This thesis presents a study on how school children in Kenya and Sweden express their views on children’s rights, in particular rights related to participation, non-discrimination, and education. The overall purpose was to explore the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, its claim to be universal and its relevance for children in various school and life contexts. Group interviews were conducted with 58 children, aged 12-15 years, from four schools, two schools from each country. The interviews were introduced with an exercise of nine articles from the UN Convention which the groups were asked to discuss and rank from the most to the least important. The aim of the exercise was to make the UN articles known to the children and to open up for a conversation about rights. The theoretical framing for the study is anchored in the tradition of sociology of childhood. Analyses of empirical data were based on the cultural politics of childhood, and the concepts vulnerability and separability. Accordingly, children are viewed as sharing the common experience of being children, but also as experiencing diverse everyday lives. They are regarded as social agents, whose voices carry perspectives important to be listened to. They are also looked upon as able to form and express their views and knowledge in relation to local economical, social and political conditions. The results showed that the children talked about themes and situations that were both common and diverse. They talked more about children’s needs than about children’s rights. Needs for ‘extended’ protection were particularly expressed, i.e. the importance of stable relationships with parents and other adults and peers. The study also showed that when issues on relationships with adults, participation and decision making were discussed, the children expressed experiences of being viewed as subordinated in a way that could be referred to as their inherent and structural vulnerability. A third important result showed that values and norms related to non-discrimination were largely produced and reproduced in peer-cultures. Finally, the children connected education to economical growth, for individuals as well as for societies. The overall conclusion from the study is that children view the UN Convention as a problem solver for children in exposed situations rather than as a document for their everyday life. From a child perspective, rights hold relational qualities, manifested in relationships with adults and peers. Furthermore, the study underlines that the young right holder is a ‘both-and’ child: both global and local, both being and becoming, and both dependent and independent.

The thesis focuses on the issue of children rights and their application in the educational process. The lesson plans and worksheets can be used as teaching aids, especially in the 6th grade of elementary school. The theoretical part is devoted to some basic information about the Framework Educational Programme and the history of children rights not only in the world but also within the Czech Republic. In addition, some important declarations and conventions on children rights and children obligations have been included. The practical part is based on methodological analysis of some particular lessons and also contains some examples of pupils{\crq} worksheets and a follow-up examination of the lessons that have been carried out.

This research focuses on the role that International Human Rights Law, policy and legislation should play in the protection of the rights of internally displaced children against child marriage. This thesis examines international treaties and domestic laws that purport to prohibit the practice of child marriage with particular attention to laws relating to the protection of internally displaced children (IDPs). / Mini Dissertation (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law of the University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Lana Baydas at the Department of Law, American University in Cairo, Egypt. 29 October 2007 / www.chr.up.ac.za / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The aim of this study was to understand which factors that lay the foundation for social workers’ custody investigations and the judges’ decisions in custody disputes. Additionally, it was to examine the social workers’ and the judges’ views on children’s’ rights in this process. The study was based on qualitative research where six semi-structured interviews were conducted. Four social workers and two judges working with custody- investigations, and disputes were interviewed. The analysis consists of two key concepts: the concept of discretion and child sociology. The result shows that judges and social workers experience difficulties with interpreting the best interest of the child, that there are different perceptions about when lone and joint custody should be considered and how to best design the rights of access. A common consensus among the interviewees with regards to the best interest of the child, is that each situation requires an individual interpretation while considering necessary safety aspects. Social workers’ statements tend to dominate how the best interests of a child is defined in a judge’s decision. Both professions find ways to accommodate the best interests of the child, even though it does not always turn out ideal. There is a strong believe that the child’s voice is governing the decision, even though our study shows that it is not always considered in the custody investigations nor in court.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to contribute with increased knowledge regarding preschool teacher’s notions of children’s participations and influence in preschool. To find out about this we used semi-structured interviews as a method when we interviewed eights preschool teachers in four different preschools in the same municipality. The preschool teachers that have participated in this study work with children in varying ages. To analyze their variations about children’s participations and influence we have used a phenomenographic method.    The result of the study shows that preschool teachers’ approaches differ because they have different ideas about how and to what extent children should be participating and have influence in preschool. The preschool teachers have described that the children have the right to have influence but that they can be limited by the preschool’s routines. The result also indicates that it’s very effective to use varying forms of support to make preschool available for every child. This support can for example be based on the perspectives that are used in special education. Furthermore, the result makes it clear that children’s many ways of communication are taken into account because their opinions are important, as well as their interests. The preschool teachers also described that the communication between adults is important in order to get a consensus view regarding the term’s participation and influence. Some preschool teachers also experienced that their own awareness of their approach affects the children’s participation and influence. / Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att bidra med ökad kunskap om förskollärares föreställningar kring arbetet med barns delaktighet och inflytande i förskolan. För att få reda på detta har vi använt semistrukturerade intervjuer som metod när vi har intervjuat åtta förskollärare på fyra olika förskolor inom samma kommun. Förskollärarna som har medverkat i studien arbetar med olika åldrar. För att analysera fram deras variationer i uppfattningar om barns delaktighet och inflytande i förskolan har vi använt oss av en fenomenografisk metodansats. Studiens resultat visar att förskollärares förhållningssätt ser olika ut då de har olika föreställningar om hur och i vilken utsträckning barnen ska göras delaktiga och få inflytande i förskolans utbildning. Förskollärare beskriver att barnen har rätt till inflytande men att de kan begränsas av förskolans rutiner. Resultatet visar även på att det är gynnsamt att använda stöd i olika former för att göra förskolan tillgänglig för alla barn. Dessa stöd utgår bland annat från det specialpedagogiska perspektivet. Vidare synliggörs det i resultatet att barns olika sätt att kommunicera på tas till vara då deras åsikter är viktiga, vilket deras intressen också är. Förskollärare uttrycker också att kommunikationen mellan de vuxna är betydelsefull för att få en samsyn kring begreppen delaktighet och inflytande. Det har också framkommit att förskollärare upplevde att deras medvetenhet om det egna förhållningsätt påverkar barns delaktighet och inflytande.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cecilia.pdf: 870811 bytes, checksum: 38d7f8256f08e6b82e91cf333a08ed36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-12 / The objectives of this dissertation are to present the legal development of women s rights and discuss its effectiveness within the Family Law. The juridical effectiveness becomes the core of this study, after describing the period in which there were women claims and the women s rights assertion, both in the international and national/regional levels. It must be emphasized that women s participation in society is indispensable for the social development, for human rights accomplishment and for the establishment of the democracy. Therefore, this theme has been chosen after reflecting about the Women s legal situation in Brazil, where, so far, women have occupied a secondary role, both in the public and private spaces. Is there efficacy of women s rights in the Brazilian society? Is the growing effectiveness of the female rights barely an apparent process or is it real? How can equality be provided in an uneven society without passing from discriminated to biased subject? These questions constitute the object of the present inquiry. The analysis of the jurisprudence, especially of the twenty sentences collected in the Revista dos Tribunais (Magazine of the Courts), from 1989 until 2006, is guided by the principle of the equality. Its content is based on three principles: the equality, proposed by Celso Antonio Bandeira de Mello; the inequality compensation, according to Gomes Canotilho, and the battle against the discriminations that generate inequalities, in accordance with Boaventura de Souza Santos. The criteria for the comprehension of the principle here presented are: the constitutional examples, the concepts predicted in International Treated of Human Rights and the interpretation and application of the Law proposed by Eros Roberto Grau, which is presented in the conclusions. The method used in this dissertation is the analytic inductive one. Through these instruments, it can be concluded that the legal effectiveness of the women s rights, in the Right of Family, is a real process and it is being expanded in the Brazilian Courts, although, as a rule, they do not mention as their foundations the constitutional principles nor the treatises of human rights. As minority tendency implicit and in decline it can be noticed the maintenance of the social functions attributed to the men and to the women in the family, in other words, the stereotypes of father supplier and affectionate mother are still present in the decisions, although in a smaller scale. The legal effectiveness of the women s rights does not impair men, on the contrary, the equality diminishes the family burden for the male sex and represents a social advancement without precedents, because it recognizes the dignity of the human being as a person and enables a greater social improvement. Therefore, nowadays, the claims and conquests of the women s rights are transformed in a continuous challenge for the legal effectiveness, which is related to human rights and development / Os objetivos desta dissertação consistem em apresentar o desenvolvimento jurídico dos direitos da mulher e discutir sua efetividade no direito de família. Após descrever o período de reivindicações e a afirmação dos direitos femininos nos planos internacional, regional e nacional, a análise da efetividade jurídica torna-se o cerne deste estudo. O tema foi escolhido após reflexão sobre a situação jurídica da mulher no Brasil. Nos espaços público e privado a mulher ocupou como ainda hoje em muitos momentos posição relegada a segundo plano. Ressalte-se que a participação feminina na sociedade é imprescindível para o desenvolvimento social, para a efetivação dos direitos humanos e da democracia. Existe eficácia dos direitos da mulher na sociedade brasileira? A crescente efetividade dos direitos femininos é um processo real ou apenas aparente? Como proporcionar a igualdade numa sociedade desigual sem passar de sujeito discriminado a discriminador? Essas questões constituem o objeto da presente investigação. A análise da jurisprudência, especialmente dos vinte acórdãos coletados na Revista dos Tribunais, de 1989 até 2006, é guiada pelo princípio da igualdade. Seu conteúdo é recortado em três vertentes: a isonomia, proposta por Celso Antônio Bandeira de Mello; a compensação de desigualdades, segundo Gomes Canotilho, e o combate às discriminações que geram desigualdades, conforme Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Ressaltem-se como critérios para a compreensão do presente princípio: os exemplos constitucionais, os conceitos previstos nos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos e a interpretação e aplicação do direito proposta por Eros Roberto Grau e apresentada nas conclusões. O método utilizado nesta dissertação é o analítico indutivo. Com base nesses instrumentos, conclui- se que a efetividade jurídica dos direitos da mulher, no direito de família, é um processo real e em expansão nos Tribunais brasileiros, embora estes não mencionem, em regra, como fundamento os princípios constitucionais e os tratados de direitos humanos. Como tendência minoritária implícita e em declínio , constata-se a manutenção das funções sociais atribuídas aos homens e às mulheres na família, ou seja, permanecem presentes os estereótipos de pai provedor e mãe afetiva nas decisões, embora em menor escala. A efetividade jurídica dos direitos da mulher não prejudica os homens; ao contrário, a igualdade diminui os ônus familiares para o sexo masculino e representa um avanço social sem precedentes, por reconhecer a dignidade da pessoa humana e possibilitar maior crescimento social. Portanto, as reivindicações e conquistas dos direitos da mulher transformam-se, nos dias atuais, no contínuo desafio da efetividade jurídica, que se relaciona com os direitos humanos e o desenvolvimento

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Fonseca de Oliveira Neri.pdf: 1340907 bytes, checksum: 38fdf478b14e073a3b8eecfef5ba71c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present research aims at studying and pointing towards the possibilities and limits of the school curriculum regarding the identification of domestic violence against children and adolescents (DVCA). The research takes place in the Elementary School in Osasco city, located in São Paulo state, Brazil. For this purpose, the study contextualizes the DVCA problematic within the critical perspective, presenting the conjuncture of Osasco city as well as the main programs which have being adopted in that city from 2011 to 2013. It presents the school curriculum commitment for tackling the DVCA issue, resuming the school social function. It uses focal groups, addressing the theme from different subjects present in school life in order to understand the representations and the factors which influence the school curriculum practices in approaching the issue. The study examines how the articulation of the school occurs with the System for Guaranteeing Children s Rights in the Eco-Political-Pedagogical Projects (EPPPs), the Annual Work Plans (AWPs) and the Annual Institutional Assessments of Education Units (EUs). The findings show possibilities in coping with DVCA through public policies and school actions. Furthermore, suggestions are made for strengthening the protection network of children s and adolescents rights, together with proposals for helping mobilizing different subjects. The conclusion highlights the relevance of considering the articulation and the collective and intersectoral action to deal with the DVCA issue in order to foster a gradual cultural change which regards the child as a subject of rights / Esta pesquisa procura estudar e apontar as possibilidades e os limites do currículo escolar em relação à identificação de situações de violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes (VDCA), e o faz no Ensino Fundamental I do município de Osasco. Para isso, contextualiza a problemática da VDCA na perspectiva crítica, apresenta a conjuntura do município de Osasco e os principais programas que vêm sendo adotados nessa cidade nos anos pesquisados: 2011 a 2013. Apresenta o compromisso do currículo escolar no enfrentamento da VDCA, retomando a função social da escola. Utiliza grupos focais abordando o tema a partir dos diferentes sujeitos presentes na vida escolar, de modo a compreender as representações e os fatores que influenciam as práticas curriculares da escola no enfrentamento da questão. Examina nos Projetos Eco-Político-Pedagógicos (PEPPs), nos Planos de Trabalho Anuais (PTAs) e nas Avaliações Institucionais Anuais das Unidades Educacionais (UEs) como tem se dado a articulação da escola com o Sistema de Garantia dos Direitos da Criança. Como resultado, apresenta possibilidades no enfrentamento da VDCA por meio das políticas públicas e de ações da escola, com sugestões para o fortalecimento da rede de proteção dos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes e com propostas para ajudar na mobilização de diferentes sujeitos. A conclusão indica que se deve considerar a articulação e a atuação intersetorial e coletiva, no enfrentamento da questão da VDCA para promover uma gradativa mudança cultural que leve à consideração da criança como sujeito de direitos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Goncalves.pdf: 8456004 bytes, checksum: 1226d667e42dd2e7822a64bac9de46ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The study examines the written material made public by Ernestina Lesina, an Italian socialist immigrant whose political action consisted chiefly in the defence of the working women s cause through an indefatigable participation in the debate of ideas supported by Anima e Vita, the weekly newspaper she published. The examination brings to life the tensions all too real in which the town of São Paulo was awash with early in the 20th century a time of fast urbanization and structuring of the industrial system and closely follows the spreading of political ideas and the outset of clashes between unions and employers. After depicting a general view of feminine, feminist and working class woman press, the study concentrated on the analysis of Anima e Vita and attested to the consistency of subjects covered and themes chosen, such as women s awareness of their role in society, anticlericalism, free love, marriage, education, work, and maternity/family. Ernestina Lesina s articles draw a clear profile of the socialist ideology to the indoctrination of which she devoted her efforts, emphasizing women s self-esteem and awareness, along with the vital importance of the fight to conquer their rights / A dissertação analisa os escritos propagados por Ernestina Lesina, imigrante socialista italiana, cuja atuação política consistiu precipuamente em defender a causa das mulheres operárias mediante a participação no debate de ideias, estimulado pelo Anima e Vita, jornal que dirigia. A investigação restaura o universo de tensões vivido na cidade de São Paulo no início do século XX, momento de urbanização intensa e estruturação do sistema fabril, acompanhado pela disseminação das ideias políticas e a gênese das lutas operárias. Recompondo o cenário da imprensa feminina, feminista e operária, privilegiou-se a análise do semanário Anima e Vita, observando a circularidade de seus discursos e a valorização de temas como compreensão das mulheres de seu papel histórico, anticlericalismo, amor livre, casamento, educação, trabalho e maternidade/família. Os artigos de Ernestina Lesina delineiam um perfil do ideário socialista a cuja propagação ela se dedicou, enfatizando a conscientização das mulheres e a importância fundamental de lutarem pelos seus direitos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elcio Nunes Dourado.pdf: 771855 bytes, checksum: fe6bba043ce9039bcf03a74c284524e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-16 / This paper aims to analyze the main changes in the work relations and in the social rights macro regulatory. It s trying to understand the tendencies being forged in the MERCOSUL scope. This paper s background is the neoliberal globalization effects. The way the countries that are part of the MERCOSUL, as the others which are around it, deal with the Work Rights is the analysis reference of this paper, focusing on Brazil and Argentina. After a bibliographic research it was possible to analyze the modern tendencies of de-regulation and un-certification of work relations and the flexibilization of the rules that protect the workers, as an example, there are some mechanisms and processes which are harmful to the creation of the social including tools, of the less unequal distribution of the work social product. This flexibilization expects to construct a MERCOSUL that assure economic development with social justice and the increasing of life conditions of those who are in this regional group, as it s written in the Asuncion Agreement, and as an effort toward the human s rights and social justice / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar as principais alterações nas relações de trabalho e no marco regulatório dos direitos sociais, procurando entender as tendências que vão se forjando no âmbito do MERCOSUL, tendo como pano de fundo os efeitos da globalização neoliberal, e como referencial para a análise o tratamento dado ao Direito do Trabalho nos países que integram esse bloco econômico ou gravitam em torno dele, com enfoque central no Brasil e na Argentina. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisou-se as tendências de desregulação e precarização das relações de trabalho e de flexibilização das normas protetoras dos trabalhadores, como mecanismos e processos prejudiciais à formação dos instrumentos de inclusão social, de distribuição menos desigual do produto social do trabalho, na perspectiva da construção de um MERCOSUL que cumpra o objetivo de assegurar desenvolvimento econômico com justiça social e a melhoria das condições de vida dos povos abrangidos por esse Bloco regional, conforme previsto no Tratado de Assunção, e como esforço em prol dos direitos humanos e da justiça social

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elcio Nunes Dourado.pdf: 771855 bytes, checksum: fe6bba043ce9039bcf03a74c284524e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-16 / This paper aims to analyze the main changes in the work relations and in the social rights macro regulatory. It s trying to understand the tendencies being forged in the MERCOSUL scope. This paper s background is the neoliberal globalization effects. The way the countries that are part of the MERCOSUL, as the others which are around it, deal with the Work Rights is the analysis reference of this paper, focusing on Brazil and Argentina. After a bibliographic research it was possible to analyze the modern tendencies of de-regulation and un-certification of work relations and the flexibilization of the rules that protect the workers, as an example, there are some mechanisms and processes which are harmful to the creation of the social including tools, of the less unequal distribution of the work social product. This flexibilization expects to construct a MERCOSUL that assure economic development with social justice and the increasing of life conditions of those who are in this regional group, as it s written in the Asuncion Agreement, and as an effort toward the human s rights and social justice / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar as principais alterações nas relações de trabalho e no marco regulatório dos direitos sociais, procurando entender as tendências que vão se forjando no âmbito do MERCOSUL, tendo como pano de fundo os efeitos da globalização neoliberal, e como referencial para a análise o tratamento dado ao Direito do Trabalho nos países que integram esse bloco econômico ou gravitam em torno dele, com enfoque central no Brasil e na Argentina. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisou-se as tendências de desregulação e precarização das relações de trabalho e de flexibilização das normas protetoras dos trabalhadores, como mecanismos e processos prejudiciais à formação dos instrumentos de inclusão social, de distribuição menos desigual do produto social do trabalho, na perspectiva da construção de um MERCOSUL que cumpra o objetivo de assegurar desenvolvimento econômico com justiça social e a melhoria das condições de vida dos povos abrangidos por esse Bloco regional, conforme previsto no Tratado de Assunção, e como esforço em prol dos direitos humanos e da justiça social