Private practice as a career option for nurses has been slowly increasing since the 1980's. However, the reasons for this development have not been fully investigated so that it can be understood and placed within the changing contexts of health care and health services. The expansion and extension of nurses' roles is a contemporary topic in health care reform and therefore one that deserves investigation. The aims of this study were to develop a theory on private practice nursing and to describe the characteristics and work of the self-employed nurse in Australia. Nurses working in a variety of settings have been able to provide information on being self-employed. In doing so, this study was able to describe the persona of the nurse entrepreneur, explore the reasons why nurses and midwives in Australia establish private fee-for-service practices, identify the factors which have influenced this action and describe the scope of practice of nurses and midwives in private practice. This combined Delphi technique and Grounded Theory study is the first in-depth study of Australian nurses and midwives in private practice. The study enables nurses to provide direct information on being self-employed and enhances the profession's ability to articulate about this area of nursing. The significance of the research is in increasing the understanding of this area of practice development and affords greater insight into its efforts to improve and maintain quality nursing services within the Australian health care system. One hundred and six nurses and midwives were invited to participate in the study, in which participants completed two rounds of semi-structured postal questionnaires. Delphi technique was applied to rate responses on Likert scales to ascertain respondents' consensus on certain topics. Participants were also provided the opportunity to make additional comments. Results indicated that nurses in private practice are well experienced with an average of 21 years nursing experience and hold several qualifications. Job satisfaction, being able to be more involved in achieving quality health outcomes and maximising skills and abilities are significant influences for private practice. These results suggest that private practice nursing can contribute effectively to broadening the range of primary health services available to the population and to addressing the issues of retention and recruitment of nurses. Self-employed nurse entrepreneurs push the boundaries of the profession and expand the realm of nursing practice. Entrepreneurship is a path for the future of nursing as it offers expanded career opportunities for nurses and opportunities for increased ambulatory health services. In addition, the broad, expert knowledge nurses hold on many aspects of health can be disseminated throughout the health sector to the advantage of corporate health partners. There is further development required in this innovative and expanding area of the nursing profession. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Clinical Nursing, 2003.

Professional research project (Au.D.)--University of South Florida, 2001. / Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 29 pages. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The primary objective of the project was to survey audiologists in clinical practice setting to determine the amount of time taken to perform various audiologic tests using Current Procedural Terminology, (CPT) codes to define these tests and if these CPT codes were felt to be adequate. Audiologists were also asked to respond regarding possible impact and reimbursement changes in their clinical practices related to managed care. Responses of audiologists were analyzed to determine: a) adequacy of CPT codes; b)average time to perform various audiologic tests; c) impact managed care onclinical practice; and d) changes in reimbursement as a result of managed care. / The survey was designed to determine the type of work setting, typical job duty, average monthly caseload and hours per day spent on patient care for each respondent. The survey with a cover letter explaining the purpose was mailed to 93 audiologists in clinical setting in the state of Florida. Five were returned undeliverable, and 39 of the remaining 88 were returned either completed or partially completed. The survey results revealed over 71% of the audiologists felt the current CPT codes were adequate. Time spent performing traditional audiologic tests, such as comprehensive audiometric evaluations and impedance testing, was fairly consistent. / Greater time variability occurred in tests used to determine vestibular function. Over three-quarters of the respondents believed managed care has had a negative impact on their clinical practices, while 11% believe they have been positively impacted. Approximately 82% of the audiologists have had reductions in reimbursement as a result of managed care, while 10% have seen no change and 5% have enjoyed slightly greater reimbursement. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

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Private practice as a career option for nurses has been slowly increasing since the 1980's. However, the reasons for this development have not been fully investigated so that it can be understood and placed within the changing contexts of health care and health services. The expansion and extension of nurses' roles is a contemporary topic in health care reform and therefore one that deserves investigation. The aims of this study were to develop a theory on private practice nursing and to describe the characteristics and work of the self-employed nurse in Australia. Nurses working in a variety of settings have been able to provide information on being self-employed. In doing so, this study was able to describe the persona of the nurse entrepreneur, explore the reasons why nurses and midwives in Australia establish private fee-for-service practices, identify the factors which have influenced this action and describe the scope of practice of nurses and midwives in private practice. This combined Delphi technique and Grounded Theory study is the first in-depth study of Australian nurses and midwives in private practice. The study enables nurses to provide direct information on being self-employed and enhances the profession's ability to articulate about this area of nursing. The significance of the research is in increasing the understanding of this area of practice development and affords greater insight into its efforts to improve and maintain quality nursing services within the Australian health care system. One hundred and six nurses and midwives were invited to participate in the study, in which participants completed two rounds of semi-structured postal questionnaires. Delphi technique was applied to rate responses on Likert scales to ascertain respondents' consensus on certain topics. Participants were also provided the opportunity to make additional comments. Results indicated that nurses in private practice are well experienced with an average of 21 years nursing experience and hold several qualifications. Job satisfaction, being able to be more involved in achieving quality health outcomes and maximising skills and abilities are significant influences for private practice. These results suggest that private practice nursing can contribute effectively to broadening the range of primary health services available to the population and to addressing the issues of retention and recruitment of nurses. Self-employed nurse entrepreneurs push the boundaries of the profession and expand the realm of nursing practice. Entrepreneurship is a path for the future of nursing as it offers expanded career opportunities for nurses and opportunities for increased ambulatory health services. In addition, the broad, expert knowledge nurses hold on many aspects of health can be disseminated throughout the health sector to the advantage of corporate health partners. There is further development required in this innovative and expanding area of the nursing profession. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Clinical Nursing, 2003.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in the criteria utilized and the criteria desired by various types of institutions for granting appointment, reappointment, merit salary increases, promotion in rank, and tenure, and to propose criteria based upon this analysis. This study reveals that institutions differ according to the criteria which they utilize and desire for appointment, reappointment, merit salary increases, promotion in rank, and tenure. For example, two-year and four-year private colleges and universities consider age, health, personal appearance, and religious activities while two-year and four-year public colleges and universities disregard religious activities and place little emphasis on age, health, and personal appearance. In addition, four-year public and private institutions stress more than two-year public and private colleges degrees from prestigious universities, research, publications, and the Ph.D. in English. Furthermore, four-year private schools give more attention than four-year public institutions to student evaluations, classroom visitations, curriculum development, academic advisement, and supervision of student activities The study also reveals that as four-year public institutions increase in size, their interest in research and publications increases proportionally.

The Internal Revenue Code invokes the concept of reasonableness as the major qualification for the stockholder executive compensation deduction for federal income tax purposes. However, neither the Code nor Regulations contain general guidelines for determining reasonable compensation. Consequently, disputes with the IRS are frequent, resulting in substantial litigation. The primary hypothesis of the study was that the IRS guideline variables were incapable of discriminating taxpayers who have won litigated reasonable compensation cases from those who have lost. The secondary hypothesis was that the IRS guideline variable group, the court case variable group, or the two groups combined were equally powerful in discriminating taxpayers who have won litigated reasonable compensation cases from taxpayers who have lost. The study included all unreasonable compensation cases litigated in the Tax Court from 195^ to September, 1980. Only cases related to the reasonableness of officer-shareholder compensation of closely-held corporations were included.

This study concerns the general question, "What has been the impact of collective bargaining representation elections on nonprofit hospitals in Texas?" The means of answering this question involved a study of wages and attitudes of nonprofessional employees in both hospitals where such elections occurred and hospitals where no such elections had occurred in the State of Texas. An overview of the development of hospitals and the union movement in hospitals are presented as background information for this study. Further, a brief discourse on attitude development and attitude measurement is provided as theoretical foundational material. A researcher-constructed questionnaire was devised, tested, and administered to employees of the subject hospitals. There were 176 useable returns from employees where no union representation election occurred and 176 useable returns from employees where union representation elections occurred.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE PAULO FERNANDO.pdf: 2366335 bytes, checksum: d452dd470c87343c0ccff74f3c5de204 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11 / This project is part of the teacher training research line in the post-graduation program of the education department at the Federal University of Goiás. It analyzes the career concepts and conceptions which guide the organization of the public teaching career in the State of Tocantins elementary education. It also examines the views of education graduates from the Federal University of Tocantins (UFT) regarding the limits and possible overlaps between initial training and expectations on teaching career and salary in the State and municipal networks in Palmas. Therefore, the research focused on three basic points: a) the organization of the public teaching career for elementary education in the State and municipal networks in Palmas; b) the characteristic of the teaching career in pedagogy projects within education degrees at UFT; c) the understanding and expectation of UFT education graduates regarding career and salary during the training process. For that purpose, the research was made through bibliographical and documentary sources, as well as field work using questionnaires to collect data amongst 118 interviewee who graduated in education degrees in 2009 in the Campuses of Araguaína (geography, History, Mathematics and Literature), Palmas (Pedagogy) and Porto National (Biology Science, Geography, History and Literature). The documents below stand out amongst those analyzed: The Career, Positions and Remuneration plan (PCCR) in the State and municipal public teaching and the laws that established it in the State of Tocantins, the Institutional Development Plan (PDI), The Institutional Pedagogy Plan (PPI) and Pedagogy Projects of education degrees (PPC) at UFT. The study investigated the organization of public teaching career in elementary education according to the theoretical perspective based on the principle which states that teachers are under a capitalistic logic. Under that perspective, the nature of work is based on the conditions established by relations of production, even though teachers all have the same identity when it comes to the teaching job. To set a good initial training based on a significant learning and on an efficient teaching training and valorization, we assumed that teaching degrees shouldn t separate the theoretical foundations of education and the knowledge regarding the training which focuses on other dimensions of the teaching job and more precisely on the professional ones (career, salaries, organizational aspects, work conditions, continuing education, etc). Therefore, the research highlighted the importance of the professional dimension of teaching, and especially the career organization in order to understand the policies set to valorize teaching. This is especially true in a moment when career issues get a lot of attention in political debates about quality improvements in the Brazilian education. The results of the research have shown that the teaching career as a theme is significantly present in the syllabus of the teaching degrees at UFT. However, the organization of the teaching career is not appearing as a relevant question in pedagogy projects of the degrees neither on institutional plans. Apart from that, the research revealed that because of the work conditions and salaries in the State of Tocantins, the teaching career is still attractive for education graduates who were interviewed even though the PCCR are made up as tools to achieve neo-liberal projects in the State of Tocantins. / A presente investigação, que integra a linha de pesquisa Formação e Profissionalização Docente do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás, analisa os conceitos e concepções de carreira profissional que orientam a estruturação da carreira docente do magistério público na educação básica do Estado do Tocantins e a percepção dos licenciandos da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT) em relação aos limites e possíveis imbricações entre a formação inicial e as expectativas sobre a carreira e a remuneração dos professores da rede estadual de ensino e da prefeitura de Palmas. Para tanto, a pesquisa buscou articular três dimensões básicas: a) a estruturação da carreira do magistério público da educação básica nas redes estadual e municipal de Palmas; b) a caracterização da carreira docente nos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de licenciatura da UFT; c) a compreensão e as expectativas dos licenciandos da UFT a propósito da carreira e remuneração no seu processo de profissionalização. Nessa direção, recorreu-se à pesquisa em fontes bibliográficas e documentais, assim como à pesquisa de campo por meio da proposição de questionário para coletar dados junto aos 118 concluintes dos cursos de licenciatura, em 2009, nos campi de Araguaína (Geografia, História, Matemática e Letras), Palmas (Pedagogia) e Porto Nacional (Ciências Biológicas, Geografia, História e Letras). Dentre os documentos analisados destacam-se: os planos de carreira, cargos e remuneração (PCCR) do magistério público estadual e municipal e as leis que os instituíram no estado, o Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional (PDI), o Plano Pedagógico Institucional (PPI) e os projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de licenciatura (PPC) da UFT. O estudo investigou a estruturação da carreira docente do magistério público da educação básica à luz da perspectiva teórica alicerçada no princípio de que os professores estão submetidos aos parâmetros da lógica capitalista, sendo a natureza do trabalho distinguida a partir das condições determinadas pelas relações de produção, ainda que todos possuam a mesma identidade em relação ao trabalho de ensinar. Para configurar uma formação inicial substantiva ancorada numa aprendizagem significativa e numa valorização e profissionalização docente efetiva, partimos do pressuposto de que os cursos de licenciatura não devem dissociar os fundamentos teóricos da educação e os conhecimentos relativos à formação pedagógica mais específica de outras dimensões do trabalho docente, mais precisamente da dimensão profissional (carreira, salários, aspectos organizacionais, condições materiais de trabalho, formação continuada etc). Portanto, a pesquisa buscou seus objetivos compreendendo que o estudo da dimensão profissional do trabalho docente, em especial, da estruturação da carreira, se reveste de grande importância no processo de compreensão das políticas de valorização do magistério, principalmente num momento em que cada vez mais a questão da carreira adquire centralidade nos debates políticos acerca da melhoria da qualidade da educação brasileira. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que a carreira docente enquanto tema encontra-se presente em parte significativa dos ementários das disciplinas dos cursos de licenciatura da UFT. Todavia, a estruturação da carreira docente não se apresenta como uma questão relevante nos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos e mesmo dos planos institucionais. Além disso, observou-se que, dada às condições de trabalho no Estado e os níveis de remuneração, a carreira docente ainda é um tanto atrativa para os licenciandos pesquisados, mesmo que os PCCR se constituam como ferramentas de consecução de projeto de inspiração neoliberal no Estado do Tocantins.

A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual study was conducted to explore and describe the experience and support received by newly-qualified four-year trained professional nurses while placed for remunerated community service in Gauteng province. Purposive sampling was used and five focus group interviews were conducted. Each focus group consisted of six to ten participants who had completed the four-year training programme and were qualified as nurses (general, psychiatric and community) and midwife placed for remunerated community service in Gauteng province (South African Nursing Council R425 of 22 February 1985). Data was analysed using Tesch’s method of data analysis. Two main themes emerged from the study and formed the basis of the discussion. The themes are “various experiences of the newly-qualified four-year trained professional nurses” and “support received by the newly-qualified four-year trained professional nurses”. Community service nurses reported mixed experiences such as feeling good and bad during community service placement. The majority of participants reported that remunerated community service placement is risky and it requires one to take chances. Furthermore, participants referred to remunerated community service placement as a scary venture at first but eventually they mastered practical activities. Support received by community service nurses varied from adequate, inadequate, incidental and lack of support. Community service nurses reported bad staff attitudes, severe staff shortage and that they were subjected to adverse events and low salaries. Recommendations to enhance community service placement were outlined for the following stakeholders: South African Nursing Council, Department of Health, nursing colleges, universities and managers of the health facilities. Copyright / Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Nursing Science / unrestricted

International comparison is very popular area of statistics, which is used to examine differences in many fields of science. This thesis seeks to apply the concepts of International comparison to the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Though it has been 20 years since Czech and Slovak Republic separated from each other yet, rivalry exists between the two countries. Particularly, the socio-economic factors contributing to this rivalry have been of interest to economists. To further explore this rivalry, this master thesis aims to describe the difference in evolution of demographic, economic and social indicators that characterize development of countries and standard of living of its population. This paper consists of four main chapters. The first chapter outlines the introduction to time series and describes methods used in the following chapters for analysis of indicators. The second chapter briefly defines monitored indicators in terms of their objectivity, methodology and comparability in both countries. The third chapter analyzes the evolution in time and directly compares the values of indicators. The fourth chapter analyzes the average and median wages in greater detail. These indicators were chosen for analysis as they largely affect the standards of living in both countries. From the perspective of comparison method it is not straightforward to determine that one country has better results in all indicators than the other. Yet, here are two main broad conclusions. First, the notional "scores" are similar for demographic indicators. Second, Czech Republic has better social and economic indicators results then Slovak Republic. The analysis of trend models of average and median wage found that the social gap is widening in both countries. However, after converting to the same exchange rate, it is clear that the wage level is better in Czech Republic then in Slovak Republic.