In recent years Major League Baseball (MLB) has seen a trend of long term multimillion dollar contracts. The purpose of this study was to examine Major League Baseball player’s performance before and after signing a free-agent contract. This research helps to explain the relationship between reward and performance in professional baseball players. Subjects include 65 major league baseball players that were free agents in the years of 2005 and 2006. The group of 65 players consisted of 34 position players and 31 pitchers. The individual statistical analysis of position players’ batting average, homeruns, and runs batted in were used. The statistics that were analyzed for the pitchers were earned run average, innings pitched, strikeouts, and wins and losses. The results that showed significance was batting average, homeruns, runs batted in, and earned run average. The results of this study can be a useful tool for the front office of Major League Baseball teams. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1969.

Thesis equivalent (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1945.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis equivalent (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1945.

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1969.

Les créances du salarié n’ont pas la même nature que les autres créances dont l’employeur peut être débiteur. Elles ont une nature alimentaire qui justifie une protection exorbitante en cas de placement de l’employeur en procédure collective. Une garantie originale des créances salariales a été créée pour pallier l’insolvabilité de l’employeur. L’objet de cette thèse est de rechercher la nature de cette garantie et d’analyser sa dynamique. La garantie des salaires n’a pas la nature d’un privilège puisqu’elle n’est pas assise sur les biens mobiliers et immobiliers de l’entreprise, mais sur les cotisations y afférentes. Elle n’a pas non plus la nature d’une assurance sociale, car la sécurité sociale est fondée sur une logique d’universalité et recouvre des mécanismes multirisques, alors que la garantie des salaires ne bénéficie qu’aux salariés et ne couvre que le risque de non-paiement des salaires. La dynamique de cette garantie permet de montrer que son objet ne se limite pas seulement au salaire, il s’étend aux accessoires du salaire et aux dommages-intérêts notamment ceux liés à un licenciement sans cause réelle et sérieuse ou en cas d’irrégularité de procédure. L’extension du champ des créances garanties permet davantage la sauvegarde de l’entreprise que de l’emploi. Cette dynamique incite, dans une certaine mesure, à la destruction de l’emploi, car les ruptures du contrat de travail auxquelles résultent les créances garanties sont fermées dans les délais qui ne permettent pas la mise en œuvre effective des mesures de maintien de l’emploi. L’employeur est toutefois le responsable principal de l’indemnisation des salariés, car c’est lui le titulaire du pouvoir dans l’entreprise. L’AGS, association patronale, est un responsable supplétif, mais d’autres responsables alternatifs existent. Cette thèse s’achève par une évolution souhaitant la construction du droit social des entreprises en défaillance pour supprimer, sinon réduire les incohérences constatées dans la mise en mouvement de la garantie. / The employer’s debt to the employee has a particular nature. As the payment is necessary for the employee’s maintenance it justifies a specific protection within the collective insolvency proceedings. A particular guarantee is offered to the employees. This PHD’s aim is to study this guarantee’s nature and its dynamic. This guarantee does not consist on a preference over others debtor in the employer’s goods seizure. It is financed by the employer’s contribution. It is neither a social security’s insurance, as it only covers employees and not the whole population. This guarantee concerns not only wages but also all other employer’s debt to the employee’s even unemployment remedies. The institution in charge of this guarantee is a back-up guarantor. The main guarantor remains the employer. This PHD plead for a new social law applicable to firms in collective insolvency proceedings in order to solve the current guarantee’s issues.

Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology. / Since the merger, changes occurred within CPUT and within its salary structure as a whole. Measures had to be taken in order to harmonise the two salary structures to produce a single in order to eliminate disparities and as to ensures equity among the different categories of employees and their respective levels of appointment. When the researcher discovered that there were disparities within our merged systems, the researcher decided to do a researcher concerning disparities with the new merged salary structure. When most of the employees also discovered that some of their counterparts in other campuses were on a higher salary grade than them, they felt disgruntled. This was understandable as the two campuses had different salary structures inherent from the previous technikons. The researcher was done as employees’ salaries might affect productivity and their tenure with the organisation. When there are disparities it must not be taken for granted as it is the desire need to be fairly treated by the organisation, making development in the salary programme as it is very important for the human resource department.

A presente dissertação visa avaliar, a partir do uso dos dados da Pesquisa de Atividade Econômica Paulista - PAEP - do ano de 1996, da RAIS - Relação Anual de Informações Sociais de 1992, 1993, 1997 e 1998 e da SECEX - Secretaria do Comércio Exterior - dos anos de 1992 e 1993, a relação entre a atividade de inovação tecnológica e os potenciais impactos produzidos sobre o nível de emprego e sobre o nível de renda na indústria paulista entre os anos de 1997 e 1998. Como a inovação não é um evento aleatório, há o viés de seleção da amostra, de tal sorte que uma comparação direta entre os efeitos da inovação sobre certas variáveis daquelas firmas que inovaram com aquelas que não inovaram, na situação de ter havido inovação, produziria vieses. Tal problema é resolvido neste trabalho por meio do Propensity Score Matching, que visa o pareamento de unidades tratamento - controle para a obtenção dos resultados intentados, a saber, a variação na renda e no nível de emprego. Ademais, de modo a inibir a presença de efeitos não observáveis, recorre-se ao método de Diferenças em Diferenças (DID). Os resultados obtidos atestam para um aumento, na média, do nível de emprego para quase todos os tipos de atividade inovativa empreendidas. Em contrapartida, os achados se revelaram estatisticamente insignificantes para a variação de renda, também em quase todos os tipos de inovação. / This work intends to analyze, by the usage of three different data sources, PAEP (1996), RAIS - Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (1992, 1993, 1997, and 1998) and SECEX - Secretaria do Comércio Exterior (from 1992, and 1993) the relationship, if that exists, between innovation and its potential impacts over employment level as well as salaries during the 1997 - 1998 period. Once innovation activity cannot be considered as a random event, we incur in the well known selection bias problem. Consequently, a direct comparison of the innovation impacts between those firms which effectively innovated with those which did not innovate would be misleading. Such a problem may be corrected with the Propensity Score Matching, which consists in the establishment of treatment - control pairs in order to obtain the results previously searched. Moreover, in an attempt to control for the unobserved effects, it is applied the Differences in Differences Methodology (DID). Results obtained show that, on the one hand, for almost all the innovation activities considered, there was an increment in the level of employment. On the other hand, for most of the cases, there were not statistically significant results for an impact of innovation activities on the level of salaries.

Os trabalhos relacionados à estrutura de capital dos bancos consideram os requerimentos de capital mínimo regulatório, estabelecidos pelos acordos da Basiléia, como sendo seu principal determinante. Entretanto, estudos recentes realizados em países desenvolvidos - Estados Unidos e Europa - e em desenvolvimento - Ásia, América Latina e Oceania - sugerem que determinantes padrões das instituições não financeiras, também, possuem o poder de explicação do nível de alavancagem financeira a valor contábil e de mercado dos bancos. Assim sendo, este trabalho busca verificar se, para aqueles bancos que possuem um capital próprio acima do mínimo regulatório, a capacidade preditiva dos determinantes padrões - tamanho, lucratividade, oportunidade de crescimento, ativos tangíveis e pagamento de dividendos - igualmente, se aplica aos bancos brasileiros e norte-americanos que possuem carteira comercial, além de identificar possíveis diferenças entre os resultados desses dois países. Como contribuição original deste trabalho, avalia-se o papel do programa de compensação de executivos - baseado em ações e opções - na determinação da estrutura de capital dos bancos, sob a hipótese de que tal programa exerce uma opção por decisões de maior risco, por parte dos gestores, o que pode afetar a sua estrutura de capital. Outro destaque refere-se ao período de análise, o qual compreende os anos da crise sistêmica internacional (2007 a 2010) que provocou a falência de instituições financeiras. A amostra inicial é composta pelos 200 maiores bancos, identificados pelo critério de total de ativos, sendo 100 de cada país. Entretanto, considerando a disponibilidade de informações, a amostra final é composta por 15 bancos brasileiros e 24 norte-americanos, totalizando 156 observações. A metodologia adotada envolve testes de estatística descritiva, análise de correlação e regressão múltipla linear (pooled). Como resultado, verificou-se que, além do risco dos ativos e seguros de depósitos, as variáveis relacionadas à teoria tradicional de estrutura de capital, tais como tamanho, oportunidade de crescimento e pagamento de dividendos, além disso, contribuem para a determinação do nível de alavancagem dos bancos. Por sua vez, o relacionamento negativo da variável de controle macroeconômica crescimento do produto interno bruto, em relação à alavancagem dos bancos, indica a assertividade das mudanças introduzidas pelos legisladores no acordo da Basiléia III ao capturar os efeitos contra-cíclicos do mercado. Por fim, a variável programa de compensação de executivos mostrou-se significativa na definição da alavancagem dos bancos, porém com sinal contrário ao esperado pela teoria de finanças. Entre os motivos identificados para esse comportamento, destacam-se os baixos salários e o comportamento aleatório do preço das ações durante o período de análise que impactaram, de forma inadequada, na política de compensação dos bancos. / The studies related to bank\'s capital structure consider the minimum regulatory capital requirements, established by the Basel Accords, as its main determinant. However, recent works conducted in developed countries - United States of America and Europe - as well as in developing countries - Asia, Latin America and Oceania - suggest that standard determinants of non-financial institutions also explains the book and market leverage for banks. Therefore, this paper seeks to verify if, for those banks that have excess capital (equity) above the regulatory minimum, the predictive ability of standard determinants - size, profitability, growth opportunity, tangible assets and dividend payments - also applies to Brazilian and North American banks who own commercial portfolio and to identify possible differences between the results of these two countries. As an original contribution, this work evaluate the role of the executive compensation program - based on shares and options - in determining the capital structure of the banks, under the assumption that such a program has an option for higher-risk decisions, by managers, which can affect their capital structure. Another highlight is related to the period of analysis, which encompasses the years of international systemic crisis (2007-2010) that caused the bankruptcy of financial institutions. The initial sample comprises the 200 largest banks, identified by the criterion of total assets, with 100 of each country. However, considering the availability of information, the final sample consists of 15 Brazilian banks and 24 U.S. banks, totaling 156 observations. The methodology involves tests of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression (pooled). As a result, it was found that besides the risk of assets and deposit insurance, the variables related to the traditional theory of capital structure, such as size, growth opportunities and dividend payments also contribute in determining the bank\'s level of leverage. In turn, the negative relationship, between the macroeconomic control variable growth of gross domestic product and bank\'s leverage, indicates the assertiveness of the changes introduced by legislators in the agreement of the Basel III to capture the effects of counter-cyclical market. Finally, the variable compensation program for executives was significant in setting the leverage of bank; however, it has an opposite sign to that expected by the theory of finance. Among the reasons identified for this behavior, it is highlighted the low wages and random behavior of stock price during the period of analysis, inappropriately impacting the compensation policy of the banks.