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Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ronque_MarianeUedaVaz_M.pdf: 2627170 bytes, checksum: 2339d86b839d160545b331e1cbdb3009 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O gênero Camponotus é considerado o segundo gênero mais diverso em espécies da região Neotropical, sendo a maioria das espécies oportunistas com relação ao local de nidificação e onívoras em sua dieta. As duas espécies de estudo -- Camponotus rufipes e Camponotus renggeri -- são morfologicamente semelhantes e conhecidas por apresentarem relações mutualísticas com trofobiontes e nectários extraflorais no Cerrado. Este estudo apresenta a história natural de C. rufipes e C. renggeri em área de Cerrado, na Reserva Biológica de Mogi Guaçu, estado de São Paulo. Foram investigados aspectos ecológicos e comportamentais dessas duas espécies, com relação à nidificação, ao padrão diário de atividade, às áreas de vida utilizadas e aos substratos visitados para forrageamento. O estudo foi desenvolvido em área de cerradão e cerrado sensu stricto, tanto na estação chuvosa quanto na estação seca. No capítulo 1 (referente à ecologia de nidificação), observamos que C. rufipes nidificou em ninhos de palha seca, palha seca e tronco, no solo, em troncos mortos eretos e caídos. Já C. renggeri nidificou em três categorias diferentes de ninhos: no solo e em troncos mortos eretos ou caídos. O padrão de distribuição dos ninhos de C. rufipes foi agregado, enquanto de C. renggeri foi aleatório. Comparativamente, ninhos de C. rufipes persistiram mais ao longo do tempo. Esse fato pode estar correlacionado com a disponibilidade de locais de nidificação nos dois ambientes. Colônias de C. rufipes são em geral mais populosas do que as de C. renggeri e em ambas as espécies encontramos mais de uma rainha, podendo se tratar de espécies poligínicas. No capítulo 2 foram evidenciadas diferenças entre as áreas de vida utilizadas pelas duas espécies, sendo que C. rufipes apresentou áreas de vida maiores do que as de C. renggeri. As áreas de vida de C. rufipes variam sazonalmente, enquanto as de C. renggeri não diferem entre estações e entre fisionomias do Cerrado. Adicionalmente, C. renggeri foi mais frequente no substrato arbóreo do que C. rufipes, embora as duas espécies sejam conhecidas por forragear na vegetação devido às relações mutualísticas com trofobiontes e nectários extraflorais. Ambas as espécies tiveram períodos de atividade predominantemente noturnos, com temperatura e horas do dia influenciando no nível de atividade. A resposta às mudanças de temperatura entre as duas espécies foi diferente, sendo que a termopreferência de C. rufipes foi mais alta do que a de C. renggeri. Neste estudo foi possível observar diferenças notáveis entre C. rufipes e C. renggeri com relação a sua ecologia e comportamento, nos indicando que são de fato espécies distintas. Com esses resultados esperamos contribuir para um melhor entendimento do status taxonômico de C. rufipes e C. renggeri, além de ressaltar a importância de estudos de história natural para servir de base para pesquisas de ecologia, comportamento e sistemática / Abstract: The genus Camponotus is the second most diverse genus in species in the Neotropics, and most of the species are opportunistic with respect to nesting locations and omnivorous in their diets. The species in this study -- Camponotus rufipes and Camponotus renggeri -- are similar morphologically and are known to exhibit mutualistic interactions with insect trophobionts and with plants bearing extrafloral nectaries in the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado). This study provides an account of the natural history of C. rufipes and C. renggeri in area of Cerrado near Mogi Guaçu, state of São Paulo. We investigated ecological and behavioral aspects of both species with respect to their nesting habits, daily activity schedules, home range, and foraging substrates. The study was carried out in area of cerradão and cerrado sensu stricto, in the hot/rainy season and in the cold/dry season. Camponotus rufipes presented five categories of nests: nests of dry straw, dry straw and trunk, beneath the ground, erect dead trunk and fallen dead trunk. C. renggeri had three categories of nests: beneath the ground, erect dead trunk and fallen dead trunk. All C. rufipes nests were found in cerrado sensu stricto, whereas C. renggeri was observed in cerradão (78.3% of the nests) and cerrado sensu stricto (21.7%). The distribution pattern of C. rufipes nests was aggregated whereas of C. renggeri nests was random. Nest persistence over time was higher in C. rufipes compared to C. renggeri. This fact may be correlated with the availability of the nesting sites in the two types of Cerrado. Colonies of C. rufipes were generally more populous than those of C. renggeri and in both species we found more than one dealated queen, suggesting a polygynous habit. The home range of C. rufipes colonies varied seasonally and were larger compared to C. renggeri. The home range in C. renggeri colonies did not vary seasonally or between Cerrado physiognomies. Foragers of C. renggeri were more frequent in the arboreal substrate than those of C. rufipes. Both species, however, were seen interacting with insect trophobionts and extrafloral nectaries on plants. Camponotus rufipes and C. renggeri were predominantly nocturnal, and their level of activity was affected both by the temperature and time of day. The two species differed in their response to temperature, with C. rufipes presenting a higher thermal preference than C. renggeri. In this study was possible to observe differences between C. rufipes and C. renggeri, which indicate that they are different species. We hope that this study can contribute for a better understanding of the taxonomic status of C. rufipes and C. renggeri and highlight the importance of natural history data as a basis for research in ecology, behavior and systematics / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestra em Ecologia

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In southern Africa, the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and Hyalomma rufipes are the main vectors of animal Heartwater and human Crimean Congo Haemorragic Fever, respectively. In order to investigate the phylogeographic structure of these ectoparasites, population genetic studies were conducted throughout southern and partly eastern Africa. Knowing the levels of genetic diversities and population connectivities throughout the species’ native ranges, may be useful for implementing control measures (cross country borders for example), evaluate the potential for drug resistance in introduced locations as well as for elucidating its vectorial capacities in the region. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the internal transcriber spacer 2 (ITS-2) sequences were obtained from eleven sampled localities. In general, haplotype networks and molecular diversity values showed significant genetic structure between most of the sampled populations. Fu’s Fs and mismatch distributions suggested recent population expansions following a bottleneck. A Mantel regression analysis also revealed a significant isolation by distance for H. rufipes. Comparing the two species, H. rufipes showed much stronger signals of geographic genetic population structure in relation to A. hebraeum. A single taxonomic unit is suggested for A. hebraeum while H. rufipes is characterized by the existence of at least three distinct genetic assemblages that may point to incipient speciation. The difference between the two species may be explained by gene flow restriction within the region, by the number of hosts required to complete the life cycle (2 and 3 hosts, respectively), type of host species (domestic and wild animals; small and big mammals, birds) and its availability, and host species overlap. Also, a geographic break between possible host species during the Pleistocene, domestication of animals and climatic conditions in the region played a role on the genetic structure of H. rufipes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die suider Afrikaanse bosluise, Amblyomma hebraeum en Hyalomma rufipes is die hoof vektore van Hartwater in diere en Crimean Kongo Haemorargiese koors in mense. Om die filogeografiese struktuur van hierdie ektoparasiete te ondersoek, is bevolking-genetiese studies uitgevoer in suidelike Afrika asook gedeeltelik in oos Afrika. Deur die vlakke van genetiese diversiteit en bevolkingsverbindings regdeur die spesies se natuurlike verspreiding te weet, sal dit dalk moontlik wees om: beheermaatreëls (byvoorbeeld oorgrens) in te stel, die waarskynlikheid van weerstandbiedendheid in nuut losgelate gebiede te verstaan, en meer insigte in die vektoriale kapasiteit te verkry. Mitochondriale sitochroom oksidae (COI) en die interne transkriberende spasieerder 2 (ITS- 2) basisnukleotiedopeenvolgings van elf bevolkings is versamel. Haplotiepe netwerke en molekulêre diversiteitwaardes het in die algemeen, betekenisvolle genetiese verkille tussen meeste van die versamelde bevolkings aangetoon. Fu’s Fs en gemiste-paringverspreidings het voorgestel dat die bevolkings onlangs uitgebrei het nadat hulle 'n bottelnek ondergaan het. 'n Mantel regressie analise het ook betekenisvolle isolasie met afstand aangetoon vir H. rufipes. As die twee spesies vergelyk word het H. rufipes baie sterker seine van genetiese geografiese bevolkingstruktuur gewys as A. hebraeum. 'n Enkele taksonomiese eenheid word voorgestel vir A. hebraeum terwyl H. rufipes gekarakteriseer word deur ten minste drie taksonomiese eenhede. Die verskil tussen die twee spesies kan moontlik verklaar word deur geen-vloeibeperkings in die gebied, die aantal gasheer spesies wat benodig word om die lewenssiklus te voltooi (2 of 3 gashere onderskeidelik), tipe gasheer (domestikeerd- of wildlewend; klein of groot soogdiere, voëls) en hulle beskikbaarheid, en die gasheerspesies se oorvleueling. Dit is ook moontlik dat 'n geografiese breek tussen moontlike gasheerspesies gedurende die Pleistoseen, domestikering van diere en klimaatstoestande in die streek 'n rol kon speel by die genetiese struktuur van H. rufipes. / The NRF and the University of Stellenbosch for funding and bursary

Hylurgopinus rufipes, the native elm bark beetle (NEBB), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Manitoba. Dissections of American elms (Ulmus americana), in the same year as DED symptoms appeared in them, showed that NEBB constructed brood galleries in which a generation completed development, and adult NEBB carrying DED spores would probably leave the newly-symptomatic trees. Rapid removal of freshly diseased trees, completed by mid-August, will prevent spore-bearing NEBB emergence, and is recommended. The relationship between presence of NEBB in stained branch sections and the total number of NEEB per tree could be the basis for methods to prioritize trees for rapid removal. Numbers and densities of overwintering NEBB in elm trees decreased with increasing height, with >70% of the population overwintering above ground doing so in the basal 15 cm. Substantial numbers of NEBB overwinter below the soil surface, and could be unaffected by basal spraying. Mark-recapture studies showed that frequency of spore bearing by overwintering beetles averaged 45% for the wild population and 2% for marked NEBB released from disease-free logs. Most NEBB overwintered close to their emergence site, but some traveled ≥4.8 km before wintering. Studies comparing efficacy of insecticides showed that chlorpyrifos gave 100% control of overwintering NEBB for two years as did bifenthrin: however, permethrin and carbaryl provided transient efficacy. NEBB showed a gradual increase in development rate with increasing constant temperature. Lipid content of overwintering NEBB was higher in late fall than in mid-winter, which might show that depletion of fat reserves could jeopardize survival, but could be a result of conversion to cryoprotectants.