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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Gabor Hardy, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Speech Communication, presented on 8 March, 2012, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale TITLE: A RITUAL IN PERSPECTIVE: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF A LAKOTA SUNDANCE AT HOOSIER NATIONAL FOREST MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Jonathan Gray Using ethnographic methods, interviews, observations, and participation of and in indigenous rituals, I discuss the ways in which Western and American Indian notions of spirit, human beings and their place in the world, and the practice of spirituality differ in action, thought, and word. Since the time of the Renaissance the supremacy of "rational" or "reasonable" modes of thinking has influenced the modern world. Many American Indian writers, shamans, and Sundance chiefs believe that an understanding of their approach to the Divine may never be apprehended without some sort of actual experience. This indigenous perspective differs in substantial ways from hegemonic, Christian and Western linear modes of thinking. I draw on my attendance at numerous Sundance rituals, readings by American Indian spiritual leaders, and ethnographic work done at the Salt Creek Sundance ritual to articulate and streamline major differences and similarities that exist in both approaches. Through participation and dialogue, a distinct indigenous spiritual approach emerges that is difficult to reconcile with traditional Christian and Eurocentric world views. As I hope to demonstrate, the appearance and performance of American Indian ritual serve to not only challenge Western colonial perspectives, but also to empower indigenous approaches to spirit. In order to cultivate a more tolerant approach to the diversity and various modes of spiritual expression, a change in consciousness is needed, not necessarily for the American Indian worldview, but from the current ethnocentric worldview of the US Government which holds this form of government as the highest accomplishment of any nation thus far. This dissertation offers an approach that probes the relationship between an earth based religion and a monotheistic religion. Finally, I present a vision that allows for an understanding and/or appreciation of a spiritual approach which remains alien to Western approaches and conceptualizations of spirit. Key words: rational mind, symbolic meaning, ritual, myths, sacred, ideology, truth, indigenous worlds, cosmology, spirituality, reason, ethnography, Sundance, performance, and Native American.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / From the thirteenth century on, the antiphons to the propers of the Mass and to certain canticles of the Offices in the Roman Rite were sung to polyphonic motet settings. After the English Reformation in 1534, antiphons eventually disappeared from the services of the Book of Common Prayer and with them the motets. Because they had been a popular feature of the services, it was not long before a need was felt for an equivalent and the English anthem came into being. (The word "anthem" is but a corruption of the earlier terms for "antiphon".) The reformers desired that the complex additions of medieval pietism to the Roman Rite be either omitted or simplified and the attitude applied also to church music as did the ruling that all of the services be in a "tongue understanded of the people". The first Full Anthems of Tye, Tallis, Shepherd, Farrant, and others were in the simple, familiar style but with brief imitative "points" at the beginning of each phrase of the English text. The wish that the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, had expressed to Henry VIII that "the song...should not be full of notes but, as near as may be, for every syllable a note" was at first meticulously followed." [TRUNCATED]

The principal aim of the thesis has been to examine the development of constructed cult loci from the late Iron Age to the late Roman period in southern Britain, focusing on the differential use of internal space. Following an initial review of the interpretative parameters used in the archaeological identification of constructed cult sites, the evidence for such loci within an Iron Age context was critically re-examined. This has led to the conclusion that not only were such sites very rare and geographically dispersed, but they were confined in most cases to the ultimate pre-Roman and Roman transition periods. It is suggested that this development may have been at least partly induced by an internal increase in societal specialisation and political hierarchy, in addition to external influences from Roman Gaul. Contextual analysis of constructed cult sites has led to the conclusion that, at least within the Roman period, they were integral parts of the political, commercial, social and ideological world of those that surrounded them. Furthermore, their virtual absence from certain areas implies that the concept of constructed sacred space as a whole did generally not find expression outside of those areas more influenced by Romanized ideology and social structure. At the core of the thesis is an analysis of the use of space within a selected number of late Iron Age and Roman period constructed sacred sites. Whilst individual site variation was substantial, there was an occasional degree of regional coherence, in addition to a more ubiquitous homogeneity in some functional and spatial characteristics. Detailed spatial analysis has only been possible on a limited number of sites because of a previous lack of comprehensive excavation. The current study has shown that it is only by analysing in detail the whole of the site, that vital information concerning function and development may be gained.

This dissertation provides the first full-scale musicological study of Stuttgart 95, a thirteenth-century song book, formerly thought to be from the abbey of Weingarten. Upon further examination, it is clear that rather than a single unified corpus of Latin songs, the musical portions are composed of three separate layers. Furthermore, I argue that these layers were best understood as separate entities. This delineation between writing campaigns indicates that the original musical project likely constitutes a mostly intact collection, with only one or two folios missing from the beginning of the codex. Moreover, the song repertoire in the first layer is partially comprised of addenda entered into other Engelberg liturgical manuscripts, mainly at the close of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century, shortly before the manufacture of Stuttgart 95. I focus, in particular, on the first layer of its musical corpora, arguing that the earliest stratum in this composite manuscript points to the double cloister of Engelberg as a likely provenance. As a collection of addenda, it demonstrates that musicians in Engelberg actively collected pieces that addressed Mary, the community’s patrona. I first discuss the consistent use of majuscule and rubrication to visually highlight the name of Mary amidst its surrounding text. Furthermore, I demonstrate that Mary along with each of these additional saints had liturgical ties to the double house of Engelberg; Mary was the monastery’s patrona, and the additional figures were either especially venerated at Engelberg or were the namesakes for dedicated altars or chapels in joint community’s churches.

The object of the thesis is to investigate the position of the Mahavagga in early Baddhism by a comparative study. The method of comparison is to consider (a) internal evidence in relation to its composition and to other parts of the Canon, and (b) external evidence in relation to identical products of the Mulasarvastivadins. Occasionally reference has been made to varieus literary works of a similar type. The whole work is divided into three main sections, viz., an Introduction; (2) a study of the Gilgit Manuscripts, and (3) the Conclusion. The introductory section deals with the ten chapters of the Mahavagga, their general character, contents, arrangement, respective importance and inter relation, and a short comment on the Gilgit Manuscripts. The second section is a comparative study of the ten vastus of the Gilgit Manuscripts which are the Sanskrit versions of the corresponding ten chapters of the Pali Mahavagga, and on which our main interest has been concentrated in the course of our investigation. The summary at the end of each vastu points out the most marked agreements and differences between the two versions. The final chapter of the thesis attempts to define the position of the Gilgit Manuscripts in the Vinaya tradition, as represented by the Pali as well as Buddhist Sanskrit and Chinese, and dwells upon its specific Avadana character, as contrasted with the simplicity of the Pali Mahavagga.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Pretendemos analisar nesta tese as semelhanças entre o discurso do literário e o discurso do sagrado em dois poetas místicos: San Juan de la Cruz e Murilo Mendes. Vamos perceber os pontos de junção entre os dois discursos. Apesar de terem obras poéticas tão afastadas no tempo, encontramos como pontos de semelhança nelas a relação entre o humano e o divino, o erotismo, a expressão barroca. Como diferenças, podemos perceber que em San Juan de la Cruz encontramos a expressão da subjetividade, enquanto, em Murilo Mendes, vemos Deus como visão da externalidade. Também veremos como os dois poetas subvertem a teologia escolástica, ao escolherem a via da teologia mística, buscando anelos não-racionais e afetivos na construção poética do sagrado. O diálogo entre amante e Amado será valorizado a partir de uma linguagem carregada de erotismo que faz ressaltar um tributo à forma que permeia os dois poetas em questão. Por sua vez, o jogo entre imanência e transcendência aparecerá na poesia de tais autores como forma de demonstrar uma poesia que não apenas segue um caminho, mas que aponta para a complexidade da pluralidade dos discursos. Portanto, tais poetas escolherão vias próximas e longínquas ao falar do sagrado / We will analyze the resemblances between discourse of literature and discourse of Sacred in two mystic poets: San Juan de La Cruz and Murilo Mendes. We will understand the points of contact between the two works. In spite of the two poetical works be so far in time, we find as points of resemblances in them the relationship of Humane and Divine, Eroticism, the Baroque expression. As a difference, we can understand that in San Juan de La Cruzs works we find the expression of subjectivity while, in Murilo Mendes, we see God as a vision of external. We also will see how the two poets overthrow the Scholastic Theology, in choosing the path of mystic theology, searching no-rational but affective desires in the poetical construction of Sacred. The dialogue between lover and beloved will be enriched through a language full of eroticism that makes stand out a tribute to the form that permeates these two poets. Also, the play between immanence and transcendence will appear in the poetry of these authors as a way to demonstrate a poetry that not only follow one path, but indicates a complexity of plural discourses. So, these poets will choose close and distant paths as they speak about the sacred

O presente trabalho consiste em uma análise sobre o assunto Espaço divino no discurso de Ezequiel nos capítulos 8 a 11 e 43 a 48. A pesquisa fará um levantamento deste assunto a partir da proposta semiótica de Greimas, com o objetivo de uma melhor compreensão do texto e a busca de algumas possibilidades de significação para o espaço neste discurso. No primeiro capítulo será feita uma verificação de conceitos sobre a questão espaço, tanto em âmbitos bíblicos como de outros pensadores não ligados à área teológica, após uma breve exposição de questões básicas do método utilizado. O objetivo principal deste primeiro capítulo será verificar algumas abordagens de espaço relacionadas à questão do sagrado e do profano. Neste capítulo também serão descritos os conceitos sobre espaço a partir do termo bíblico hebraico e de alguns autores da área teológica e das Ciências da Religião, bem como a observação do espaço considerado sagrado para o povo hebreu. Na sequência serão trabalhados dois grupos de textos do livro do profeta Ezequiel, a partir da semiótica. Nestes textos, alguns aspectos essenciais na leitura sêmio-discursiva serão considerados, como, por exemplo, a ênfase no objeto de valor, o percurso narrativo do texto e o quadrado semiótico. Será destacada a análise do plano de expressão ou do nível discursivo, que ajudará na verificação da segmentação e estruturação do espaço, papel dos sujeitos e outros. Ainda será verificada, na análise do plano de expressão, a interdiscursividade e a intertextualidade do texto. Na análise do plano de conteúdo serão verificados os percursos temáticos, figurativos e a estrutura narrativa e fundamental. O alvo é chegar a um possível significado para o sentido de espaço nos grupos de textos selecionados do livro de Ezequiel. Este estudo também considerará pontos da análise exegética de um texto, para melhor descrição do contexto dos textos estudados. / The current research consists in an analysis on the subject "Divine space in the speech of Ezekiel in the chapters 8 to 11 and 43 to 48". The research will make an examination of the matter from the semiotic proposal of Greimas, with the objective of understanding better the text and the search for some possibilities of significance for the space in this speech. The first chapter will make a verification of concepts about this matter, in both biblical areas and other thinkers not related to the theological area, but to the Science of Religion. The analysis of the chapters will be presented after a brief exposition of basic questions related to the method which was used. The objective of this first chapter is to verify some approaches of space on the question of holy and profane. In this work, theres also a description of concepts about space, starting from the Hebrew biblical word, as the observation of the space considered sacred to the Jewish people. After, using semiotics, two groups of text in the book of the prophet Ezekiel will be analyzed. Also, in the texts, essential aspects will be considered in the semio-discursive reading, for example, the emphasis on the object of value, narrative path of the text and the semiotic square. The analysis of the plan of expression or discursive level will be highlighted, which will verify the segmentation and the structure of the space, the function of the subject and others. In the analysis of the plan of expression internal texts and intertextuality will be verified. In the analysis of the plan of content, the figurative theme path will be checked and the fundamental speech structure. The aim is a verification and the arrival at a meaning of a space sense in the selected texts in the book of Ezekiel, as well as how the space is characterized in those groups. This study will also consider points of the exegetics analysis of a text, to describe better the texts studied.

O trabalho propõe uma investigação da relação entre a política e a religião. Como pano de fundo dessa indagação, inicialmente, duas abordagens são realizadas: uma antropológica e outra histórica. Ambas conduzem ao essencial: que a natureza do político é sagrada e, portanto, a intrincada relação entre a política e a religião deve ser pensada a partir da primazia do religioso sobre o político. Em confirmação a centralidade do religioso faz-se uma leitura de um momento chave da história do pensamento político moderno - o século XVII inglês, em específico e de modo representativo a teoria política de Thomas Hobbes - na qual procura-se demonstrar que não há dessacralização alguma do poder, pelo contrário, o elemento religioso é permanente e comanda toda a argumentação proposta por Hobbes que, de modo manifesto, estabelece a anteposição da religião no entendimento da política. / This thesis submits to examination the relationship between politics and religion. As a back-cloth of this investigation, at first, two approaches are going to be done: one anthropological and other historical. Both conduct to the essential: that the political nature is sacred and therefore, the intricate relation between politics and religion must be thought starting from the primacy of religious upon the politic. As a confirmation on centrality of religious is done a reading of a key moment of the History of the modern political thought - the XVII English century, specifically and in a representative way the political theory of Thomas Hobbes - in witch it-s going to be search that there isn\'t any desecularization of power, on the contrary, the religious element is permanent and rules all the argumentation proposed by Hobbes that in a explicit way settles that religion comes first in the understanding of politics.