Based on the historical, religious and secular changes in Iran after Arab invasion this work tries to follow these transfomations and study the beginnings of sufism during this period. Observing the early history of Sufism the work tries to find out what impact had the first biggest schism in Islam on further development of Sufism and how these two streams of Islam religion Shi'ism and Sufism affected each other and how they developed side by side. Based on analysis of Sufi Shi'ite order Dhahabiyah (origined from the eighth Shi'ite Imam 'Ali ibn Musa al-Rida 766 - 818) this work tries to show the relationship between Shi'ite Sufi order and the traditional Islam teaching and how these two aspects of Islam influenced each other. Analyzing two Farsi speaking Sufi poets Rumi and Hafez this work demonstrates previous thesis and explains their relationship to Shi'ite Islam. Even though both authors are widely read and interpreted in Sunnite backround as well. This dissertation points to the influence of Shi'ism on their work in Shi'ite respectively specifically Persian surrounding. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

MOROCCO'S RELIGIOUS POLICY SINCE 2003 The year 2003 marks a beginning of a new era in moroccan religious policy, which aims at an unification of religious field in the kingdom and a fight against islamic radicalism. Moroccan king Mohammed VI. succeeded in management of both internal and external threats to his kingdom's stability in past twelve years and in a comparison with his counterparts he managed to emerge strengthened out of crisis of the first decade of a new millennium. Main topic of this essay is to map an effort to control moroccan religious scene by state and its achievements and failures.

In this paper I research healing rituals in Morocco, their functioning and their socio-cultural context. The main attention is focused on night possession ritual (lila) of three mystical brotherho- ods - sufi tariqas ʿIsāwa, Hamadsha, and the Gnāwa brotherhood. Most of the members of the lat- ter are descendants of former black slaves, and their culture has a strong heritage of "black" Africa's cults - especially a very specific way of "working" with spirits. The essence of lila ritual lies in the (not always explicitly admitted) harmonization of relation with the possessing spirit. This possession is a kind of a cultural metaphor for signifying a number of mental and psychosomatic problems, which stem from tensions, created by socio-cultural pat- terns in Muslim society (above all the husband-father dominance in the family). During my fieldwork research in Morocco (2016) I collected ethnographic material from the rituals of the three above mentioned brotherhoods, which I present in my thesis and which I compare with substantial secondary literature for each of the brotherhoods. What becomes apparent is how these brotherhoods influence each other in terms of the pantheon of invoked spirits or in terms of musical and kinetic forms of the ritual. A research question resounds throughout the thesis:...