Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 1999. / Dateiformat: zip, Dateien im PDF-Format.

Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2004. / Dateiformat: zip, Dateien im PDF-Format.

The prokaryotic adaptive immune system CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a defense mechanism that helps to protect the prokaryotic cell from invading mobile genetic elements. This project was performed at Uppsala University and served to answer whether the expression of Cascade, which is part of the CRISPR defense system, will have a negative effect on the cell that expresses it and to also determine whether the CRISPR defense system is effective enough to stop the spread of a conjugative plasmid. A microfluidic system was used in order to perform the experiments and images were taken with the help of fluorescent microscopy. Three different donor strains from E.coli were used. These strains had their own version of the RP4 conjugative plasmid which had the ability to infect recipient E.coli cells with said plasmid. The recipient cells had the ability to express the CRISPR system in order to defend themselves from the plasmid and CRISPR was also inducible with the help of IPTG. The different versions of the RP4 conjugative plasmid had different amounts of spacer targets that Cascade, the recognition complex in the CRISPR system, could recognize. When the recipient cells were induced and had a known target sequence of the plasmid they were able to defend themselves and keep the number of transconjugant cells low. When the recipient cells did not know the target the amount of transconjugant cells were higher. It was also noted that when the cells were induced inside the microfluidic PDMS chip they had a slower generation time. It was also noted that recipient cells had begun to die towards the end of the microfluidic experiments when the cells were induced. This raised the question as to whether the CRISPR defense system was targeting itself as well as the RP4 conjugative plasmid.

Autoinducer 2 (AI-2) is a quorum sensing signal employed by bacteria to coordinate their response to environmental stresses. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between presence of AI-2 molecules, exposure to sub-therapeutic tetracycline, the expression of genes associated with the conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids, and the conjugal transfer of these plasmids in Escherichia coli. The studies showed that AI-2 activity increased in Tets E. coli in the presence of tetracycline (2 µg/mL) under both batch and continuous culture conditions. The presence of AI-2 molecules induced tetracycline tolerance development in Tets E. coli. The studies showed that the survival rates of Tets E. coli exposed to AI-2 molecules were significantly higher compared to the cells not exposed to AI-2 molecules or cells that were exposed to only LB (Lauria-Bertani) broth. Molecular analyses using real-time PCR indicate that the expression of at least one conjugation-associated gene (trbC) is increased 9-fold in cells exposed to AI-2 molecules in the presence of sub-therapeutic tetracycline compared to its negative controls. The transconjugation frequency of the plasmid RP4 carrying the tet(A) gene increased between 10-100 fold in the presence of AI-2 molecules. In companion studies, AI-2-like activity was detected in fish, tomatoes, cantaloupes, carrots and milk samples. Interestingly, ground beef and poultry meat contained substances that appear to inhibit AI-2 activity. Collectively, these results highlight the potential importance of bacterial quorum sensing signals such as AI-2 in the response of bacterial cells to environmental stimuli and the possible role of quorum sensing signals in the quality and safety of foods.