This diploma thesis deals with the methodology of teaching safety instructions in Health Education classes in schools. The theoretical part defines the key concepts of the subject. Subsequently, based on a research of a variety of academic sources, this thesis describes people protection and safety, both in emergency situations and everyday life safety hazards, taught in schools on primary and lower secondary level throughout the history up to the present. It also discusses the incorporation of this subject into the national curriculum. Furthermore, the thesis contains a concise overview of available teaching aids suitable for lesson preparation. In addition, the analysis of the present situation pertaining safety education in Czech schools, based on the audit data provided by the Department of Czech Educational Inspection, is introduced. The goal of the practical part of this work was the execution of a quantitative study, looking into the evaluation of the course Preparatory Training Proceeding Practical Teaching in the year 2019/2020. The evaluation was supplied by the participants of this course - the students of the Faculty of Education of Charles University. A survey was carried out, by means of a questionnaire, with a unanimous approval of the course, which the students viewed as beneficial....

The doctoral thesis deals with problems of a safe longitudinal distance between vehicles. It includes an analysis of a set of factors influencing the safe distance between vehicles and is concerned with a research of effect of many of these factors on observance of the safe longitudinal distance between vehicles. In connection with these factors, this work deals with the solution of this issue in neighbouring countries through statutory measures, then with statistical analysis of traffic accidents in the Czech Republic caused by non-observance of the safe distance, also problems of assistance systems operating in this area, and subsequently, based on the findings, there are recommended suggestions of actions to increase safety in this area of road transport.

Humanitarian interventions increasingly use safe spaces as part of their work on SGBV prevention, mitigation and response. Therefore, this thesis examines how safe spaces have affected refugee women in the regional response to the humanitarian crisis in Venezuela. The method is a literature review analysing reports, news articles and guidelines. The analysis uses the concepts of empowerment and gendered conflict theory for a deeper understanding of what consequences safe spaces have on refugee women in terms of empowerment and strengthened role in society. The analysis shows that safe spaces are integrated with other sectors and have enabled creation of regional standardization and cross-border protection. Response plans incorporate empowerment as a central aspect with awareness-raising, community outreach, economic empowerment, social support and community resilience key components. It also showed an increased need of safe spaces at unofficial border crossings and that gender stereotypes continue to place women at risk in Venezuela and countries of destination.

The most advanced ports as of writing of this report are at least somewhat autonomous. Whether discussing the transporters between crane and stack (temporary storage) or cranes, the ports are shifting into a completely autonomous system. This ultimate goal presents a challenge in regards to unloading and loading cargo ships in the harbour. How do you achieve unloading of a ship without human intervention while still guaranteeing secure trajectories for the containers? ABB Ports in collaboration with the Division of Vehicular Systems at Linköping University have developed a simulation that utilises a simple control model to investigate the behaviour, limitations and capabilities of such an autonomous crane. Specifically, this simulation utilises a model of the dynamics of a Ship-to-Shore crane (STS), which has the task of unloading a ship. In order to set the crane model in context of realistic scenarios, some additions to the simulation are needed. One of these additions is obstacles. Before this thesis work, the model enjoyed an empty simulation environment to freely optimise how quickly the containers could be transported off of the ship. The addition of obstacles in the form of other containers on the cargo ship as well as the physical presence of the crane’s legs presents new challenges for the optimiser used to solve the optimal control problems formulated through the model in the simulation. The implementation of obstacles is one of the objectives for this thesis. This addition was implemented by modeling the obstacle dimensions and ship limitations by looking at the largest container ships in the world. Due to the simulation not containing obstacles previous to this thesis work, the initial guess provided to the solver initialised the solving in an area of convergence that is unfair to the solver, This rendered the simulation useless, as any obstacle presented to the solver would generate an infeasible solution. Another functionality needed for the obstacle implementation to be meaningful is a solution for guaranteeing safe trajectories for the containers from ship to shore. The solution utilised to reach this goal was to combine a convex hull and safety conditions where the convex hull covers the obstacles, including some padding to prevent collisions between the container carried (load) and obstacles. The safety conditions however calculates the potential positions of the load when an emergency stop occurs, and therefore can prevent the load from swinging into obstacles if there is an emergency stop. These implementations however changes the usefulness and performance of the simulation because of how they shrink the area of convergence for the solver and making some problems non-solvable. When considering both a convex hull and safety conditions, the usability of the simulations is harmed, but can still be utilised to learn about autonomous performance of the simulation. The optimal solutions include some interesting characteristics that can learn crane operators about how the control systems can be utilised. Such a simulation would benefit from continuous development in order to investigate further technologies and features that could improve both performance and usability. Areas such as homotopy, modelling ropes, comparison between simple and nuanced model would be truly interesting for future areas of investigation.

In the year 2000, 170 countries decided to stand together and solve some primary and common global problems like poor health, water, and sanitation. Obtaining access to safe drinking water is every individual’s right. The UN defines safe drinking water as “the water required for each personal or domestic use must be safe, therefore free from micro-organisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards that constitute a threat to a person's health” (UNDESA, 2014). This thesis focuses on identifying the number of people who potentially receive spring water from a piped source in rural mountainous areas. There are three significant steps and data requirements which are necessary to meet this study’s objective. These are to: 1) obtain data classifying the various sources of drinking water in each country by specifying the percentage of population served by a particular water in rural and urban areas, 2) determine the number of countries which are undeveloped or developing, and 3) identify specific countries which are defined as mountainous (and thus likely to have spring fed piped water systems) based on elevation and slope in order to estimate the number of people living in mountainous areas. Results show that 183.54 (million) people were estimated to receive piped water from the springs in mountainous areas. Approximately, 34% of the population is from the Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia regions, and 33% reside in the Latin America and Caribbean Islands. These were followed by Western Asia and North Africa Regions with 15% and Central Asia and Southern Asia Regions with 14% of their population estimated to receive piped spring water.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV (UNAIDS) strongly recommends that developing countries regard medical male circumcision as a biomedical intervention. This recommendation has caused developing countries seeking a radical solution to the prevailing and persistent social problem of HIV to reform their health policies. Most now discourage traditional male circumcision and promote safe medical male circumcision (SMMC) as a strong contributor to reductions in HIV transmission. This has introduced conflicts in traditional African societies such as the Bugisu, where male circumcision is culturally motivated, symbolising a rite of passage from boyhood to manhood. In the Bugisu sub-region, the local Bamasaaba regard their cultural practice of traditional male circumcision (TMC) as prestigious.

Trycksår är en vårdskada som orsakas av flera faktorer och skapar lidande för patienter. Årligen medför trycksår 50 000 extra vårddagar i Sverige och förlänger de redan belastade vårdköerna. Upp till 90 % av alla trycksår kan förebyggas med preventiva åtgärder. Trots riktlinjer och preventiva åtgärder mot trycksår uppstår fortfarande vårdskadan trycksår. Säker vård kännetecknas av att minimera riskerna för vårdskador. Syftet var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskors följsamhet till trycksårsprevention inom slutenvården. En kvantitativ litteraturöversikt har utförts med 12 artiklar, varav 10 inhämtade från Cinahl och Medline och två från manuell sökning. Litteraturöversiktens resultat visar att flera faktorer påverkar sjuksköterskors följsamhet till trycksårsprevention där kunskap var den största faktorn. Signifikanta skillnader sågs i att högre utbildning gav förbättrad trycksårsprevention och fördjupad kunskap medförde positiva attityder. Slutsatsen av litteraturöversikten ger en bild av hur kompetens, hög arbetsbelastning, organisationen och omvårdnadsarbetet påverkar sjuksköterskors följsamhet till trycksårsprevention. Studien ger en begränsad bild av hur dessa faktorer påverkar följsamheten, där kvalitativ forskning skulle kunna fastställa specifika problem sjuksköterskor upplever kring faktorerna mer djupgående. / Pressure ulcers is a care injury and is caused by several factors and cause patients suffering. Annually pressure ulcers entail 50 000 extra care days in Sweden and increases the already burdened care queues. Up to 90% of all pressure ulcers can be prevented with preventive measures. Despite guidelines and preventive measures the care injury pressure ulcers still occurs. Safe care is characterized by minimizing risks for care injuries. The aim was to examine factors that affect nurses’ compliance with pressure ulcer prevention in inpatient care. A quantitative literature review has been performed with 12 articles, 10 were collected from Cinahl and Medline and two with manual search. The result shows that several factors affected nurse’s compliance to pressure ulcer prevention where knowledge were the biggest factor. Significant differences were seen with that higher education gave better pressure ulcer prevention and higher education gave better attitude.  Conclusion of this literature review provides a picture of how competence, heavy workload, the organization and nursing work affects nurse's compliance with pressure ulcer prevention. This study provides a limited picture of how these factors affect compliance, where qualitative research could determine specific problems nurses experience around these factors more in depth.

Planning optimized memory management is critical for Big Data analysis tools to perform faster runtime and efficient use of computation resources. Modern Big Data analysis tools use application languages that abstract their memory management so that developers do not have to pay extreme attention to memory management strategies. Many existing modern cloud-based data processing systems such as Hadoop, Spark or Flink use Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and take full advantage of features such as automated memory management in JVM including Garbage Collection (GC) which may lead to a significant overhead. Dataflow-based systems like Spark allow programmers to define complex objects in a host language like Java to manipulate and transfer tremendous amount of data. System languages like C++ or Rust seem to be a better choice to develop systems for Big Data processing because they do not relay on JVM. By using a system language, a developer has full control on the memory management. We found Rust programming language to be a good candidate due to its ability to write memory-safe and fearless concurrent codes with its concept of memory ownership and borrowing. Rust programming language includes many possible strategies to optimize memory management for Big Data processing including a selection of different variable types, use of Reference Counting, and multithreading with Atomic Reference Counting. In this thesis, we conducted an experimental study to assess how much these different memory management strategies differ regarding overall runtime performance. Our experiments focus on complex object manipulation and common Big Data processing patterns with various memory man- agement. Our experimental results indicate a significant difference among these different memory strategies regarding data processing performance.

Background Lean and agile approaches to product development impose a paradigm shift in the way organizations are structured, lead, affect the core culture of the firms that use them. As more and more organizations attempt the move from traditional to lean-agile ways of working a large number of challenges and success factors from these transitions are reported in the scientific literature. Many of these challenges can be mitigated, and the success factors boosted, by the traditional line-manager. Objectives The objective of this study is to provide an empirically grounded theory of what managers can and should do in order to ease the transition to lean-agile ways of developing products and services. Methods This study uses constructivist grounded theory in order to obtain an empirically based theory for how managers ease the transition. This is achieved by combining the results from an online survey, a series of interviews, and field observations. The collected data is then analyzed, categorized and continuously tested against new data, resulting in an emergent theory that can be put into the context of the available scientific literature. Results This thesis presents the results from a yearlong study of a Swedish organization in the middle of transitioning from a traditional plan-driven to a scaled lean-agile approach to product development. The resulting theory states that managers can greatly ease the transition by being the manager teachers for their organizations and committedly leading the way in adopting the lean-agile values, principles and methods, in a value-based manner – making sure the new ways are adapted to fit the context of the company and its goals as an organization. Conclusions The conclusion of the study is that not only are managers needed in organizations adopting lean-agile values, principles and methods, they are central to a successful adoption. However, when not being knowledgeable of lean-agile, not staying committed, and not engaging with the teams and practitioners the managers may on the contrary end up costing the company the opportunities offered by the new approach to product development. The resulting theory is grounded both in empirical data and the scientific literature.

Bakgrund: Akutmottagningen är den plats där personer med akuta skador tas emot och vårdas. Sjuksköterskans arbete på akutmottagningen styrs av lagar och riktlinjer. En av sjuksköterskans viktigaste uppgifter för att upprätthålla en säker vård är att bedöma, sortera och prioritera patienterna som inkommer till akutmottagningen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av sin arbetsmiljö på akutmottagningen. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats. Sammanställningen är av tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ design. Artiklarna analyserades induktivt med hjälp av Fribergs modell i fem steg. Resultat: Analysen av resultatet gav sammanlagt tre huvudteman med totalt sex underteman. Huvudtemat “Hög arbetsbelastning” innehållande undertemana “Stort patientflöde” och “Bemanning och skiftarbete.  Huvudtemat “Individuella aspekter” innehållande undertemana “Personliga hälsan” och “Emotionella reaktioner” samt huvudtemat “Behovet av stöd” med undertemana “Funktionellt ledarskap” och “Kollegialt samarbete”. Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av arbetsmiljön påverkas av arbetsbelastningen, individuella aspekter samt av stödet från kollegor och chefer. Sjuksköterskorna upplever att arbetsmiljöfaktorerna som ovan nämnts påverkar omvårdnaden och deras möjlighet att ge säker vård. Nyckelord: Akutmottagning, arbetsmiljö, erfarenheter, sjuksköterskor, säker vård / Title: The nurses experience of the working environment at the emergency department -a literature review with a qualitative approach. Background: The emergency department is the place where patients with acute illness and injuries are taken in and taken care of. The nurses work in the emergency department is controlled by laws and guidelines. One of the nurses most important duty in maintaining safe care is to assess, sort and prioritize the patients who are admitted to the emergency department. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses experience of their work environment in emergency departments. Method: A qualitative literature review with inductive approach. The compilation consists of ten scientific articles with qualitative design. The articles were inductively analysed using Friberg’s model in five steps. Results: Analysis of the result yielded a total of three main themes with six subthemes. “High workload” containing subthemes “Substantial patient flow” and “Staffing and shift work”. “Individual aspects” including subthemes “Personal health” and “Emotional reactions” and main theme “Need of support” containing subthemes “Functional leadership” and “Collegial cooperation”. Conclusion: The nurses experience of the work environment is affected by the workload, individual aspects and by support from colleagues and managers. Nurses felt that the work environment factors mentioned above affect their ability to provide safe care. Keywords: Emergency department, experiences, nurse, safe care, work environment