Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T20:22:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emanuel Stival Godoy Alves - 2016.pdf: 1004979 bytes, checksum: cda8fb6c66e09dd0315f2ff8dbd8412a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T13:59:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emanuel Stival Godoy Alves - 2016.pdf: 1004979 bytes, checksum: cda8fb6c66e09dd0315f2ff8dbd8412a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T13:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Emanuel Stival Godoy Alves - 2016.pdf: 1004979 bytes, checksum: cda8fb6c66e09dd0315f2ff8dbd8412a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / This study aimed to verify if different height management influence in productive characteristics, bromatological and tillering dynamics of Brachiria Hibrid Convert HD 364. The treatments were four cut heights: 25, 30, 35 and 40 cm with 15 cm residue and three repetitions of each treatment. The distribution in the experimental filed was completed randomized in 12 parcels. Were evaluated production of total dry matter, leafs and culm. Bromatological composition was evaluated in leafs, culms and whole plant. From tillering dynamics were evaluated appearance rate (TAP), surveillance (TSOB), mortality (TMOR), proportion among appearance rate and mortality and tiller stability index (IEST). Dry matter production of whole plant and leafs of Brachiária hybrid Convert HD364 was influenced by cut height with higher production obtained in 40 cm. No differences among whole plant, leafs and cull, were found managing heights varying between 25 and 40 cm in evaluated dry matter content, mineral matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Height cut influenced in crude protein content only at 35 cm. Fractions of B. Convert HD364 cull and whole plant presented differences in bromatological composition being observed higher crude protein and mineral matter in leafs and higher neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in culls. Pastures of B. Convert HD364 managed with varying height of 25 to 40 cm, showed no differences in tillering dynamics, surveillance and stability index. Furthermore, bromatological composition was no compromised by cut heights, being this cultivar suitable to be used in ruminant alimentation. / Esse estudo objetivou verificar se diferentes tipos de alturas de manejo influenciam nas características produtivas, bromatológicas e na dinâmica do perfilhamento da Brachiária híbrida Convert HD364. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro alturas de corte: 25, 30, 35 e 40 cm com três repetições e resíduo de 15 cm. A distribuição foi feita inteiramente ao acaso em 12 parcelas na área experimental. Os parâmetros avaliados foram produção de matéria seca total, de folha e de colmo. A composição bromatológica foi avaliada através de análises químicas das porções da planta (planta inteira, folha e colmo) e em relação a dinâmica do perfilhamento avaliou-se as taxas de aparecimento (TAP), de sobrevivência (TSOB), de mortalidade (TMOR), balanço entre as taxas de aparecimento e mortalidade (BAL) e índice de estabilidade (IEST) de perfilhos. A produção de matéria seca da Brachiaria hibrida cv. Convert HD364 foi influenciada pela altura de corte, sendo a maior produção obtida com a altura de 40 cm, tanto para a planta inteira quanto para a folha e colmo. A planta inteira, folha e colmo de Brachiaria hibrida cv. Convert HD364, manejados com altura variando de 25 a 40 cm, não apresentam diferença no teor de matéria seca, matéria mineral, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. A altura de corte promoveu diferença no teor de proteína bruta apenas para a altura de 35 cm. As frações da B. Convert HD364, colmo e planta, apresentam diferença na composição bromatológica, sendo observados maiores teores de proteína bruta e matéria mineral na folha, e maiores teores de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido nos colmos. Pastos de B. Convert HD364, manejados com altura variando de 25 a 40 cm, não apresentam diferenças na dinâmica de perfilhamento. A B. Convert HD364 apresenta flexibilidade de uso, visto que as alturas variando de 25 a 40 cm, não comprometeram a capacidade de aparecimento de perfilhos, sobrevivência e nem o índice de estabilidade. Além disso, também não compromete a composição bromatológica, sendo este cultivar adequado para a utilização na alimentação de ruminantes em todas as alturas experimentadas.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior, average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC), feed efficiency (FE), carcass characteristics, commercial cuts weights and yield, weight of gastrointestinal content and compartments, weight and yield of internal organs of Morada Nova growing lambs fed different levels of metabolizable energy (ME). 32 lambs, non-castrated, with average initial body weight of 12.12 Â 1.69 kg and approximately 60 days of age were used. Animals were distributed into four experimental treatments determined by different levels of metabolizable energy (1.28, 1.72, 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg DM), in a randomized block design with eight replicates per treatment. Tifton 85 hay was used as roughage. Lambs were slaughtered sequentially as the group of animals of each treatment reached an average of 25 kg of body weight. Increasing linear effect was observed of metabolizable energy levels (P<0.05) over dry matter (DM) intake and decreasing linear effect for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, both expressed in g/day, %BW e g/kg0,75. Eating, ruminating and total chewing times, expressed in h/day, decreased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing levels of energy in the rations. Idle time, in turn, increased linearly (P<0.05). Eating and rumination efficiencies were influenced by the energy levels (P<0.05) expressed in g DM/h. The number of ruminal boluses, number of chews and chews per ruminal bolus were not affected by the levels of ME. However, time spent chewing per ruminal bolus was influenced (P<0.05). Increased linear effect (P<0.05) was observed for ADG, without affecting, however FC and FE. Carcass traits such as: empty body weight, hot carcass weight and yield, cold carcass weight and yield, loss by cooling and biological yield were not affected (P>0.05) by the increasing levels of dietary energy. Increased linear effect (P<0.05) was also observed for ribeye area and decreased linear effect (P<0.05) for loss by fasting with the increasing of ME levels. The levels of energy also decreased (P<0.05) the weight of the cuts shoulder and leg (%), and increased linearly the neck (kg), rib, breast and flank expressed in kg and%. There was no effect of energy levels (P>0.05) on weight of gastrointestinal content. Increased linear effect (P<0.05) was observed for the weights of heart, the group of organs lungs, trachea, esophagus and tongue (PTEL), liver and spleen, expressed in kg. Regarding the compartments of the gastrointestinal tract, it was observed increased linear effect (P<0.05) only for rumen-reticulum, in %, and small intestine, in kg. The perirenal, omental and mesenteric fats were also influenced by the energy levels (P<0.05) with linear increase when expressed in kg and %. It was concluded that the increase of ME levels of diets influences the ingestive behavior, promote increases in ADG and ribeye area, and reduction in loss by fasting. Regarding the weights of cuts, levels of ME reduce shoulder and leg and increase neck, rib, chest and flank. Levels of ME also influence positively weight and yield of internal organs, viscera and fats of Morada Nova lambs during the growing period. / Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos, ganho de peso mÃdio diÃrio (GMD), conversÃo alimentar (CA), eficiÃncia alimentar (EA), caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa, pesos e rendimento dos cortes comerciais, peso do conteÃdo e dos compartimentos gastrointestinais, peso e rendimento dos ÃrgÃos internos de ovinos Morada Nova em crescimento alimentados com diferentes nÃveis de energia metabolizÃvel (EM). Foram utilizados 32 animais, nÃo-castrados, peso corporal mÃdio de 12,12 Â 1,69 kg e aproximadamente 60 dias de idade. Os animais foram distribuÃdos em quatro tratamentos experimentais determinados por diferentes nÃveis de EM (1,28; 1,72; 2,18 e 2,62 Mcal/kg de MS), em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com oito repetiÃÃes por tratamento. O feno de Tifton 85 foi utilizado como volumoso. Os cordeiros foram abatidos seqÃencialmente, Ã medida que o grupo de animais de cada tratamento atingia a mÃdia de 25 kg de peso vivo. Foi observado efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente dos nÃveis de energia metabolizÃvel sobre consumo de matÃria seca (MS) e decrescente para o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), ambos expressos em g/dia, %PV e g/kg0,75. Os tempos de alimentaÃÃo, ruminaÃÃo e mastigaÃÃo total, expressos em h/dia, diminuÃram linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento dos nÃveis energÃticos das raÃÃes. O tempo de Ãcio, por sua vez, aumentou linearmente (P<0,05). As eficiÃncias de alimentaÃÃo e ruminaÃÃo foram influenciadas pelos nÃveis de energia (P<0,05) expressas em g MS/h. O nÃmero de bolos ruminais, nÃmero de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por dia e nÃmero de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por bolo ruminal nÃo foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos nÃveis de EM das raÃÃes. Para o tempo de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por bolo ruminal houve efeito significativo (P<0,05). Verificou-se efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de EM sobre o GMD sem afetar, no entanto a CA e EA. As caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa: peso de corpo vazio, peso e rendimento de carcaÃa quente, peso e rendimento de carcaÃa fria, perda por resfriamento e rendimento biolÃgico nÃo foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos aumentos nos nÃveis de energia da dieta. Houve efeito linear crescente dos nÃveis de energia sobre a Ãrea de olho de lombo e perda por jejum (P<0,05). Observou-se ainda efeito linear decrescente dos nÃveis de EM (P<0,05) sobre o peso dos cortes paleta e perna em %, e crescente sobre os pesos de pescoÃo em kg e costela, peito e fraldinha expressos em kg e %. NÃo foi observado efeito (P>0,05) dos nÃveis de energia sobre o peso do conteÃdo gastrointestinal. Verificou-se efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de EM sobre os pesos do coraÃÃo, do conjunto de ÃrgÃos: pulmÃes, traquÃia, esÃfago e lÃngua (PTEL), do fÃgado e baÃo, expressos em kg. Em relaÃÃo aos compartimentos do trato gastrointestinal foi observado efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de EM somente sobre o rÃmen-retÃculo em %, e intestino delgado em kg. As gorduras perirenal, omental e mesentÃrica tambÃm foram influenciados pelos nÃveis de energia (P<0,05) com incremento linear para os pesos em kg e %. Conclui-se que o aumento dos nÃveis de energia metabolizÃvel da raÃÃo influencia o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos e proporciona aumentos no GMD, Ãrea de olho de lombo, e reduÃÃo na perda por jejum. Em relaÃÃo aos pesos dos cortes comerciais o aumento nos nÃveis de EM reduz o peso de paleta e perna e aumenta os pesos do pescoÃo, costela, peito e fraldinha. O nÃvel de EM das raÃÃes influencia positivamente no peso e rendimento dos ÃrgÃos internos, vÃsceras e gorduras de ovinos Morada Nova em crescimento.

Les nématodes gastrointestinaux (NGIs) représentent une contrainte majeure en élevage des ruminants. Jusqu’à présent, la maîtrise de ces parasitoses a reposé essentiellement sur l’emploi répété de traitements anthelminthiques (AH) de synthèse. Cependant, le développement constant de résistances aux AH dans les populations de nématodes chez les petits ruminants conduit à rechercher des méthodes alternatives ou complémentaires de lutte contre ces parasitoses. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, les données se sont accumulées montrant que certaines plantes étaient dotées de propriétés anthelminthiques, ce qui a été associé à la présence de tannins condensés (TCs) et de flavonoïdes. Ces ressources contenant des TCs, exploitées comme nutricaments, représentent donc une alternative attractive à la chimiothérapie, en combinant des effets bénéfique sur la santé et la nutrition des ruminants. Toutefois, une des difficultés à résoudre, pour un usage pertinent de ces nutricaments, est de comprendre l’origine de la variabilité des résultats observés dans l’activité AH. A côté de facteurs quantitatifs, la qualité (la structure) des TC semble également jouer un rôle dans les propriétés antiparasitaires mais ce facteur demeure peu exploré. En utilisant Haemonchus contortus comme modèle expérimental de nématode et le sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) comme modèle de plantes contenant des tannins, l’objectif général de cette thèse a été de mieux comprendre les relations structure/activité des TCs. Les objectifs spécifiques des diverses études menées ont été 1) d’ examiner in vitro (par la méthode LEIA) l’activité AH de 36 fractions purifiées de TCs présentant une large diversité de caractéristiques structurelles [ex: la taille (mDP), les proportions prodelphinidols /procyanidols (PD/PC) et trans/cis ], et 2) le rôle possible d’interactions entre tannins et flavonoïdes, 3) d’ évaluer et comparer in vivo chez des agneaux, les conséquences sur les populations de vers et sur la résilience de l’hôte de la distribution de 2 ressources contenant des TCs de qualité contrastée pour les valeurs PD/PC [fort PD/PC, sainfoin (O. viciifolia); bas PD/PC, pellicules de noisettes (Corylus avellana)], 4) d’ examiner si les résultats varient en fonction de l’espèce et de la localisation des parasites (abomasum, H. contortus vs intestin grêle, Trichostrongylus colubriformis), 5) d’évaluer les concentrations, la qualité et la bio-disponibilité des TCs le long du tube digestif chez les ovins. Les résultats acquis ont montré: 1) des relations in vitro entre certaines caractéristiques des TCs et l’activité AH : un rapport élevé PD/PC pour les 2 espèces de nématodes auquel s’ajoute un rôle de la taille des tanins (mDP) pour H. contortus sont les facteurs identifiés. De manière générale, H. contortus s’est avéré plus sensible (valeurs EC50 plus faibles) aux effets des diverses ressources que T. colubriformis. Des synergies d’effets AH ont été observés entre tannins et flavonoides (quercétine et lutéoline), tout particulièrement dans le cas de TCs avec un faible rapport PD/PC. Dans l’étude in vivo, les agneaux consommant du sainfoin ont montré des effets AHs et une amélioration de la résilience de l’hôte alors que les effets de la noisette ont été beaucoup plus discrets. Les analyses menées sur les contenus des divers organes digestifs et les fèces, pour les deux types de ressources ont montré de fortes réductions de TCs détectés par rapport aux teneurs initiales dans la ration alors que les caractéristiques de structure étaient globalement préservées au long du tube digestif. En conclusion, le rôle de la qualité (structure) des TCs dans l’activité AH a été confirmé à la fois par les études in vitro et in vivo. Ces résultats suggèrent l’importance de prendre en compte ces facteurs dans la recherche de ressources pouvant être exploitées comme futurs nutricaments chez les ruminants. / Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent a major threat for the breeding and production of grazing ruminants. So far, their control has been based mainly on the repeated use of synthetic AH drugs. However, worm populations in small ruminants have consistently developed resistance against all AH drugs. In the search for alternative solutions to such drug treatments, the last two decades have provided evidence that some plants possess natural AH bioactivity. This has been related to the presence of condensed tannins (CTs) and flavonoids. Therefore, CT-containing resources represent a promising alternative to chemotherapy especially when used as nutraceuticals that combine beneficial effects on health and nutrition in small and large ruminants. However, one of the main constraint to use these nutraceuticals relates to the variations in AH results. The structural features (quality) that contribute to the AH activities of CTs remain elusive. By using the GIN Haemonchus contortus as a experimental model of nematode and Onobrychis viciifolia as a model of CT-containing plant, the general aim of this PhD was to better understand the structure/activity relationship of CT. The specific objectives were i) to examine in vitro (LEIA) the AH activity of 36 purified CT fractions with a wide range of structural features [i.e. size (mDP), prodelphinidin/procyanidin (PD/PC) and trans/cis ratios], and ii) the possible role of interactions between tannins and flavonoids, iii) to evaluate in vivo the AH activity and host resilience of two CT-resources with contrasting PD/PC ratios (i.e. high PD/PC, O. viciifolia; low PD/PC, Corylus avellana), iv) to examine whether these results vary depending on the parasites species (abomasal, H. contortus vs intestinal, Trichostrongylus colubriformis), v) to examine the CT availability (quantity and quality) along the digestive tract in sheep. In regard of CT features and AH activity, in vitro correlations were observed between AH activity and high PD/PC for both species. mDP was an additional criteria for H. contortus. Lower EC50 values were assessed for H. contortus. Synergistic AH effects were observed between CT and flavonoids (quercetin and lutein), and they were higher with fractions of low PD/PC ratios. In vivo, the lambs consuming sainfoin pellets showed consistently higher AH effects and improvement in the host’s resilience. Analyses of digesta samples and faeces, for both diets showed large reduction of detected CT related to the feed, whereas the CT structures seem preserved along the gut. In our studies, the role of CT structural features in the AH activity was observed both in vitro and in vivo. These results confirmed the influence of CT quality in the AH effects, and underline the relevance of taking these factors into account when screening CT resources as potential nutraceuticals in small ruminants.

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar diferentes métodos de determinação de carboidratos solúveis (CS) em cana-de-açúcar com o intuito de predizer valor nutritivo da forragem: conteúdo de sólidos solúveis (BRIX), conteúdo aparente de sacarose (POL), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), carboidratos solúveis em extrato aquoso (CSA) e carboidratos solúveis em extrato alcoólico (CSOH). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos envolvendo amostras da fração colmo e planta inteira. O primeiro avaliou o valor nutritivo da variedade IAC 86-2480 (terceiro corte) em resposta a dois métodos de colheita: colheita manual (MAN) e colheita mecânica (MEC) durante as fases de cultivo: 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 e 360 dias após colheita (DAC). As estimativas do CS, composição bromatológica (MS, CP, FDN, FDA, DIVMS e DIVMO), assim como da relação FDN/CS foram similares (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos, exceto para CSOH e FDN/CSOH para a fração colmo, e FDN/POL (P<0,05) para a planta inteira. O conteúdo de CS da planta inteira representou aproximadamente 80% do teor observado na fração colmo. Foram identificados três padrões de acúmulo de CS: a) POL e CSOH, b) BRIX, c) CNF. O modelo logístico não ajustou na predição de CSA. Até os 240 e 270 DAC, as relações entre FDN/BRIX e FDN/POL seguiram a mesma tendência para os métodos MAN e MEC respectivamente. Relações entre FDN/CS foram altamente correlacionadas com a digestibilidade da forragem, especialmente a relação FDN/CNF (r>0,8). A análise de componentes principais provou ser ferramenta útil para selecionar variáveis com o intuito de caracterizar valor alimentar em cana-de-açúcar. De acordo com o primeiro componente principal, o valor nutritivo é uma resposta de variáveis bromatológicas da fração fibrosa (ex. FDN, FDA), correspondendo a 54,4 e 64% da variância total da fração colmo e planta inteira respectivamente. No segundo experimento, foram avaliadas possíveis relações entre medidas morfológicas e químicas da planta visando explicar o acúmulo de CS e o valor nutricional da cana-de-açúcar (variedade IAC 93-3046), estabelecida sob dois níveis de adubação no plantio (NPK e NPK associada com esterco 120 kg N ha-1) ao longo da fase de maturação da planta em cana de primeiro corte. As amostras foram colhidas manualmente durante os períodos de 300, 360, 420 e 540 dias após plantio (DAP). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da adubação na concentração de CS, a exceção das folhas secas (FS), CSA e minerais, na fração colmo. Três padrões de acúmulo de CS foram identificados nas duas frações morfológicas da planta: a) BRIX e CSOH; b) CNF E c) CSA. Embora POL não fosse considerada nesse experimento, as análises das curvas de CS (BRIX e CSOH) confirmaram que a cana atingiu a maturidade no mês de setembro como reportado na literatura. Regressões simples e múltiplas foram consideradas para predizer o acúmulo de CS, MS e o valor nutricional (digestibilidade). O modelo univariado apenas considerou variáveis químicas na predição, exceto para o teor de BRIX. Equações do tipo stepwise melhoraram o ajuste dos modelos (R2 e RQMR) ao considerar variáveis morfológicas, sendo a mais importante nas predições, o número de nós da fração colmo (NN). As equações para MS e CSA tiveram o menor poder de predição tanto nas regressões simples quanto nas múltiplas. A fração FDA foi a principal variável que explicou o valor nutritivo em amostras de cana-deaçúcar. / The objective of this research was to compare some potentialities of soluble carbohydrate (SC) methods currently used in sugarcane for animal feeding purposes: soluble solid content (BRIX), apparent sucrose content (POL), non fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ethanol soluble carbohydrates (EtOH). Two trials involving stalk and whole plant sugarcane samples were conducted. The first trial evaluated the nutritive value of IAC 86-2480 variety (second growth) in response to two harvesting methods: manual (MAN) and mechanical (MEC) along of crop growing phase: 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 and 360 days after harvesting (DAH). The SC estimative, chemical composition (DM, CP, NDF, ADF, IVDDM and IVOMD) and NDF/SC relationships were similar (P>0.05) across treatments, except for EtOH and NDF/EtOH relationship at stalk and NDF/POL (P<0.05) at whole plant being MAN and MEC of those cases, respectively more advantageous for each. The whole plant SC content reached represents closer to 80% of total content observed in the stalk fraction. Were identified three typical SC accumulation patterns: a) POL and EtOH, b) BRIX, c) NFC. Until 240 (MAN) and 270 (MEC) DAH, the standardized NDF/BRIX and NDF/POL stalk relationships followed the same trend. NDF/SC relationships were highly correlated with forage digestibility, especially NDF/NFC (r > 0.8). Principal Component Analysis proved to be an useful tool to select variables in order to explain sugarcane feeding value. Therefore as described at the first principal component, the sugarcane feed value is in function of forage fibrous fraction (ex. NDF, ADF), corresponding to 54.4% (stalk) and 64.0% (whole plant) of total variance respectively. The second trial studied possible relationships established between both morphological as chemical plant measurements that could explain SC accumulation and feeding value of IAC 93- 3046 variety, under two levels of fertilisation at planting (NPK and NPK associated with cattle manure 120 kg N ha-1) along of ripening phase under plant crop conditions. Forage samples were collected manually at 300, 360, 420 and 540 days after planting (DAP). There was no effect (P>0.05) of fertilisation on SC dynamics, chemical composition and morphological crop variables, with the exception to dry leaves (DLEAF), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and minerals (ASH), in stalk fraction (P<0.05). The age of plant was the main factor responsible of the observed variability. Three SC patterns in sugarcane during this phase were identified: a) BRIX and EtOH, b) NFC e c) WSC. Although POL was not considered in this trial, the analysis of SC curves showed that BRIX and EtOH also reached to maturity in September conforming literature. Simple and multiple (stepwise) regressions were considered to predict SC, DM accumulation and feeding value (digestibility). The univariate models only considered chemical variables to prediction, except to BRIX. Stepwise equations have account also morphological crop variables to improve statistical prediction (R2, RMSE), being the most important: number of nodes (NN). Predictions of DM and WSC had the lowest power performed through simple and multiple equations. ADF fraction best fitted to feeding value prediction (IVDMD, IVOMD) in sugarcane samples.

MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science

This study investigated the effects of Brevibacillus laterosporus and live yeast (LY) on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. The basal diet was a total mixed ration formulated to fulfil the minimum nutrient requirement of early lactating 600 kg Holstein cow producing 40kg of milk with 3.5 % fat and 3.3 % protein using CPM-dairy software (NRC, 2001). Treatments were: T1 (Control: basal diet with no additive), T2 (Basal diet + Brevibacillus laterosporus), T3 (Basal diet + Live yeast), and T4 (Basal diet + Brevibacillus laterosporus + Live yeast). In situ degradation, in vitro batch fermentation were performed. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using PROC GLM (SAS Institute, 2009). The effective dry matter (DM) degradability evaluated at low (0.02) and medium (0.05) ruminal passage rate (ED1 and ED2) were higher (p<0.05) in T1 compared to T2 and T3, but did not differ (p>0.05) between T2, T3 and T4, and between T1 and T4. When evaluated at fast passage rate (0.08) the effective DM degradability (ED3) was higher (p<0.05) in T1 compared to T3 and T4, but did not differ (p>0.05) between T1 and T2. The difference in ammonia nitrogen production was observed only between T1 and T2, and was higher (p<0.05) in T1. The total VFA’s concentration was higher (p<0.05) in T3 compared to the control. All additives decreased the molar percentage of acetate (P<0.05). The concentration of acetate was lower (p<0.05) in T3 and T4 compared to control. Propionate concentration was higher (p<0.05) in T3 and T4 compared to other treatments and lower (p<0.05) in the control compared to the rest of treatments. Butyrate concentration was higher (p<0.05) in T2 and T4 compared to the rest of the treatments, and lower (p<0.05) in T3 than other treatments. The microbial protein synthesis measured as purine derivate done on residues was higher (p<0.05) for T3 compared to T1 and T2, but did not differ between T1, T2 and T4, and between T3 and T4. These results showed that the two additives have different individual effects on DM and CP degradability, but also associative effects in some fermentation parameters such as propionate production. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Les performances reproductrices des espèces d’intérêt agronomique sont dépendantes d’une régulation minutieuse de la folliculogenèse ovarienne. Parmi les régulateurs impliqués, il y a les facteurs de croissance fibroblastiques (FGFs), stimulant notamment la phosphorylation des protéines kinases activées par des agents mitogènes (MAPKs), afin de contrôler le devenir du follicule mais aussi les évènements qui y sont associés tels que la stéroïdogenèse, l’angiogenèse, la formation du corps jaune. Dans plusieurs types cellulaires non ovariens, des phosphatases à double spécificité (DUSPs), dont l’expression est induite en réponse à des facteurs de croissance, déphosphorylent les MAPKs. La présence et la régulation des DUSPs dans l’ovaire des mammifères est cependant peu documentée. Ces travaux de thèse avaient ainsi pour objectifs, (1) de déterminer la présence des DUSPs, (2) leur régulation par les FGFs et (3) leur rôle dans les cellules de granulosa de vache et de brebis. Dans la première étude effectuée chez la brebis, les ARNm codant pour 16 DUSPs ont été détectés, et leur profil d’expression a été dressé dans des cellules de granulosa issues de follicules antraux. Puis, les niveaux d’ARNm pour DUSP1, DUSP2, DUSP5 et DUSP6, ainsi que les niveaux de protéines pour DUSP1 et DUSP6 ont été augmentés par FGF2 mais pas par FGF8 ou FGF18. L’inhibition de DUSP1/6 et DUSP1 a également suggéré un rôle pour DUSP6 dans la déphosphorylation de MAPK8 chez la brebis. Avec la deuxième étude chez la vache, il ressort que la régulation de ces trois DUSPs semble bien conservée car les niveaux d’ARNm pour DUSP1, DUSP5 et DUSP6 et de protéines pour DUSP5 et DUSP6 ont été augmentés en réponse à FGF2. De plus, en s’intéressant au contrôle de l’expression de DUSP1, DUSP5 et DUSP6, il est ressorti que l’accumulation d’ARNm pour DUSP5 et DUSP6 nécessitait l’activation de MAPK3/1, et la signalisation calcique pour les ARNm pour DUSP6. D’après l’ensemble de ces données, DUSP1, DUSP5 et DUSP6 sont régulées de manière complexe dans les cellules de granulosa, et peuvent être désignées comme des phosphatases participant à la signalisation des FGFs ; cela contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régulatoires de la folliculogenèse chez les ruminants. / The reproductive performance of species of agronomic interest is dependent on the careful regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis. Among the regulators involved are fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that stimulate the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) to control the fate of the follicle and associated events such as steroidogenesis, angiogenesis and corpus luteum formation. In several non-ovarian cell types, dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), whose expression is induced in response to growth factors, dephosphorylate MAPKs. However, the presence and regulation of DUSPs in the mammalian ovary are poorly documented. The objectives of this thesis were (1) to determine the presence of DUSPs, (2) their regulation by FGFs and (3) their role in cow and sheep granulosa cells. In the first study in sheep, mRNAs encoding 16 DUSPs were detected and profiled in granulosa cells from antral follicles. Subsequently, DUSP1, DUSP2, DUSP5 and DUSP6 mRNA levels, as well as proteins for DUSP1 and DUSP6, were increased by FGF2 but not FGF8 or FGF18. Inhibition of DUSP1/6 and DUSP1 also suggested a role for DUSP6 in the dephosphorylation of MAPK8 in sheep. In the second study in the cow, the regulation of these three DUSPs appeared to be well conserved as DUSP1, DUSP5 and DUSP6 mRNA levels and DUSP5, DUSP6 protein levels were increased in response to FGF2. In addition, by focusing on the control of DUSP1, DUSP5 and DUSP6 expression, it was found that the accumulation of DUSP5 and DUSP6 mRNAs required the activation of MAPK3/1, and calcium signaling for DUSP6 mRNA. Taken together, these data suggest that DUSP1, DUSP5 and DUSP6 are regulated in a complex manner in granulosa cells, and can be designated as phosphatases involved in FGF signaling, thus contributing to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of folliculogenesis in ruminants.

Il existe une forte demande sociétale de moyens analytiques robustes permettant d'authentifier de manière objective les modes d'élaboration des produits alimentaires, notamment lorsqu'ils sont d'origine animale. L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer une méthode d'authentification de l'alimentation à l'herbe des agneaux, basée sur l'analyse de la fraction volatile de leurs tissus adipeux. Les animaux étudiés ont été élevés dans le cadre de dispositifs expérimentaux, où leur alimentation était étroitement contrôlée. Le tissus périnéal, sous-cutané caudal, et péricardiaque ont été analysés au moyen d'un système d'Espace de Tête Dynamique-Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse- Spectrométrie de Masse (ETD-CPG-SM), dont le signal a été corrigé et stabilisé par différentes procédures chimiométriques. La première étape de ce travail de recherche visait à identifier les traceurs distinctifs de tissus adipeux d'agneaux nourris soit à l'herbe soit aux concentrés. Une fois les conditions d'analyse des composés volatils optimisés,126 traceurs de l'alimentation au pâturage ont été identifiés. Cette expérimentation a également permis de montrer l'intérêt de l'analyse parallèle de tissus de natures différentes pour la discrimination des deux alimentations. La deuxième étape avait pour objectif de montrer l'intérêt de l'analyse de la fraction volatile de tissus adipeux d'agneau pour l'authentification des régimes alternés. Ces régimes, couramment utilisés pour l'élevage des ruminants consistent à alterner une période d'alimentation au pâturage avec une finition aux concentrés, ou inversement. Les variations des abondances des traceurs volatils d'une alimentation au pâturage ont été suivies dans les tissus adipeux d'animaux nourris avec ces régimes alternés. Les résultats montrent que les composés volatils permettent de discriminer des tissus adipeux d'animaux nourris d'une part à l'herbe et finis aux concentrés pour un engraissement final de 0, 4, 8, ou 12 kg ; et d'autre part aux concentrés et finis au pâturage durant 0,17, 51, ou 85 jours. Couplés aux données de la littérature, l'ensemble des dispositifs d'élevage mis en oeuvre au cours de cette thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence 19 composés volatils traceurs de l'alimentation à l'herbe particulièrement robustes et génériques. Ces travaux démontrent aussi la faisabilité de l'authentification de l'alimentation d'animaux nourris au moyen de régimes contrastés ou alternés. Enfin, ils confirment aussi l'intérêt des procédures de traitement du signal, comme la correction des dérives instrumentales ou l'utilisation de ratios de variables, pour amplifier le pouvoir discriminant des modèles d'authentification.

Na tentativa de reproduzir os benefícios ruminais dos ionóforos, pesquisadores exploram as propriedades antimicrobianas dos compostos secundários dos vegetais. Técnicas in vitro de produção de gás são amplamente utilizadas nas etapas iniciais de pesquisa. Óleos essenciais são compostos hidrofóbicos, sendo comum sua diluição com etanol em experimentos in vitro. Etanol é metabolizado no ambiente ruminal, havendo principalmente produção de acetato. No primeiro experimento, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de 10, 100 e 1000 µL de etanol em 75 mL de fluido ruminal tamponado, correspondendo a 0,13; 1,3 e 13,3 µL/mL, respectivamente. As inclusões de 100 e 1000 µL de etanol alteraram a fermentação ruminal in vitro. A dose de 10 µL não afetou a fermentação, exceto pela tendência (P < 0,10) de aumento na produção de gás ou na concentração de valerato ao se incubar feno ou dieta de alto concentrado, respectivamente. Sugere-se a utilização da menor dose possível de etanol (0,13 µL/mL). O segundo experimento trata do uso de brancos (frascos sem substrato, contendo somente inóculo ruminal e meio de incubação) em experimentos in vitro para se estimar as produções líquidas de gás e metano (CH4), assim como a degradação líquida da matéria orgânica incubada. Foi demonstrado que aditivos ruminais (monensina, carvarol, eugenol) afetaram a fermentação de frascos contendo substrato assim como dos brancos. Dessa forma, brancos específicos (brancos contendo aditivo) são necessários ao se avaliar aditivos ruminais sob condições in vitro. No terceiro experimento, incubações in vitro foram conduzidas para triar os efeitos de óleos essenciais sobre a fermentação ruminal. Foram selecionados os óleos essenciais de erva-baleeira (Cordia verbenacea), aroeira-vermelha (Schinus terebinthifolius; óleo extraído das folhas ou frutos), macela (Achyrocline satureoides), guaco (Mikania glomerata), carqueja (Baccharis cylindrica), arnica (Lychnophora pinaster), capim cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus), capim limão (Cymbopogon flexuosus) e citronela (Cymbopogon winterianum). Foram também incluídos os óleos resinóides de copaíba mari-mari (Copaifera reticulata), copaíba angelim (Copaifera multijuga), copaíba zoró (Copaifera langsdorfii) e copaíba vermelha (Copaifera langsdorfii). Os óleos de ervabaleeira, macela e as quatro óleoresinas de copaíba pouco alteraram a fermentação ruminal. Os outros óleos apresentaram claro efeito antimicrobiano, evidenciado pela queda na degradação de substrato. Os resultados mais promissores foram observados ao se incubar dieta de alto concentrado com inóculo adaptado a esta dieta. Os óleos essenciais que apresentaram os melhores resultados foram aroeira vermelha (folhas e frutos) e arnica. Sob a condição de alto concentrado, esses óleos aumentaram a concentração de propionato, reduziram a relação acetato:propionato e/ou diminuíram a produção de CH4. Os óleos essenciais de aroeira vermelha (extraídos das folhas e dos frutos) e arnica foram selecionados para subsequente avaliação in vivo. / In an attempt to reproduce the benefits of ionophores on rumen fermentation, researchers have been exploiting the antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites. In vitro gas production techniques are widely used during the screening phase. Essential oils are hydrophobic compounds, being usual its dilution in ethanol for in vitro experiments. In the rumen environment, ethanol is metabolized mostly to acetate. In the first experiment, the objective was to evaluate the effects of 10, 100 and 1000 µL of ethanol in 75 mL of buffered rumen fluid, corresponding to 0.13, 1.3, and 13.3 µL/mL, respectively. Ethanol inclusions of 100 and 1000 µL affected in vitro rumen fermentation. The inclusion of 10 µL of ethanol had no effects on fermentation, except for the tendency (P < 0.10) of gas production increase or valerate increase when incubating hay or a high-concentrate diet, respectively. It is suggested that ethanol should be included at the lowest dose as possible, which corresponded to 10 µL (0.13 µL/mL) in our conditions. The second experiment dealt with the use of blanks (flasks without substrate, containing only inoculum and incubation medium) in in vitro experiments to estimate net production of gas and methane (CH4), as well as net degradation of organic matter incubated. It was demonstrated that rumen additives (monensin, carvacrol, eugenol) affected fermentation of flasks containing substrate and blanks. Thus, specific blanks (blanks containing additive) are necessary when rumen additives are evaluated in vitro. In the third experiment, in vitro incubations were conducted to screen the effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation. The selected essential oils were: cordia (Cordia verbenacea), Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius; extracted from leaves or fruits), macela (Achyrocline satureoides), guaco (Mikania glomerata), carqueja (Baccharis cylindrica), arnica (Lychnophora pinaster), West Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), East Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianum). Oleoresins from copaiba mari-mari (Copaifera reticulata), copaiba angelim (Copaifera multijuga), copaiba zoro (Copaifera langsdorfii), and copaiba vermelha (Copaifera langsdorfii) were also included. The essential oils from cordia, macela and all copaiba oleoresins had little effect on in vitro rumen fermentation. The remaining essential oils showed a clear antimicrobial effect, mainly on truly degraded organic matter. The most promising results were obtained when using high-concentrate diet and inoculum from animals fed this same diet. The best results were observed for Brazilian peppertree (leaves and fruits) and arnica essential oils. In the condition of high-concentrate diet, these oils increased propionate concentration, had lower acetate to propionate ratio, and/or reduced CH4 production. The essential oils from Brazilian peppertree (leaves and fruits) and arnica were selected for further in vivo evaluation.

La sénescence de survie est un processus défini comme le déclin progressif des probabilités de survivre en fonction de l'âge, et caractérisé par deux paramètres clés : l'âge de début de sénescence et le taux de sénescence. En dépit de son caractère délétère sur la fitness, la sénescence est observée chez la plupart des êtres vivants et plusieurs théories évolutives de la sénescence ont été proposées pour expliquer ce paradoxe. Chez les mammifères, il existe une grande diversité de patrons de sénescence de survie entre les espèces, mais aussi entre les sexes. En général, les males sénescent plus tôt et plus vite que les femelles, et vivent donc moins longtemps. Un des objectifs de ma thèse fut d'identifier un (des) facteur(s), qui pourraient expliquer cette diversité aussi bien au niveau inter- que intra-spécifique chez les mammifères. Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé une approche comparative qui corrige pour la phylogénie, et des données démographiques issues de populations captives (base de données Species360). Ma thèse confirme tout d'abord l'idée commune que les mammifères vivent généralement plus longtemps en captivité qu'en milieu sauvage, mais ce bénéfice est plus important pour les espèces ayant un cycle de vie rapide que pour celles ayant un cycle de vie très lent. De plus, l'intensité de la sélection sexuelle explique en partie les différences de patron de sénescence avec, chez les ruminants, les mâles des espèces polygynes commençant leur sénescence plus tôt et vivant moins longtemps que les mâles des espèces monogames. Cette thèse démontre également l'importance de définir précisément la forme et la force des relations allométriques pour éviter toute erreur d'interprétation. Enfin, mes résultats montrent que les pratiques managériales en zoo, plus que l'allocation à la reproduction, influencent le patron de sénescence de deux espèces de Varis. En conclusion, ma thèse a permis de mettre en évidence l'importance d'inclure les concepts de la sélection sexuelle dans le contexte des théories évolutives actuelles. Enfin, l'étude des facteurs ayant une influence sur le patron de sénescence de survie des espèces menacées, que cela soit en captivité ou dans leur milieu naturel, devrait permettre d'obtenir des informations clés pour aider à la conservation de ces espèces / The process of actuarial senescence is defined as the progressive decline of survival per time unit with increasing age and can be characterized by two keys metrics corresponding to the age at the onset of senescence and the rate of senescence. Despite its detrimental effect in terms of fitness, senescence is a nearly ubiquitous process across the tree of life and several evolutionary theories of senescence have been proposed to solve this apparent paradox. Across mammals, a large diversity of actuarial senescence patterns is observed among species, but also between sexes, with males often living shorter than females. One objective of my Ph.D. was to identify factor(s) influencing survival and actuarial senescence at inter- and intra-specific levels using a phylogenetic comparative approach based on demographic data obtained from captive populations (Species360 database). My thesis first confirms the common belief that mammals in zoos generally outlive their wild counterparts, but fast-living species benefit more of captive condition than slow-living species. In addition, I found that sexual selection intensity partly account for the diversity of actuarial senescence patterns with males of polygynous ruminant senescing earlier and living shorter than males of monogamous ruminants. Moreover, I highlight that evolutionary allometry of sexually selected traits need to be determined accurately to avoid any misinterpretation. Finally, my results confirm that management practices in zoos influence actuarial senescence pattern at intra-specific level in two species of Varecia but not the allocation in reproduction. In conclusion, my Ph.D. highlights the importance to include the concept of sexual selection within the evolutionary framework of current theories of senescence. Finally, the study of factors influencing the actuarial senescence patterns of threatened species is likely to provide key information in conservation projects of these species