This dissertation sets out to advance the field of spirituality and advertising. It first discusses --the Spirituality in Advertising Framework (SAF) -- used as a platform for research of spirituality and advertising. Next, it explains how the SAF is used to study the spiritual message in advertising. These previous advancements have led to the main study of the current dissertation, which focuses on consumers and their reactions to spiritually-dense commercials (which are television ads rife with spiritual themes). Twenty nine semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with students from three different types of student organizations (New Age, religious and Sports), at the University of Texas at Austin. Three main areas of findings were suggested: the presence of spiritual themes in the commercials, the personal meaning participants derive from the commercials and some relevant advertising/branding issues. It was found that participants not only captured the SAF spiritual ideas, but also offered some new themes, including hope, embracing life, destiny vs. free will and the concept of a Higher Power. Moreover, it was revealed that the use of nature, a strong human factor and inspiring ideas in the commercials elicited the most meaningful reactions from participants. The final set of findings, which focused on advertising and branding issues, revealed the following points: 1) authenticity is a major construct in the field of spiritual advertising; 2) more so than the other groups, the New Age group tends towards predispositional skepticism of advertising; 3) the spiritual message created a boomerang effect under certain conditions; 4) the spiritual message triggered questions about brand identity and personal identity of the consumers; and 5) only certain product categories mesh with a spiritual message. Finally, the dissertation ends with implications for practice that could potentially change the face of the advertising industry. / text

[pt] Aços inoxidáveis duplex (AIDs) são aços que apresentam boas propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão, devido a microestrutura composta de, aproximadamente, partes iguais de austenita e ferrita. A exposição dos AIDs a altas temperaturas, durante um processo de soldagem por exemplo, pode resultar na formação de intermetálicos numa faixa de temperatura entre 1000 e 600 C, bem como numa mudança microestrutural na faixa de temperatura de 1200 e 800 C. Estes podem reduzir as propriedades da junta soldada principalmente zona termicamente afetada pelo calor (ZTA), como por exemplo em corrosão em meio cloreto. No entanto, durante processos de fabricação ou de manutenção, tratamentos térmicos ou soldagem, as propriedades do material podem ser alteradas, bem como a resistência à corrosão por pites. O presente estudo tem como objetivo correlacionar as microestruturas obtidas por diferentes taxas de resfriamento, sendo estas microestruturas obtidas por simulação, equivalente aquela obtida em soldagem, a qual corresponde a um regime de não-equilíbrio, com a microestrutura obtida em um regime de equilíbrio e determinar como estas transformações afetam a resistência a corrosão. O estudo foi realizado para dois tipos de AIDs: o UNS S32304 e o UNS S32750. Foram obtidas microestruturas equivalentes a zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) por meio do simulador Gleeble utilizando dois aportes de calor 1,0 e 3,0 KJ/mm, e por tratamentos térmicos realizados a 1000 e 1100 C por 24, 72 e 240 horas seguidas de têmpera em água. A análise microestrutural foi realizada por meio de microscopia ótica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), para caracterização da morfologia de fases, quantificação das fases e caracterização química das fases. Foi determinada a microdureza das fases, a dureza e realizado ensaio de corrosão (ASTM G48). A fração volumétrica da fase austenita das amostras que foram tratadas termicamente reduziu com o aumento do tempo e da temperatura de tratamento, enquanto para as amostras simuladas termicamente diminuiu com a diminuição do aporte térmico para ambos os AIDs. Na avaliação da resistência a corrosão por pites foi observado que o aumento da temperatura de tratamento térmico igualou os valores de Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) das fases (austenita e ferrita) devido ao equilíbrio termodinâmico dos elementos nas fases, desta forma a amostra tratada termicamente na temperatura de 1250 C por 24 horas obteve melhor resistência à corrosão por pites para ambos AIDs. Para as amostras simuladas termicamente, o aporte de 3 KJ/mm obteve melhor resultado de resistência à corrosão por pites em ambos os AIDs. / [en] Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are steels that have good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance due to the microstructure comprised of about equal parts of austenite and ferrite. Exposure of DSSs to high temperatures, during a welding process for example, result in formation of intermetallics in the temperature range of 1000 to 600 C, including a microstructural change between 1200 to 800 C. These can reduce the properties of the welded joint, especially the heat affected zone (HAZ), such as corrosion in chloride environment. However, during manufacturing or maintenance processes, either by heat treatment or welding processes, the properties of the material can be together with the pitting resistance corrosion. The present study aims to correlate the microstructures obtained by different cooling rates, being these microstructures obtained by simulation, equivalent to that obtained in welding, which is equivalent to a non-equilibrium regime, with the microstructure obtained in an equilibrium regime and to determine how these transformations affect the corrosion resistance. The study was conducted for two DSSs: UNS S32304 and UNS S32750. HAZ equivalent microstructures were obtained by the Gleeble simulator for two heat inputs 1.0 and 3.0 KJ/mm, and the heat treatments were performed at 1000, 1100 and 1250 C for 24, 72 and 240 hours followed by quenching in water. Microstructural analysis was performed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize the phase morphology, quantification and chemical composition. The microhardness of the phases, the hardness and corrosion test (ASTM G48) were determined. The volumetric fraction of the austenite phase of the samples that were heat treated decreased with increasing time and temperature treatment, while for the thermally simulated samples it decreased with the decrease of the heat input for both DSSs. The evaluation of the pitting corrosion resistance it was observed that the increase of the heat treatment temperature equaled the phases (austenite and ferrite) Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) values due to the thermodynamic balance of the elements in the phases, thus the heat-treated sample at 1250 C for 24 hours showed better pitting corrosion resistance for both AIDs. For the thermally simulated samples, the heat input of 3 KJ/mm obtained better result of pitting corrosion resistance in both AIDs.

La présente étude traite de la contamination par les hydrocarbures, des sédiments superficiels de différentes stations réparties sur deux sites : la baie de Skikda (située en Méditerranée) et l'oued Saf-Saf (dans sa partie aval) qui se jette dans cette baie. Cette contamination a été étudiée des points de vue répartition géographique, origine et nature des hydrocarbures extraits. Les teneurs en hydrocarbures trouvées sont légèrement plus élevées dans le site oued Saf-Saf (278 mg.kg-1sed. sec), que dans le site mer (200 mg.kg-1sed. sec).Comparativement à d'autres études effectuées en mer Méditerranée, nos résultats témoignent d'un niveau moyen de contamination. L'identification des principales origines des hydrocarbures présents dans les sédiments des deux sites, a été effectuée en utilisant plusieurs indices relatifs aux hydrocarbures saturés et aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques.Les valeurs de ces indices ont permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs origines pour les hydrocarbures aussi bien dans le site oued Saf-Saf, que dans le de la baie de Skikda (origines biogènes naturelles terrestre et/ou marine, origines pyrolytiques naturelle ou pétrolière et origines pétrolières). Une étude statistique a fait l'objet d'une seconde partie de ce travail, à l'aide d'une série d'analyses et de tests univariés (ANOVA, Tukey et Dunnett appliqués aux périodes, puis aux stations pour chacune des 5 caractéristiques étudiées), bivariés (étude des corrélations) et multivariés (MANOVA, ACP et analyse hiérarchique). Ces tests ont été appliqués aux données des deux sites d'études et ont permis de confirmer les résultats obtenus dans la première partie du travail. / The present study treats with the contamination by hydrocarbons, with superficial sediments of various stations repartee on two sites : the bay of Skikda (situated in the Mediterranean Sea) and the Saf-Saf oued (in its part downstream) with flows into this bay.This contamiation was studied by point of view geographical distribution, origin and nature of hydrocarbons extracts. The contents in found hydrocarbons are slightly more raised in the Saf-Saf oued (278 mg.kg-1sed. dry), that in the site sea (200 mg.kg-1 sed. dry). Compared with other studies made in the Mediterranean Sea, our results testify of an average level of contamination. The identification of the main origins of hydrocarbons presents in sediments of both sites, was made by using several indications relative to hydrocarbons saturated and in aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons. The values of these indications allowd to highlight several origins for hydrocarbons as well in the Saf-Saf oued, as in Skikda bay (originate biogenic natural terristerial and/or marine, originate natural or oil pyrolytic and oil origins). A statistical study made the object of a second part of this work, by means of series of analysisesand of one-various tests (ANOVA, Tukey and Dunnett applied to periods, then to the stations for each of 5 characteristics), two-various (study of the correlations) and several-various (MANOVA, ACP and hierarchical analysis). These tests were applied to the data of both sites of studies and allowed to confirm the results obtained in the first part of the work.

Objetivo: Evaluar los factores asociados a NASH severo según algortimos FLIP/Clasificación SAF en pacientes obesos intervenidos en un centro bariátrico de Lima, Perú. Diseño: El diseño del estudio es de tipo transversal analítico, en el cual se analizará una base de datos secundaria.

La compréhension des processus cellulaires au niveau membranaire est un domaine d’étude important en recherche biomédicale. Contourner la limite de diffraction en microscopie de fluorescence est maintenant devenu possible en exploitant les transitions moléculaires du fluorophore. Ce travail présente le développement instrumental de deux techniques complémentaires permettant d’atteindre une résolution nanométrique, grâce à l'émission stimulée (STimulated Emission Depletion - STED) d’une part, et la microscopie de fluorescence aux angles supercritiques (Supercritical Angle Fluorescence, SAF) d’autre part. La microscopie STED est une méthode permettant de surpasser la barrière de diffraction et d’atteindre des résolutions latérales de l'ordre de 40 nm dans des échantillons biologiques. Ce dispositif de microscopie exploite les transitions moléculaires des marqueurs fluorescents pour surmonter la limite de résolution due à la diffraction. L'amélioration de la résolution est obtenue par déplétion de l'état excité du fluorophores dans les régions périphériques de l'espace du volume focal. Cependant, malgré l'amélioration importante de la résolution latérale avec la technique STED, cette dernière présente une réelle complexité de mise en œuvre qui a par conséquence un impact important sur le cout des instruments STED commerciaux. Dans ce contexte, la réalisation instrumentale et la performance en imagerie d'un dispositif STED sont présentées dans ce manuscrit. Bien que les microscopes STED classiques offrent une meilleure résolution latérale, la résolution axiale est toujours limitée par la diffraction. L’amélioration de la résolution dans cette direction implique une certaine complexité instrumentale. Dans ce cadre, nous démontrons une nouvelle approche utilisant l’imagerie SAF permettant d'obtenir un sectionnement axial de l'ordre de 150 nm. L’approche se base sur la propriété d'une molécule à émettre dans les angles supercritiques uniquement lorsqu’elle se rapproche de l'interface verre-eau. Le sectionnement axial est obtenu dans une configuration simple en détectant uniquement les composantes de l’émission supercritique. La combinaison de ces techniques d'imagerie donne un outil puissant pour étudier les phénomènes moléculaires sur les membranes biologiques. / Understanding cellular processes on membranes has been a key area of biomedical research. Circumventing the diffraction limit in fluorescence microscopy has now become possible by exploiting the molecular transitions of the fluorophore. In this context, this work presents the instrumental development of two complementary techniques for realizing nanometric all-optical resolution and axial sectioning, namely STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) and Supercritical Angle Fluorescence (SAF) microscopy. STED microscopy is an elegant method that has allowed us to break the diffraction barrier with light microscopes and has achieved resolutions of the order of 40 nm (transverse) in biological samples. In this technique, we exploit the molecular transitions of the fluorescent marker to overcome the resolution limit due to diffraction. Resolution enhancement is achieved by efficient depletion of the excited state of the marker in the peripheral spatial regions of the focal volume by using depletion beams in addition to the excitation beam. Despite the major resolution improvement demonstrated, the technique is not well spread out, mainly due to its apparent complexity; and the cost and limited tunability of the commercial system. In this context, the instrumental realization and the imaging performance of a cost-effective home-built STED microscope is presented in this manuscript. While conventional STED microscopes offer improved lateral resolution, an isotropic gain in resolution usually comes at the cost of complex instrumentation. In this regard, we demonstrate SAF microscopy as a powerful tool that achieves an axial sectioning of the order of 150 nm. This is done by exploiting the property of a molecule to emit into the supercritical anglesonly when near the glass-water interface. Axial sectioning is obtained in a simple configuration by detecting solely the supercritical components of radiation. A combination of these imaging techniques offer a powerful tool to study molecular phenomena on the biological membranes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luiz.pdf: 912072 bytes, checksum: fec8d4dd4a3c1419c0e6eb46a1f5ff49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Carbon Credits are an important instrument of payment for environmental services. Although sustainable activities generally focus on carbon sequestration, they produce numerous other environmental services, such as rainfall cycle, biodiversity, soil fertility, etc. A model of economic-environmental management is proposed in this dissertation to give economic incentives to local producers and investors, in order to promote the production of environmental services. The tool for the generation of these services will be the SAF (Agroforestry System), although this model can be applied to other sustainable activities that aim both to the preservation of native forests, or the recovery of degraded areas. The simulation of the model considers the city of Presidente Figueiredo, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Two investment funds, managed by an finance institution, will be created. The Investment Fund for Families aims to pay the local farmers, for the environmental services provided, during the first years of production of SAF, while local producers do not receive any income from perennial crops. The Buyer s Security Fund aims to ensure the return of the investment paid by the buyers of environmental services. The exercise performed, simulating a SAF of an hectare with 370 trees, 16 quarterly payments of R$ 78.05 per hectare, or R$ 0.2109 per tree, can be made. From the 5th year on, no other payments for environmental services will be made, while local farmers will have only the income from their SAF. From the 7th year on, the local farmers will be able to pay for new trees, in new areas. The model will have a cycle of 18 years. At the end of the cycle the buyers, of environmental services, will receive the amount of R$6.84, from the Buyer s Security Fund; and the amount from the sale of the carbon credits, after the mentioned 18 years. / Créditos de carbono representam um importante instrumento de pagamentos por serviços ambientais. Embora foquem no seqüestro de carbono, as atividades sustentáveis que recebem investimentos por créditos de carbono produzem inúmeros outros serviços ambientais, tais como: ciclo de chuvas, biodiversidade, fertilidade do solo, etc. Propõe-se a criação de um modelo de gestão econômico-ambiental que dê incentivos econômicos a pequenos produtores locais e a investidores, com o intuito de fomentar a produção de serviços ambientais. A ferramenta para a geração destes serviços será o SAF (Sistema Agroflorestal), embora este modelo possa ser aplicado em outras atividades sustentáveis que objetivem tanto à preservação de áreas nativas, quanto à recuperação de áreas degradadas. São analisadas as condicionantes de risco de investimentos e geração de serviços ambientais. A simulação do modelo será aplicada no município de Presidente Figueiredo, no interior do Estado brasileiro do Amazonas. Serão criados dois fundos de investimentos, gerenciados por um agente de custódia. O Fundo de Investimentos às Famílias visa a pagar aos produtores locais, valores pertinentes ao serviço ambiental prestado, durante os primeiros anos de produção do SAF, enquanto os produtores locais não auferem renda alguma das culturas perenes. O Fundo de Segurança do Comprador visa a assegurar o retorno do investimento aplicado pelo comprador de serviços ambientais. Pelo exercício realizado, simulando um SAF de um hectare com 370 árvores (e/ou touceiras), é possível realizar 16 pagamentos trimestrais de R$78,05, por hectare, ou R$0,2109 por árvore. A partir do 5º ano, o pagamento por serviços ambientais é interrompido, dando lugar, somente, à renda auferida com a comercialização dos produtos do SAF. A partir do 7º ano, os agricultores poderão pagar pelo plantio de novas árvores em outros hectares. O modelo terá um ciclo de 18 anos. Ao final do ciclo será pago, ao comprador de serviços ambientais, ao valor presente, R$6,84 oriundos do Fundo de Segurança do Comprador; mais o valor que fora investido inicialmente, oriundo da comercialização dos créditos de carbono, admitindo-se a variação dos preços dos créditos de carbono, no tempo.

Characterization of fractures in an arkosic sandstone from the western damage zone of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) at San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) was used to better understand the origin of damage and to determine the scale dependence of fracture fabric and fracture density. Samples for this study were acquired from core taken at approximately 2.6 km depth during Phase 1 drilling at SAFOD. Petrographic sections of samples were studied using an optical petrographic microscope equipped with a universal stage and digital imaging system, and a scanning electron microscope with cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging capability. Use of combined optical imaging and SEM-CL imaging was found to more successfully acquire true fracture density at the grain scale. Linear fracture density and fracture orientation were determined for transgranular fractures at the whole thin section scale, and intragranular fractures at the grain scale. The microscopic scale measurements were compared to measurements of mesoscopic scale fractures in the same core, as well as to published data from an ancient, exhumed trace of the SAF in southern California. Fracturing in the damage zone of the SAF fault follows simple scaling laws from the grain scale to the km scale. Fracture density distributions in the core from SAFOD are similar to distributions in damaged arkosic sandstone of the SAF along other traces. Transgranular fractures, which are dominantly shear fractures, indicate preferred orientation approximately parallel to the dominant sets of the mesoscale faults. Although additional work is necessary to confirm general applicability, the results of this work demonstrate that fracture density and orientation distribution over a broad range of scales can be determined from measurements at the mesoscopic scale using empirical scaling relations.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden zunächst verschiedene Datenaustauschmöglichkeiten zwischen dem CAD-Programm Allplan 22 und der FE-Software RFEM 6 untersucht. Insbesondere die beiden offenen IFC- und SAF-Schnittstellen werden anhand einer praktischen Bearbeitung genauer betrachtet. Anschließend werden beide Vorgänge bewertet. Außerdem findet eine Untersuchung der Nachweisführungen anhand dieses Tragwerks, welches nach herkömmlicher Bemessung vorliegt, statt. Dabei werden die vorliegenden Ergebnisse der Handrechnung mit den Ergebnissen einer statischen Analyse am gesamtheitlichen 3D-Modell gegenübergestellt. Diese Untersuchung der Nachweisführung bezieht sich einerseits auf die Schnittgrößenermittlung, andererseits auf die Nachweisführung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit. Es werden mit der Flachdecke, einer Innenstütze und einem Unterzug drei Bauteile explizit untersucht. Insbesondere an den Bauteilen Stütze und Unterzug sind hierbei Ergebnisabweichungen am 3D-Analysemodell festge- stellt worden.:1 EINLEITUNG 2 EINFÜHRUNG IN DIE BIM-METHODE 2.1 EINFÜHRUNG UND DEFINITION, BEGRIFFSERKLÄRUNGEN 2.2 BIM ALS OBJEKTORIENTIERTES MODELL 2.3 ANWENDUNG DER BIM-METHODIK IN DER TRAGWERKSPLANUNG 3 DATENAUSTAUSCH AUS ALLPLAN 22 IN RFEM 6 3.1 AUSTAUSCHMÖGLICHKEITEN OPEN-BIM 3.2 DATENAUSTAUSCH ÜBER DIE IFC-SCHNITTSTELLE 3.3 DATENAUSTAUSCH ÜBER DIE SAF-SCHNITTSTELLE 3.3.1 Bearbeitung in SCIA AutoConverter 3.3.2 Erstellung der Excel-basierten SAF-Datei 3.3.3 Import in RFEM 6 3.3.4 Berechnung des Tragwerkmodells 3.4 PRAXISGERECHTE MODELLIERUNG EINES CAD-MODELLS 4 GRUNDLAGEN UND VORGEHEN IN DER FE-BERECHNUNG 4.1 GEGENÜBERSTELLUNG 3D-ANALYSEMODELL ZU HERKÖMMLICHER MODELLIERUNG 4.1.1 Grundprinzip Finite-Elemente-Methode 4.1.2 Abbildung der Tragstruktur 4.1.3 Vor- und Nachteile des FE-Analysemodells 4.2 HERANGEHENSWEISE DER BAUTEILUNTERSUCHUNG 4.3 REFERENZMODELL NACH MINNERT 4.3.1 Statisches System des Tragwerks 4.3.2 Allgemeines, Belastungen und Verformungsuntersuchung 4.4 STATISCHES SYSTEM DES 3D-ANALYSEMODELLS 5 UNTERSUCHUNG ZUR NACHWEISFÜHRUNG 5.1 FLACHDECKE IM REGELGESCHOSS 5.1.1 Randbedingungen des Tragelements 5.1.2 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe des herkömmlichen Verfahrens 5.1.3 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe RFEM 6 5.1.4 Bemessung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit 5.1.5 Wirklichkeitsnähere Tragwerksmodellierung durch Bauteilkopplung 5.2 INNENSTÜTZE IM ERDGESCHOSS 5.2.1 Randbedingungen des Tragelements 5.2.2 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe des herkömmlichen Verfahrens 5.2.3 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe 3D-Analysemodell 5.2.4 Bemessung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit 5.2.5 Wirklichkeitsnähere Tragwerksmodellierung durch Bauteilkopplung 5.3 UNTERZUG IM KELLERGESCHOSS 5.3.1 Randbedingungen des Tragelements 5.3.2 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe des herkömmlichen Verfahrens 5.3.3 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe 3D-Analysemodell 5.3.4 Bemessung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit 5.3.5 Wirklichkeitsnähere Tragwerksmodellierung durch Bauteilkopplung 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK / Within the scope of this thesis, different data exchange options between the CAD-program Allplan 22 and the FE-software RFEM 6 are examined first. In particular, the two open IFC- and SAF-interfaces are examined in more detail by means of a practical processing. Subsequently, both processes are evaluated. In addition, an investigation of the verification procedures is carried out on the basis of this structure, which is available according to conventional design. The results of the manual calculation are compared with the results of a structural analysis on the overall 3D model. This investigation of the verification procedure refers on the one hand to the determination of internal forces and on the other hand to the verification in the ultimate limit state. With the flat slab, an internal column and a downstand beam, three structural components are explicitly investigated. In particular, deviations from the results of the 3D analysis model were found for the column and beam components.:1 EINLEITUNG 2 EINFÜHRUNG IN DIE BIM-METHODE 2.1 EINFÜHRUNG UND DEFINITION, BEGRIFFSERKLÄRUNGEN 2.2 BIM ALS OBJEKTORIENTIERTES MODELL 2.3 ANWENDUNG DER BIM-METHODIK IN DER TRAGWERKSPLANUNG 3 DATENAUSTAUSCH AUS ALLPLAN 22 IN RFEM 6 3.1 AUSTAUSCHMÖGLICHKEITEN OPEN-BIM 3.2 DATENAUSTAUSCH ÜBER DIE IFC-SCHNITTSTELLE 3.3 DATENAUSTAUSCH ÜBER DIE SAF-SCHNITTSTELLE 3.3.1 Bearbeitung in SCIA AutoConverter 3.3.2 Erstellung der Excel-basierten SAF-Datei 3.3.3 Import in RFEM 6 3.3.4 Berechnung des Tragwerkmodells 3.4 PRAXISGERECHTE MODELLIERUNG EINES CAD-MODELLS 4 GRUNDLAGEN UND VORGEHEN IN DER FE-BERECHNUNG 4.1 GEGENÜBERSTELLUNG 3D-ANALYSEMODELL ZU HERKÖMMLICHER MODELLIERUNG 4.1.1 Grundprinzip Finite-Elemente-Methode 4.1.2 Abbildung der Tragstruktur 4.1.3 Vor- und Nachteile des FE-Analysemodells 4.2 HERANGEHENSWEISE DER BAUTEILUNTERSUCHUNG 4.3 REFERENZMODELL NACH MINNERT 4.3.1 Statisches System des Tragwerks 4.3.2 Allgemeines, Belastungen und Verformungsuntersuchung 4.4 STATISCHES SYSTEM DES 3D-ANALYSEMODELLS 5 UNTERSUCHUNG ZUR NACHWEISFÜHRUNG 5.1 FLACHDECKE IM REGELGESCHOSS 5.1.1 Randbedingungen des Tragelements 5.1.2 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe des herkömmlichen Verfahrens 5.1.3 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe RFEM 6 5.1.4 Bemessung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit 5.1.5 Wirklichkeitsnähere Tragwerksmodellierung durch Bauteilkopplung 5.2 INNENSTÜTZE IM ERDGESCHOSS 5.2.1 Randbedingungen des Tragelements 5.2.2 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe des herkömmlichen Verfahrens 5.2.3 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe 3D-Analysemodell 5.2.4 Bemessung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit 5.2.5 Wirklichkeitsnähere Tragwerksmodellierung durch Bauteilkopplung 5.3 UNTERZUG IM KELLERGESCHOSS 5.3.1 Randbedingungen des Tragelements 5.3.2 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe des herkömmlichen Verfahrens 5.3.3 Schnittgrößenermittlung mithilfe 3D-Analysemodell 5.3.4 Bemessung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit 5.3.5 Wirklichkeitsnähere Tragwerksmodellierung durch Bauteilkopplung 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK

Within the commercial aviation industry, with its ever increasing global carbon footprint rising with consumer demand, the need for more sustainable forms of aviation has become more necessary than ever. With growing demands for emission reductions and better energy management practices across all industries in initiatives such as the Paris Agreement, there has never been a more pressing time to explore the existing and potential pathways towards more sustainable forms of aviation. While there are many new and innovative technologies aiming to reduce commercial aviation’s impact on the environment, there are other important aspects to consider, inherent to the commercial aviation industry. Key to the successful adoption and wide-spread usage of sustainable aviation technology is the consideration of passengers, their perspectives and perceptions of the industry in its current state, and their knowledge and opinions of these various new technologies. In order to contribute to this consideration of passengers and their importance, this thesis aims to investigate their perspectives on the industry and its sustainable transition, explore their perceptions of the environmental impact of air travel, as well as uncover how much passengers are willing to pay to support the incorporation of sustainable aviation fuels to reduce carbon emissions in the industry. To do this, a two-pronged approach was used, which combined a quantitative passenger survey along with qualitative interviews to collect data from a diverse group of respondents in Sweden. Applying Rogers’ theory on Diffusion of Innovation, this study investigates passenger perceptions, attitudes, levels of knowledge and trust, and willingness to pay to reduce their carbon emissions. The study also seeks to gain insights into and make sense of the different factors and barriers affecting the adoption rates of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) amongst passengers, and identify the characteristics of innovative passengers and early adopters. The results of this study showed that the current use of SAF, such as biofuels, amongst the population is still relatively early on in its adoption phase. However, the future looks bright for the future of sustainable aviation - at least from a passenger perspective. The actual amount passengers were willing to pay for reducing CO2 emissions was significant, and tools such as the Fly Green Fund can be of great help in providing a platform for passengers to minimize their carbon footprint when flying. / Inom den kommersiella flygindustrin med dess ständigt ökande globala koldioxidavtryck, som stiger med konsumenternas efterfrågan, har behovet av mer hållbara former av flygtransport blivit mer nödvändigt än någonsin tidigare. Med växande krav på utsläppsminskningar och bättre energihanteringsmetoder inom alla branscher, i initiativ såsom Parisavtalet, har det aldrig varit viktigare att utforska de befintliga och potentiella vägarna mot mer hållbara former av flygtransport. Samtidigt som det finns många nya och innovativa tekniker vars syfte är att minska kommersiell flygindustris påverkan på miljön finns det även andra aspekter, fundamentala för den kommersiella flygindustrin, att ta hänsyn till. En utbredd användning av hållbar flygteknik kräver hänsyn till passagerare, deras perspektiv och uppfattningar om branschen i dess nuvarande tillstånd, samt deras kunskap och åsikter om dessa olika nya teknologier. För att bidra till dessa övriga aspekter ämnar denna uppsats undersöka flygpassagerares perspektiv på branschen och dess hållbarhetstransformation, utforska deras uppfattningar om flygresors miljöpåverkan, samt även undersöka hur mycket passagerare är villiga att betala för att stödja införandet av hållbara flygbränslen för att minska koldioxidutsläppen i industrin. För att genomföra detta användes ett tvådelat tillvägagångssätt som kombinerade en kvantitativ passagerarundersökning baserat på en enkät, med kvalitativa intervjuer för att samla in data från en heterogen grupp av respondenter i Sverige. Passagerarenkäten distribuerades till både passagerare på väg till en flygplats, samt till studenter och anställda på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. Genom att med hjälp av Roger’s theory on Diffusion of Innovation analysera passagerarnas uppfattningar, attityder, kunskapsnivåer och förtroende, samt betalningsvilja, försöker denna studie skapa insikt och förståelse kring de olika faktorer och barriärer som påverkar graden av adoption av hållbara flygbränslen (Sustainable Aviation Fuels, SAF) bland passagerare, samt identifiera karaktäristika hos innovativa passagerare (innovators) och tidiga användare (early adopters). Denna studies resultat visade att den nuvarande användningen av SAF bland befolkningen fortfarande är i en relativt tidig fas av adopitonsprocessen. Framtiden ser dock ljus up för hållbarhet inom flygbranschen, åtminstone ur ett passagerar-perspektiv. Det faktiska beloppet som passagerare var villiga att betala för att minska CO2 utsläppen var betydande, och verktyg som Fly Green Fund kan vara till stor hjälp för passagerare genom att förse dem med en platform för att minimera sina koldioxidavtryck när de flyger.

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