Aerosols are small, micrometer-sized particles, whose optical effects coupled with their impact on cloud properties is a source of large uncertainty in climate models. While their radiative forcing impact is largely of a cooling nature, there can be significant variations in the degree of their impact, depending on the size and the nature of the aerosols. The radiative and optical impact of aerosols are, first and foremost, dependent on their concentration or number density (an extensive parameter) and secondly on the size and nature of the aerosols (intensive, per particle, parameters). We employed passive (sunphotmetry) and active (backscatter lidar) measurements to retrieve extensive optical signals (aerosol optical depth or AOD and backscatter coefficient respectively) and semi-intensive optical signals (fine and coarse mode OD and fine and coarse mode backscatter coefficient respectively) and compared the optical coherency of these retrievals over a variety of aerosol and thin cloud events (pollution, dust, volcanic, smoke, thin cloud dominated). The retrievals were performed using an existing spectral deconvolution method applied to the sunphotometry data (SDA) and a new retrieval technique for the lidar based on a colour ratio thresholding technique. The validation of the lidar retrieval was accomplished by comparing the vertical integrations of the fine mode, coarse mode and total backscatter coefficients of the lidar with their sunphotometry analogues where lidar ratios (the intensive parameter required to transform backscatter coefficients into extinction coefficients) were (a) computed independently using the SDA retrievals for fine mode aerosols or prescribed for coarse mode aerosols and clouds or (b) computed by forcing the computed (fine, coarse and total) lidar ODs to be equal to their analog sunphotometry ODs. Comparisons between cases (a) and (b) as well as the semi-qualitative verification of the derived fine and coarse mode vertical profiles with the expected backscatter coefficient behavior of fine and coarse mode aerosols yielded satisfactory agreement (notably that the fine, coarse and total OD errors were <~ sunphotometry instrument errors). Comparisons between cases (a) and (b) also showed a degree of optical coherency between the fine mode lidar ratios.

Der Vortrag beschreibt die zugrunde liegende Theorie und die Softwarefunktionalität des in PTC Creo Simulate 3.0 eingeführten Kontaktmodells mit endlicher Reibung und vergleicht dieses mit den bis Creo Simulate 2.0 exklusiv verwendeten Kontaktmodellen (ideal reibungsfrei und unendlich reibungsbehaftet). An zwei Modellbeispielen (ein von zwei Bremsbacken geklemmtes Bremsschwert und ein verschraubtes Schwungrad) wird versucht, die Funktionsweise des neuen Modells zu demonstrieren. Wegen aktueller Qualitätsprobleme der Software wird die Brauchbarkeit der Kontaktmodelle für den Anwender bewertet (Stand Creo 3.0 M080 / Creo 2.0 M200) und umfangreiches Feedback an den Softwarehersteller PTC gegeben. / The presentation describes the underlying theory and software functionality of the finite friction contact model introduced with PTC Creo Simulate 3.0. It is being compared with the friction-free and infinite friction contact model used exclusively until Creo Simulate 2.0. It is being tried to demonstrate the mode of operation of the new model with help of two examples: A brake sword clamped by two brake pads and a bolted flywheel. Because of actual software quality problems, the usability of the contact model for the user is being rated (status Creo 3.0 M080 / Creo 2.0 M200). Furthermore, comprehensive feedback is given to the software developer PTC.

Universities in the new millennium find themselves in a knowledge-driven economy that is challenging them to produce a qualified and adaptable work force if they are to contribute to societal development. Owing to the structural change in the economy, entrepreneurs require high level scientists, professionals and technicians who not only have the capability to create and support innovations by adapting knowledge to local use but also people with managerial and lifelong learning skills. Such are they who can accelerate changes and make organizations more productive and efficient in the services they render. Consequently, universities in Sub-Saharan Africa are challenged to transform learning so as to produce graduates who have both knowledge and competencies. Such a system will create a balance between university education and the changing labour market. Satisfying these new educational demands are only possible through research and unhindered access to global information resources. Paradoxically, some private university libraries, because of limited funding, find themselves fiscally constrained in the provision of unhindered access to global stores of information particularly at a time of exponential growth both in number and cost of information resources. This had led libraries to re-examine resource sharing as a viable option to meeting the new demands placed on universities. It is for the reasons above that this study examines the practice, problems and prospects of resource-sharing in selected Seventh-day Adventist university libraries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It examines scientifically the causes of poor sharing practices that are unique to each library, the situational and environmental factors that can enhance resource sharing. It provides also research-based information that will help to determine the best ways by which each library can have greater access to information resources. There are proposals for resolving the problems, and there are recommendations for dealing with the matter on a more permanent basis. The study advances resource-sharing model called Consortium of Adventist University Libraries in Africa (CAULA) as a resource sharing network for Seventh-day Adventist libraries in Africa. The organizational structure for CAULA are outlined and discussed. The proposed cooperation is not only sustainable but also structured to provide efficiency and greater regional cooperation of SDA libraries in Sub-Saharan Africa. / Information Science / DLITT ET PHIL (INF SCIENCE)

In John Calvin and Ellen G White’s sense making approaches God’s act of redemption and reconciliation in and through Jesus Christ takes the centre stage in the foursome of God’s acts expressed in the biblical historical timeline as creation, reconciliation in Jesus Christ, renewal through the Holy Spirit and fulfilment at the end of time. While the 16th century Calvin emphasised God’s acts of creation and reconciliation in Christ more than God’s acts of renewal and fulfilment, the 19th century White’s emphasis was more on God’s acts of reconciliation in Christ and fulfilment at the end of time than on creation and renewal through the Spirit. With all the differences in their sense making approaches their central perspectival focus in their writings, sayings and doings is the way God and humanity, heaven and earth are closely connected in a unity without being fused and mixed in Jesus Christ. Their central christological theme of ‘God staying God’ and ‘human staying human’ in an interactional substantialist sense in Christ designates the great alternative view that differs on the one hand, from the view of the trans-substantialist option in which the human being Christ Jesus is in a sacramental-sacred way transformed into ‘a divine human being’ –, and on the other hand, the view of the consubstantialist option in which the human being Jesus is permeated and diffused by his divinity, thereby becoming ‘the human God.’ Calvin and White in their reflection operating within the realm of divine historicity that is staying within the biblical historical timeline from Genesis to Revelation were viewed by many as not theologians in the real sense of the word. Calvin and may be to a greater extent White worked and contributed to the new and emerging field of Faith Studies in which a theologian or theorist of faith cannot reflect on God, human beings or the natural cosmic world in three separate avenues as was commonly the case with speculative and scholastic theologies in history. White’s Faith Studies contribution is in the global arena of theology where the omnipresent ‘–logies’ of mainline church theologies such as Christology, Ecclesiology, Pneumatology and Eschatology hold sway.

Der Vortrag beschreibt die zugrunde liegende Theorie und die Softwarefunktionalität des in PTC Creo Simulate 3.0 eingeführten Kontaktmodells mit endlicher Reibung und vergleicht dieses mit den bis Creo Simulate 2.0 exklusiv verwendeten Kontaktmodellen (ideal reibungsfrei und unendlich reibungsbehaftet). An zwei Modellbeispielen (ein von zwei Bremsbacken geklemmtes Bremsschwert und ein verschraubtes Schwungrad) wird versucht, die Funktionsweise des neuen Modells zu demonstrieren. Wegen aktueller Qualitätsprobleme der Software wird die Brauchbarkeit der Kontaktmodelle für den Anwender bewertet (Stand Creo 3.0 M080 / Creo 2.0 M200) und umfangreiches Feedback an den Softwarehersteller PTC gegeben. / The presentation describes the underlying theory and software functionality of the finite friction contact model introduced with PTC Creo Simulate 3.0. It is being compared with the friction-free and infinite friction contact model used exclusively until Creo Simulate 2.0. It is being tried to demonstrate the mode of operation of the new model with help of two examples: A brake sword clamped by two brake pads and a bolted flywheel. Because of actual software quality problems, the usability of the contact model for the user is being rated (status Creo 3.0 M080 / Creo 2.0 M200). Furthermore, comprehensive feedback is given to the software developer PTC.

[ES] Las zeolitas tradicionalmente se han considerado silicoaluminatos microporosos formados por tetraedros TO4 (T = Si, Al) conectados entre sí, compartiendo átomos de oxígeno dando lugar a canales y cavidades de dimensiones moleculares. Debido al potencial que presentan como catalizadores en aplicaciones relevantes en la industria química y más recientemente en la industria medioambiental, ha habido un creciente interés en la síntesis de nuevos materiales zeolíticos. La incorporación de elementos diferentes al silicio y aluminio en su estructura (P, Ge, Fe, Ti, B etc.) ha dado lugar a la aparición de nuevos tamices moleculares zeolíticos, entre los que destacan los aluminofosfatos (AlPOs), siendo la primera familia de tamices moleculares con composiciones en las que no participa el silicio. El elevado número de nuevas estructuras de aluminofosfatos sintetizados, con tamaños de poro de hasta 13 Å, así como la facilidad con que el aluminio y el fósforo pueden ser sustituidos por otros elementos químicos, ha despertado un gran interés en estos materiales, al abrir un amplio rango de aplicaciones, especialmente en procesos de adsorción y catálisis. La presente tesis doctoral se centra en la síntesis de nuevos aluminofosfatos, empleando nuevas moléculas orgánicas como agentes directores de estructura, para su posterior aplicación como catalizadores en reacciones químicas de interés. En el Capítulo 1, se presenta una introducción general sobre las zeolitas y más concretamente los aluminofosfatos, su síntesis, propiedades y aplicaciones. En el Capítulo 2, se presentan los objetivos generales de este trabajo. En el Capítulo 3, se muestra la síntesis de los diferentes agentes directores de estructura orgánicos, así como de los principales materiales sintetizados, junto con los equipos de caracterización y procedimientos catalíticos utilizados. El Capítulo 4, se centra en la síntesis del primer aluminofosfato con estructura SAO (AlPO-SAO) y sus derivados incorporando silicio (SAPO-SAO) y germanio (GeAPO-SAO), siendo éste último, el primer germanoaluminofosfato tridimensional de poro grande descrito hasta la actualidad. La actividad catalítica de los catalizadores preparados es evaluada en la reacción de transposición de Beckmann y comparada con el material SAPO-37 (FAU). En el Capítulo 5, se estudian mediante síntesis de co-template los silicoaluminfosfatos erionita (ERI) y chabacita (CHA), ambos pertenecientes a la familia ABC-6, preparados a partir de dos nuevas familias de agentes directores de estructura orgánicos. En el Capítulo 6, se propone una nueva ruta de síntesis basada en la síntesis de co-template anterior, para la preparación del silicoaluminofosfato SAPO-34 empleando una mezcla de agentes directores de estructura orgánicos de tipo amina y tetraalquilfosfonio, estudiándose la naturaleza de las especies de fósforo localizadas en las cavidades de la estructura chabacita. Finalmente, se han evaluado las propiedades catalíticas del catalizador activado en distintas condiciones en el proceso de metanol a olefinas comparándolas con un material SAPO-34 sintetizado únicamente mediante un agente director de estructura orgánico nitrogenado. Por otra parte, se ha estudiado la estabilidad de todos los catalizadores en presencia de vapor de agua (100% steaming) a elevada temperatura. / [CA] Les zeolites tradicionalment s'han considerat silicoaluminats microporosos formats per tetraedres TO4 (T=Si, Al) connectats entre sí, compartint àtoms d'oxigen donant lloc a Canals i cavitats de dimensions moleculars. Degut al potencial que presenten com a catalitzadors en aplicacions rellevants en la industria química i més recentment en la industria mediambiental, hi ha hagut un creixent interès en la síntesis de nous materials zeolítics. La incorporació d'elements diferents al silici i alumini en la seua estructura (P, Ge, Fe, Ti, B etc.) ha donat lloc a l'aparició de nous tamisos moleculars zeolítics, entre els que destaquen els aluminofosfats (AlPOs), siguent la primera família de tamisos moleculars amb composicions en les que no participa el silici. L'elevat nombre de noves estructures d'aluminofosfats sintetitzats, amb tamany de porus de fins a 13 Å, així com la facilitat amb que l'alumini i el fòsfor puguen ser substituïts per altres elements químics, ha despertat un gran interès en estos materials, a l'obrir un ampli rang d'aplicacions, especialment en processos d'adsorció i catàlisi. La present tesi doctoral es centra en la síntesi de nous aluminofosfats, emprant noves molècules orgàniques com agents directors d'estructura, per a la seua posterior aplicació com a catalitzadors en reaccions químiques d'interès. Al Capítol 1, es presenta una introducció general sobre les zeolites i més concretament els aluminofosfats, la seua síntesi, propietats i aplicacions. Al Capítol 2, es presenten els objectius generals d'este treball. Al Capítol 3, es mostra la síntesis dels diferents agents directors d'estructura orgànics, així com dels principals materials sintetitzats, junt amb els equips de caracterització i procediments catalítics utilitzats. El Capítol 4, es centra en la síntesi del primer aluminofosfat amb estructura SAO (AlPO-SAO) i els seus derivats incorporant silici (SAPO-SAO) i germani (GeAPO-SAO), siguent este últim, el primer germanoaluminofosfat tridimensional de porus gran descrit fins l'actualitat. L'activitat catalítica dels catalitzadors preparats és avaluada en la reacció de transposició de Beckmann i comparada amb el material SAPO-37 (FAU). Al Capítol 5, s'estudien mitjançant síntesi de co-template els silicoaluminofosfats eritonita (ERI) i chabazita (CHA), ambdós pertanyents a la família ABC-6, preparats a partir de dos noves famílies d'agents directors d'estructura orgànics. Al Capítol 6, es proposa una nova ruta sintètica basada en la síntesi de co-template anterior, per a la preparació del silicoaluminofosfat SAPO-34 emprant una mescla d'agents directors d'estructura orgànics de tipus amina i tetraalquilfosfoni, estudiant-se la natura de les espècies de fòsfor localitzades en les cavitats de l'estructura chabazita. Finalment, s'han avaluat les propietats catalítiques del catalitzador activat en diverses condicions en el procés de metanol a olefines comparant-les amb un material SAPO-34 sintetitzat únicament mitjançant un agent director d'estructura orgànic nitrogenat. Per altra banda, s'ha estudiat l'estabilitat de tots els catalitzadors en presència de vapor d'aigua (100% steaming) a elevada temperatura. ¿ / [EN] Zeolites have traditionally been considered as microporous silicoaluminates formed by TO4 (T= Si, Al) tetrahedras connected, sharing oxygen atoms, giving rise to channels and cavities of molecular dimensions. Due to their potential as catalysts in relevant applications in the chemical industry, and more recently in the environmental industry, there has been a growing interest in the synthesis of new zeolitc. The incorporation of elements other than silicon and aluminum in their structure (P, Ge, Fe, Ti, B, etc) has led to appearance of new zeolitic molecular sieves, among which the aluminophosphates (AlPOs) stand out, being the first family of molecular sieves with compositions in which silicon does not participate. The high number of new structures of synthesized AlPOs, with pore sizes up to 13 Å, along with the ease in which the aluminum and phosphorus can be substituted by other chemical elements, has awakened a great interest in these materials, opening a wide range of applications, especiallly in adsorption and catalysis processes. This doctoral thesis focuses on the synthesis of new aluminophosphates, using new organic molecules as structure directing agents, for their further application as catalysts in chemical reactions of interest. In Chapter 1, a general introduction about zeolites and, more specifically, aluminophosphates, as well as their synthesis, properties and applications are presented. In Chapter 2, the general objectives of this work are presented. In Chapter 3, the synthesis of the different organic structure agents is shown. Furthermore, the main materials synthesized, together with the characterization equipment and catalytic procedures used are also displayed. Chapter 4 focuses on the synthesis of the first aluminophosphate with SAO structure (AlPO-SAO) and its derivatives incorporating silicon (SAPO-SAO) and germanium (GeAPO-SAO), being the latter the first three-dimensional large pore germaniumaluminophosphate reported until now. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts is evaluated in the Beckmann transposition reaction and compared with the SAPO-37 (FAU) material. In Chapter 5, erionite (ERI) and chabazite (CHA) silicoaluminophosphates, both belonging to the ABC-6 family, prepared from two new families of organic structures directing agentes, are studied by co-template synthesis. In Chapter 6, a new synthesis route based on the previous co-template synthesis is proposed for the preparation of the silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-34 using a mixture of organic structure directing agents of amine and tetraalkylphosphonium type, studying the nature of the phosphorus species located of the cavities chabazite structure. Finally, the catalytic properties of the catalysts activated under different conditions have been evaluated in the methanol process, comparing them with a SAPO-34 material synthesized only using a nitrogenous organic structure directing agent. On the other hand, the stability of all catalysts in the presence of water steam (100% steaming) at elevated temperatures has been studied. / González Camuñas, N. (2022). Síntesis, caracterización y aplicaciones catalíticas de aluminofosfatos y silicoaluminofosfatos zeolíticos obtenidos empleando nuevos agentes directores de estructura [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/184308