The topic of my master thesis is monitoring of carbohydrate intake in sportsmen's diet. In the thesis, intake of carbohydrates as well as other macronutrients is monitored in order to evaluate, if athletes prefer other energy sources to carbohydrates and if their total energy intake is sufficient. If athletes prefer easily digestible carbohydrates or if they follow recommendation for healthy diet and increase their intake of whole foods, legumes, fruits and vegetables can be evaluated by monitoring fiber and sugar intake. All the monitored data are compared with non-athletes in order to see, in which field their diets vary. In the theoretical part, principles of sports nutrition are defined, basics of population recommendations are mentioned and methods of nutritional assessment and energy expenditure estimation are explained. In the practical part, five-day food-diaries of athletes and non-athletes are evaluated by NutriPro Expert software. Five-day physical activity diaries recorded during the same days are evaluated by using the Compendium of Physical Activities. All the studied values (energy intake, energy expenditure, carbohydrate, fat, protein, sugar, fiber and alcohol intake) were compared to recommended values for athletes and non- athletes and further compared among these two groups. The...

Plants are exposed to many adverse factors during their life cycles. Abiotic stresses are significantly limiting plant growth and development. Abiotic stress response mechanisms involve compatible solute synthesis (e.g. sugars, sugar alcohols and amino acids). The aim of this study was to characterise the responses of plants from Plantago genus to different abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, cold and stress combination). The complete plants grew under in vitro conditions. I compared morphological parameters, selected metabolic parameters (carbohydrates balance and proline accumulation) under optimal conditions and stress exposure. This study was focused on plants from genus Plantago, because they differ from each other in their tolerance to the salinity. Both, the glycophyte and the halophyte species are described within this genus. Plantains produce besides widespread soluble carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose) also sugar alcohol sorbitol, which has been reported as a significant component of the stress response. In addition, the reaction of plants to different carbon and energy sources was tested. More severe growth inhibition of the glycophyte Plantago lanceolata compared to the halophyte P. maritima was observed under salt treatment. Significant accumulation of sorbitol was observed...

All orchid species studied so far have been shown to participate in orchideoid mycorrhizal symbiosis. Morover, this symbiosis is absolutely vital component of their life cycle. Exchange of nutrients occurs between symbionts where the fungi provides the orchid with energy and carbon supply at least in its early developmental stages. This study focuses on the possible role of trehalose in this transfer. In vitro experiments have showed in five species from three different subfamilies of Orchidaceae family that they can utilize trehalose comparably with sucrose and glucose. Thus, the ability of trehalose utilization seems to be conserved among orchids. Trehalase enzyme activity was localized histochemically in orchid mycorrhizas. The activity strongly colocalized with colonized tissue supporting a hypothesis that trehalose transfer occurs in this site and is mediated by trehalase. Using bioinformatic methods, trehalase gene duplications were identified in many taxons of Embryophyta including three orchid species. Interestingly, highest number of trehalase gene copies was identified in genome of orchid Dactylorhiza majalis. Trehalose utilization, high trehalase activity in mycorrhizas and trehalase gene duplications in some orchids together indicate that trehalose transfer in orchid myccorhizas...

Plants have developed a number of ways how to minimise negative influence of the environment. As a consequence of stress action, plants carbohydrate metabolism is quite often influenced, esp. on the level of expression and activities of different enzymes and also several metabolites concentration. One of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism is invertase. The aim of this work was to find out, whether the activity of its isoforms (cytoplasmic, vacuolar and extracellular) in tobacco plants is influenced by Potato virus Y (PVY). It was shown, that activity of cytoplasmic invertase was not affected, but the activity of vacuolar and extracellular isoform was enhanced during potyviral infection. Hence, it is likely, that vacuolar and extracellular invertases are related to plant antiviral defence. The effect of PVY on other enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and several metabolites content was studied. Activity of α-amylase and phosphorylase, starch-degrading enzymes, was strongly enhanced during potyviral infection. That is probably how plant cells get glucose, which is a key source of energy and metabolites for biosynthesis of different compounds. It may also serve as a signal molecule. Activity of other hydrolytic enzymes, β-glucosidase and β-hexosaminidase, was also slightly increased. There was no...

Introduction: The main topic of this diploma thesis was the nutrition of athletes compared to people with a sedentary lifestyle. Aim: The main goal of the thesis was the nutrition of athletes compared to people with a sedentary lifestyle using analyzing dietary regimen. Material and methods: We evaluated the dietary regimen of 40 women at the age of 20- 30 years old. Women were divided into the groups of non-athletes ("sedentary people") and women who exercise fitness sports ("fitness people"). Their average age was in the range of 25,3-26 years. Respondents filled out the form with their dietary regimen for three days using a 24-hod recall. Records where evaluated with using an extensive food database which was created at the Institute of Physical Education, First of Medicine, Charles University. Student's two-tailed unpaired mean t-test was used to compare the groups. We used the F-test to analysing a equation scattering before using t-test. Results: Group of fitness athletes consumed average 335 kcal less total energy (p = 0.008), 15.17 g more plant-based proteins (p = 0.031), 15.24 g less fats (p = 0.025) and 13.23 g less animal fat (p = 0.044). The results for other nutrients weren't statistically significant, but from a nutritional point of view they provided an interesting overview of eating...