This paper identifies the determinants of employment for rural young people aged 15 to 29 from the National Survey of Youth (Enajuv 2011), the first such survey representative of Peruvian rural youth. Data from this survey shows that rural unemployment is half of the urban rate, and that participation rates in labor markets are higher for rural youth. The pattern is different for rural young women, only 62.1% of whom provide labor to the market. The results, from a logit model, show that the decision to enter the labor market is closely linked to the decision to study and to undertaking unpaid family work. Moreover, the high percentages of youth engaged in unpaid family work (39% for men, 42% women) seem to show that the decision to participate in the labor market is made at the household level and not individually. / Este documento identifica los determinantes de la inserción laboral para los jóvenes rurales de 15 a 29 años a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de la Juventud (Enajuv, 2011), la primera encuesta representativa de los jóvenes rurales peruanos. Esta encuesta evidencia que el desempleo rural es la mitad del desempleo urbano y las tasas de actividad son mayores para los jóvenes rurales, pero el patrón es diferente para las mujeres jóvenes rurales, de las cuales solo el 62,1% ofrece mano de obra al mercado. Los resultados, a partir de un modelo logit, muestran que la decisión de insertarse en el mercado laboral se encuentra muy ligada a la decisión de estudiar y a la realización de trabajo familiar no remunerado (TFNR). Sin embargo, los altos porcentajes de jóvenes que realizan TFNR (39% para los varones, 42% para las mujeres) parecen mostrar que la decisión de inserción laboral es tomada a nivel del hogar y no individualmente.

<p>Three research studies were conducted to explore and explain the Colombian rural youth decision-making process regarding migration, university education and careers. The first study was a review of literature about Latin American rural youth. Forty-five peer-review articles that conducted in 13 Latin American countries, including Colombia, during the last 20 years were reviewed and analyzed. After conducting a systematic review, four main approaches of research were identified: (a) rural youth migration, (b) education and/or communication programs (e.g., rural extension), (c) rural youth expectations or futures perspectives, and (d) characterization of rural youth. Regarding methods, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method analyses were performed in these studies. Finally, main findings suggested that the rural context in these developing countries imposes socio-economic barriers for rural youth academic or professional development. Some authors also highlighted the importance of education or extension programs developed by local governments to empower Latin American rural youth. </p> <p>The second study was a quantitative analysis that explored factors concerning the Colombian rural youth migration expectation using a multi-level approach (Level 1 = individual variables; Level 2 = family variables). Data came from 945 Colombian rural youth that responded to a national survey in 2016. Results showed that age, gender, and school grade were positively correlated to the migration expectation. Moreover, the family socioeconomic status was negatively correlated to the outcome. Family level variables explained 9% of the total migration expectation. </p> <p>The third study explored and explained the Colombian rural youth perceptions about barriers they experienced during their career decision-making. This study used a convergent parallel mixed-method design. Participants of the quantitative phase were 155 Colombian youth that responded to a survey. On the other hand, the qualitative phase was made-up by five female and five male. These 10 people participated in an interview and wrote a short essay. All participants were members of the Colombian Rural Youth Network. Results showed that the career decision-making process for this Colombian occurred in a marginalized context, in which they did not have the same resources and/or tools to compete for university careers access with their urban peers. </p> <p>As general conclusion of this dissertation, the Colombian rural context imposes restrictions for rural youth to pursue their career aspirations, which results in a push factor for youth to migrate to urban areas for career opportunities.</p>

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Communication Science at the University of Zululand, 2002. / In this thesis I present the results of a literature study, followed by an empirical surrey, regarding the leisure time activities of Zulu adolescents in rural and semi-rural areas of KwaZuhi-Natal along the northeastern seaboard of South Africa. My findings contextualise the above group's socialisation with regard to leisure time activities, home chores, school homework, school sports activities, communal tribal activities and local community events. I document and explain a variety of neighbourhood activities, including ones played during impromptu-organised neighbourhood get togethers. They include games ranging from the mundane to the innovative. I also analyse the annual Zulu Reed Dance Ceremony as a symbolic female rite of passage to womanhood, and various activities that serve as male rite-of-passage activities to manhood. My major finding is that all forms of social behaviour of Zulu rural adolescents — including their leisure time preferences — are informed by a coherent value-belief system in which religious beliefs play a central integrating role.

I Sverige hamnar ungdomar mellan 18 och 19 år i en gråzon angående laglighet och alkohol. Tidigare forskning finns i mängder om ungdomar och alkohol, men en lucka finns gällande Sveriges gråzon. Denna studie hade som syfte att besvara hur relationen mellan ungdomars alkoholkonsumtion och popularitet, grupptryck, föräldrars alkoholsyn samt ortstorlek såg ut. Enkäten besvarades av 128 gymnasieungdomar i både mindre och större orter i Sverige. Frågorna gällande alkohol baserades på IQ:s alkoholprofil, och frågorna om popularitet och grupptryck konstruerades ursprungligen av Santor et al (2000). Materialet analyserades i SPSS genom en multipel regressionsanalys och Pearsonkorrelationer. Resultaten visade främst att grupptryck var den starkaste prediktorn för ökad alkoholkonsumtion. Vidare visade det sig att strikta föräldrar genererade lägre alkoholskonsumtion, och att mindre orter innebar mer olagligt drickande. Studien kan bidra till ökad förståelse för ungdomars alkoholkultur samt kan vara till nytta för skolhälsan.

By using a social psychological approach, this research investigated whether occupational aspirations lead to migration. From the literature, we know that rural youth have lower occupational aspirations than their urban counterparts. We also know that rural youth often lower their occupational aspirations because of the confusion created between the benefits of moving for school and the attachment felt for home. We do not know, however the connection between occupational aspirations and migration. Are young to middle-aged adults in rural areas with higher occupational aspirations more likely to migrate out of rural areas than young to middle-aged adults with lower aspirations? The age group for this study is 14-35. Aspirations were measured using Duncan's socioeconomic index (SEI) with data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth in 1979. Results show that youth with high occupational aspirations migrate more than youth with medium and low occupational aspirations. They are also more likely to migrate from rural to urban counties and to have lived in a different county of residence in 1980 than 2002.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In a post apartheid South African educational environment, learners’ academic achievement is generally seen as a barometer of the quality of education in schools. The low academic performance of black learners has contributed to an overall, but narrow and decontextualised view, that these learners generally produce poor results because of something inherently wrong with their abilities to learn. Educational research has hitherto focused on unproblematized pedagogical approaches that result in narrow and decontextualized, functionalist views that working class learners’ learning is problematic. What is less known are the challenges that working class learners have to face on a daily basis as they try to navigate deeply constraint lived spaces of their homes, communities and schools in their quest to realise their educational goals. The study explores selected working class high school learners’ navigation and mediation practices as they engage with their schooling over different spaces of their rural town. I assert that these learners have the ability to shift their habitus just enough to enable them to stay on course in their quest for educational achievement and a better future. I argue that, through the optimal utilisation of available resources in their lived spaces and the strategic deployment of embodied adaptive practices, these youth develop a ‘self-schooled’ habitus that enable them to re-imagine their daily realities and aspire to better futures despite their adverse living conditions. In order to study these learners’ habitus adaptations, I utilise Bourdieu’s theoretical lenses of field, capital and habitus to argue that the youth in this study are not mere passive recipients of global influences and changing environments, but active agents in the shaping of their local realities. Through ethnographic study I explore the self- schooled navigation practices that these youth employ to help them mediate between the structural reproductive influences of their educational environments and their educational aspirations. The thesis is motivated by the position that qualitative research can offer a view of the intersections of fast changing macro-community processes and young people’s micro-lived educational dimensionalities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ´n post-apartheid Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysopset word leerders se akademiese prestasies oor die algemeen beskou as die maatstaaf van kwaliteit in skole. Die lae akademiese prestasie van veral werkersklas- leerders in die land dra by tot ´n hegemoniese, maar nou en gedekontektualiseerde siening dat werkersklas-leerders oor die algemeen swak uitslae oplewer omdat daar iets inherent verkeerd is met hul leervermoeëns. Opvoedkundige navorsing in Suid-Afrika sentreer hoofsaaklik rondom onuitgedaagde pedagogiese benaderings wat werkersklas-leerders se leervermoëns as problematies sien. Wat minder bekend is, is die uitdagings wat werkersklas-leerders op ´n daaglikse basis moet trotseer soos hulle probeer om deur die verskillende leefruimtes van hul ouerhuise, gemeenskappe en skole te navigeer in die nastrewing van hul opvoedkundige aspirasies. Hierdie studie eksploreer geselekteerde werkersklas-hoërskoolleerders se navigering en mediëringspraktyke soos hulle omgaan met hul skoling oor die verskillende ruimtes van hul landelike dorp. Ek asserteer dat hierdie leerders hul aspirasies lewend hou deur hul habitus sodanig te verskuif dat dit hulle aan koers hou deur die skool. Ek argumenteer dat hierdie jeugdiges, deur die maksimalisering van hul leefruimtes en die strategiese ontplooiing van beliggaamde aanpassingspraktyke, ´n selfgeskoolde habitus ontwikkel wat hulle in staat stel om ´n beter toekoms te ‘sien’ en struktureel-reproduktiewe ruimtes te transendeer. Om hierdie studente se habitusaanpassing te verken, maak ek in hierdie studie gebruik van Bourdieu se teoretiese lense van veld, kapitaal en habitus om te argumenteer dat die jeugdiges in hierdie studie nie net passiewe ontvangers is van globale invloede en snel-veranderende omgewings nie, maar aktiewe meemakers in die vorming van hul plaaslike realiteite. Gebaseer op ´n etnografiese studie, eksploreer ek die selfgeskoolde navigeringspraktyke wat hierdie jeugdiges ontplooi om hulle te help om tussen die strukturele reproduktiewe invloede van hul opvoedingsomgewings en hul eie opvoedkundige aspirasies te medieer. Hierdie tesis is gemotiveer deur die posisie dat kwalitatiewe navorsing ´n siening kan bied van die interseksies van snel-veranderende makro-prosesse en jongmense se mikro-beleefde opvoedkundige dimensionaliteite.

PhD (Economics) / Department of Economics / See the attached abstract below

The objectives of the study were to analyse rural youth poverty alleviation in the Zambezi Region, problems, and possibilities in order to determine how rural youth agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood activities have improved their livelihood and alleviated poverty. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework has helped the researcher to understand and explain rural youth poverty alleviation, problems, and possibilities in the study area. The study employed a mixed-method approach, with more emphasis on qualitative research. The study had a total size sample of 223, respondents, including focus group discussions. The findings indicate that no livelihood analysis was carried out for rural youth in agriculture and non-agricultural activities in the Zambezi Region. For this reason, agricultural and non-agricultural programmes and projects have not addressed rural youth poverty alleviation. The findings also show that rural youth in agriculture and non-agricultural activities are exposed to numerous factors affecting their livelihood, as most of them cannot efficiently affect the vulnerability context. Furthermore, rural youth depends on their families and friends for livelihood support since they lack access to most livelihood assets. Despite livelihood improvement, rural youth faces problems that impede poverty alleviation in both agriculture and non-agricultural livelihood activities; lack of participation in policy deliberations, access to markets, Information Communication Technologies, training in both agriculture and non-agricultural activities, limited access to financial services and limited access to land. The study demonstrates that successful agricultural and non-agricultural programmes need to take rural youth sincerely to influence rural youth poverty alleviation. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the limited literature on rural youth poverty alleviation and also provide a rural youth critique in agriculture and non-agricultural activities in Namibia. / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-06T13:58:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Silva de Lima.pdf: 7514572 bytes, checksum: 7e193231c0c7b98002b4737e17f824e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-06T13:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Silva de Lima.pdf: 7514572 bytes, checksum: 7e193231c0c7b98002b4737e17f824e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-11 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as conversações e a consequente sociabilidade entre jovens moradores da zona rural de Pelotas – município situado na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul – por meio do Facebook. Mais especificamente, visa a perceber se os jovens estudantes da Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Elizabeth Blaas Romano tiveram suas relações com os colegas alteradas a partir do uso deste site de rede social. Além disso, pretende apontar elementos que ajudem na compreensão de como os jovens rurais se inserem numa realidade globalizada de consumo de mídias e tecnologias. Para isso, o referencial teórico aborda as noções de culturas juvenis e juventude rural, inserindo-as num contexto de consumo e uso de tecnologias, e no âmbito das mediações. Com relação à perspectiva comunicacional, aborda a sociabilidade frente à sociedade em rede e os conceitos de redes sociais, sites de redes sociais, laço social, capital social e interação. A metodologia, por sua vez, é construída em torno de um estudo de caso, de maneira a identificar as particularidades do grupo estudado, sem pretensões generalizantes. Num primeiro momento, durante o movimento exploratório, foram realizadas entrevistas por telefone com agricultores familiares da região e entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto a uma turma de segundo ano da escola, de maneira a subsidiar a construção do desenho de pesquisa. Em seguida, a aplicação de questionários em visita à escola e algumas conversas informais se somaram ao material já coletado de maneira a delimitar as características deste grupo e, também, de forma a identificar algumas mudanças na interação com os colegas a partir do uso do Facebook. Dentre os resultados, observou-se o uso frequente de tecnologias enquanto ferramenta para mediação de sociabilidade, o que incidiu em maior contato e, portanto, em melhoria das relações interpessoais fora do ambiente escolar. Além disso, o uso do Facebook também aumentou a sociabilidade com parentes e pessoas mais distantes, abriu espaço para interação com desconhecidos e possibilitou mais acesso a atualidades. No entanto, verificou-se que as práticas de sociabilidade off-line continuam bastante presentes entre esses jovens, ou porque nem todos têm acesso, ou porque (ainda) não dominam as linguagens da internet e dos sites de redes sociais. / This present work intends to research conversations and consequent sociability among youth who lives in Pelotas` rural areas – city located in Rio Grande do Sul southern part – throughout Facebook. Specifically, it intends to realize how social relations between students have changed from the usage of this social network site. Besides that, this study searches for elements that can help comprehending how the rural youth is affected by the globalized reality of media and technological consumption. For that, the theoretical part addresses youth culture and rural youth, putting them in a context of consumption and usage of technologies, and in a context of mediations. From a communicational perspective, this study addresses sociability inserted in a networked society and the concepts of social network, social network sites, social bonds, social capital and interaction. The methodology was built as a case study, to identify some particularities of the studied group, with no generalizing intentions. In a first moment, during the exploratory movement, some regional family farmers were interviewed by telephone, and semi-structured interviews took place in a high school class with second year students, to subsidize the research design construction. Following, the usage of questionnaires and some informal conversation added to the collected data, helping to identify some group characteristics and, besides that, to identify some changes in the colleagues` interaction from Facebook usage. As results, the technology use as tool to mediate sociability, resulting in more contact between youths and, therefore, better interpersonal relationships outside school. Besides that, Facebook usage increased sociability with family and distant people, opened space for interaction with unknown and provided more access to current information. However, it was noted that offline social practices keep strongly present among this particularly youth, because not all of them have access, or because some of them don`t master the languages and technical aspects of internet and social network sites (yet).