This thesis deals with the 20th century Neapolitan dramatics; it is divided into two thematic subjects. Firstly, the text tries to describe the life and work of three important Neapolitan playwrights, Eduardo De Filippo, Annibale Ruccello and Enzo Moscato. Apart from highlighting the most significant biographical events and sociohistorical circumstances that influenced not only the work of the individual playwrights but also the artistic creation of the movement called the New Neapolitan dramatics, to which both younger playwrights belong, the text thematises the question if the younger generation continued the rich work of Eduardo De Filippo and the traditional Neapolitan dramatics and if so, how. The second part makes use of the findings gained from the literary-historical research done in the first part to reflect upon the optimal translation of the analysed plays into Czech. Initially, the text briefly ponders upon the agelong theoretical translation issues and then introduces the two main translational strategies, namely the conformist (konformní) and the adaptation one (adaptační). Having marked out the problematic features of the analysed plays from the translation theory point of view, the text subsequently discusses the question of how to translate them into Czech as faithfully as possible...