on a roughly generational basis, as a means by which households renegotiated their social identities within the community. Structured deposition, and the materiality of the roundhouse fabric itself, appears to have played an important role in the communication of identity, where the retention of previous structural fabric, the deposition of curated items, and the referencing of former internal features, created physical and symbolic links with the past, and with the ancestors. As such, this study demonstrates that roundhouses were far more than mere dwellings, and were integral to the ways in which past societies rationalised the world around them.

摘　要 跆拳道旋踢動作是現階段競賽中使用率及得分率最高的攻擊動作，具有快速度及多變化性的特色。因此本研究的主要目的是以分析比較跆拳道五種不同類型旋踢攻擊動作（前腳旋踢、滑步旋踢、上步旋踢、空中兩腳旋踢、360o背轉旋踢）的運動學與動力學之差異，其次為瞭解不同組別之間的差異性。研究中以16位跆拳道專長男選手（輕量級8名、重量級8名，各組之中又分為優秀組4名，一般組4名）為受試者，利用聲光反應器、加速規及多頻道擷取系統等儀器收集受試者五種旋踢動作之反應時間、攻擊速度、相對力量之訊號，並將所得資料以重複量數單因子變異數及獨立樣本T考驗進行各組之間的五種旋踢動作資料分析。獲致結果如下： 一、五種不同類型旋踢動作在運動學（反應時間）上具有差異，反應最快以滑步旋踢，最慢為360o背轉旋踢。在運動學（攻擊速度）上具有差異，以前腳旋踢最快，最慢為上步旋踢。 二、五種不同類型旋踢動作在動力學（相對力量）上具有差異，力量最大為360 o背轉旋踢，最小為空中兩腳旋踢。 三、以比較輕量級與重量級的五種不同類型旋踢動作之間在運動學（反應時間）上具有差異，只有前腳旋踢達到顯著差異，以輕量級選手的反應快於重量級選手。在運動學（攻擊速度）上則無差異，但以重量級的旋踢速度普遍快於輕量級選手。 四、以比較輕量級與重量級的五種不同類型旋踢動作之間在動力學（相對力量）上具有差異，只有前腳旋踢、360o背轉旋踢達到顯著差異，以輕量級選手大於重量級選手。 五、以比較優秀組與一般組的五種不同類型旋踢動作在運動學（反應時間）上則無差異，但以一般組的表現略優於優秀組。在運動學（攻擊速度）上則無差異，但以優秀組的旋踢速度普遍快於一般組選手。 六、以比較優秀組與一般組的五種不同類型旋踢動作在動力學（相對力量）上則無差異，但以優秀組的五種旋踢力量大於一般組選手。 / Abstract At the present stage of Taekwondo competition, the Roundhouse Kick, with its speed and diversity, is the mostoften used and highest-scoring attacking technique, The main objective of this study was to make a comparative analysis of the kinetics and kinematics of five different roundhouse kicks in Taekwondo, which are the Lead Leg Roundhouse Kicks, the Slide Roundhouse Kicks, the Rear Leg Step Roundhouse Kicks, the Jump Double Roundhouse Kicks, and the Backward Turn Roundhouse Kicks. A secondary objective was to compare the difference between the weight divisions. Sixteen male Taekwondo athletes participated in the study, split into the two groups of lightweights and heavyweights, with eight athletes in each group, which were further divided according to ability into two sub-groups of four athletes each; top-level athletes in one group and athletes of average ability in the other. The reaction time, attack speed and relative force of the test subjects for the five different Roundhouse Kicks were measured using reaction equipment, accelerometers, and Bio-pac system. The data obtained were analyzed using GLM-Repeated Measures and an independent-Sample T Test. The results were summarized as followed: 1. Differences were observed in reaction times of the five different roundhouse kicks. The Slide Roundhouse Kicks showed the fastest reaction time and the Backward Turn Roundhouse Kicks was the slowest. Differences were also observed in the attack speed of the five kicks, the Lead Leg Roundhouse Kick was the quickest and the Rear Leg Step Roundhouse Kicks was the slowest. 2. Differences were observed in the relative force of the different roundhouse kicks, the most powerful movement was the Backward Turn Roundhouse Kick and the weakest being the Jump Double Roundhouse Kick. 3. In comparing the differences of reaction time between the lightweights and the heavyweights for the roundhouse kicks. Only the Lead Leg Roundhouse Kick showed a significant difference, with the reaction time of the lightweights being quicker than that of the heavyweights. No significant difference was found as regards attack speed between the two weight divisions. Although the heavyweights were generally quicker than the lightweights. 4. In comparing the differences of relative force between the lightweights and the heavyweights for the five roundhouse kicks. Only the Lead Leg Roundhouse Kick and the Backward Turn Roundhouse Kick showed a significant difference, with the lightweights showing more power than the heavyweights. 5. In comparing the differences of reaction time between the top-level group and the average-ability group for the five roundhouse kicks, there was no significant difference observed, although the athletes of average ability were slightly quicker than the top level athletes. No significant difference was observed as regards attack speed between the groups, although the speed of the top level athletes was generally quicker than the average-ability athletes. 6. In comparing the differences of reaction time between the top level athletes an those of average ability for the five roundhouse kicks, no significant difference was observed, although the top level athletes generally showed greater power than those of average ability. / 目　錄 中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅰ 英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅲ 誌謝------------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅴ 目錄------------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅵ 表目錄--------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅷ 圖目錄--------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅸ 第壹章　緒　論 第一節　前言--------------------------------------------- 01 第二節　研究動機--------------------------------------- 03 第三節　研究目的--------------------------------------- 05 第四節　研究假設--------------------------------------- 06 第五節　研究範圍--------------------------------------- 07 第六節　研究限制--------------------------------------- 07 第七節　名詞解釋--------------------------------------- 08 第貳章　文獻探討 第一節　有關跆拳道賽場攻擊動作型態分析之研究-- 14 第二節　有關跆拳道動作技能測試之研究------------- 16 第參章　實驗方法與步驟 第一節　實驗對象--------------------------------------- 21 第二節　實驗時間與地點------------------------------- 22 第三節　實驗儀器及功能------------------------------ 22 第四節　實驗設計--------------------------------------- 25 第五節　場地佈置圖------------------------------------- 26 第六節　實驗步驟與流程------------------------------- 27 第七節　資料收集與處理------------------------------- 30 第肆章　結果與討論 第一節　五種旋踢攻擊動作之比較--------------------- 33 第二節　輕量級與重量級之比較----------------------- 42 第三節　優秀組與一般組之比較----------------------- 50 第伍章　結論與建議 第一節　結論--------------------------------------------- 58 第二節　建議--------------------------------------------- 59 參考文獻 中英文參考文獻------------------------------------------ 62 附錄 附錄一　受試者各種旋踢攻擊動作之相關資料資料-- 65 附錄二　受試者基本資料------------------------------- 70 附錄三　受試者須知------------------------------------- 72 附錄四　受試者同意書---------------------------------- 73 表 目 錄 表3-1　受試者基本資料------------------------------------------ 21 表4-1　不同組別在五種旋踢攻擊動作之相關資料------------ 32 表4-2　五種旋踢攻擊動作的反應時間之變異數摘要表------ 34 表4-3　五種旋踢攻擊動作的反應時間之成對比較摘要表----- 35 表4-4　五種旋踢攻擊動作的攻擊速度之變異數摘要表------ 36 表4-5　五種旋踢攻擊動作的攻擊速度之成對比較摘要表----- 37 表4-6　五種旋踢攻擊動作的相對力量之變異數摘要表------ 38 表4-7　五種旋踢攻擊動作的相對力量之成對比較摘要表----- 39 表4-8　輕、重量級在五種旋踢攻擊動作的反應時間之比較- 42 表4-9　輕、重量級在五種旋踢攻擊動作的攻擊速度之比較- 44 表4-10　輕、重量級在五種旋踢攻擊動作的相對力量之比較- 46 表4-11　優秀、一般組在五種旋踢攻擊動作的反應時間之比較 50 表4-12　優秀、一般組在五種旋踢攻擊動作的攻擊速度之比較 52 表4-13　優秀、一般組在五種旋踢攻擊動作的相對力量之比較 54 圖 目 錄 圖1-1　旋踢攻擊動作分解圖------------------------------------- 08 圖1-2　前腳旋踢攻擊動作分解圖------------------------------- 08 圖1-3　滑步旋踢攻擊動作分解圖------------------------------- 09 圖1-4　上步旋踢攻擊動作分解圖------------------------------- 09 圖1-5　空中兩腳旋踢攻擊動作分解圖-------------------------- 10 圖1-6　360o背轉旋踢攻擊動作分解圖-------------------------- 11 圖3-1　聲光反應器------------------------------------------------ 22 圖3-2　三軸加速規------------------------------------------------ 23 圖3-3　電腦&MP100、多功能擷取系統------------------------ 23 圖3-4　測試靶----------------------------------------------------- 24 圖3-5　皮尺-------------------------------------------------------- 24 圖3-6　測驗項目及步驟------------------------------------------ 25 圖3-7　實驗場地佈置圖------------------------------------------ 26 圖3-8　實驗流程圖------------------------------------------------ 29 圖3-9　各訊號與時間相關圖------------------------------------- 31 圖4-1　五種旋踢攻擊動作的反應時間之比較----------------- 34 圖4-2　五種旋踢攻擊動作的攻擊速度之比較----------------- 36 圖4-3　五種旋踢攻擊動作的相對力量之比較----------------- 38 圖4-4　輕、重量級在五種旋踢攻擊動作的反應時間之比較- 43 圖4-5　輕、重量級在五種旋踢攻擊動作的攻擊速度之比較- 45 圖4-6　輕、重量級在五種旋踢攻擊動作的相對力量之比較- 47 圖4-7　優秀、一般組在五種旋踢攻擊動作的反應時間之比較 51 圖4-8　優秀、一般組在五種旋踢攻擊動作的攻擊速度之比較 53 圖4-9　優秀、一般組在五種旋踢攻擊動作的相對力量之比較 55

Roundhouses are ubiquitous in prehistoric Britain, yet previous studies of these iconic features have tended to overlook their human occupants, focusing instead on their external morphology and structural engineering. Those studies which have attempted to move beyond functionalist frameworks, have often applied overarching and broad-scale cosmological models which, though re-orientating study towards social considerations, have likewise failed to shed light on the interaction between roundhouse and their inhabitants, particularly at a household level. This research reanalyses the Late Iron Age settlement at Broxmouth, East Lothian, using new theoretical approaches and advances in AMS dating to ask new questions of a 30 year old data-set. Biographical and materiality approaches, which draw heavily on relational analogy with the ethnographic record, have allowed for detailed reconstruction of the life-history of each structure, and important moments within these histories. Roundhouse replacement appears to have taken place on a roughly generational basis, as a means by which households renegotiated their social identities within the community. Structured deposition, and the materiality of the roundhouse fabric itself, appears to have played an important role in the communication of identity, where the retention of previous structural fabric, the deposition of curated items, and the referencing of former internal features, created physical and symbolic links with the past, and with the ancestors. As such, this study demonstrates that roundhouses were far more than mere dwellings, and were integral to the ways in which past societies rationalised the world around them. / AHRC funding the affiliated Collaborative Doctoral Awards / The full text was made available at the end of the extended embargo, 31st March 2020.

No / Excavations were carried out on the tidal islet settlement of Eilean Maleit, previously excavated by Erskine Beveridge in the early part of this century, to test the hypothesis that the site represented a wheelhouse built into an earlier Atlantic roundhouse or broch. It is clear from the re-excavation that the wheelhouse was indeed set into an earlier massive-walled dry stone structure, probably an Atlantic roundhouse but almost certainly not a classic broch tower. The denuded condition of this early structure when the wheelhouse was built suggests that a significant period of time may have elapsed between the occupation of the two structures. Publication of this work is sponsored by Historic Scotland.

No / When tidal erosion on Cnip beach uncovered a well-preserved wheelhouse complex, it presented a rare opportunity to shed new light on this architectural phenomenon. This title sets out the results of the excavations, placing them in the wider context of the British and European Iron Age.

<p>This paper deals with the question of whether the symbolic language of the late Neolithic and middle Bronze Age was transferred from ceremonial monuments and barrows into the domestic sphere in the late Bronze Age. I will consider such elements as doorway orientation, the significance of boundaries and depositional practices to see if Early-Middle Iron Age settlements were indeed a major scene for ritual behaviour.</p>

This paper deals with the question of whether the symbolic language of the late Neolithic and middle Bronze Age was transferred from ceremonial monuments and barrows into the domestic sphere in the late Bronze Age. I will consider such elements as doorway orientation, the significance of boundaries and depositional practices to see if Early-Middle Iron Age settlements were indeed a major scene for ritual behaviour.

This thesis focuses on the former Nickel Plate railroad roundhouse located in Frankfort, Indiana. The building is in danger of demolition by neglect and was listed on Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana's Top Ten Most Endangered Sites list in January 2004. In order to suggest realistic adaptive reuse options for the building, a number of elements were researched. The study includes information pertaining to the history of the railroad in the United States and Indiana, followed by specific information on roundhouses, the history of Frankfort and its role in the railroad community, a study of the Frankfort roundhouse itself, and examples of successful roundhouse adaptive reuse across the country. Various problems that would inhibit the efforts of a preservation group are explored, and suggestions for the building's future are made based on the author's knowledge of the subject. / Department of Architecture