Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-07-18T20:09:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Affonso_Dissertação_corrigida (1).pdf: 2426196 bytes, checksum: 034c6bb524c5f3595bc628b730686903 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T20:09:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Affonso_Dissertação_corrigida (1).pdf: 2426196 bytes, checksum: 034c6bb524c5f3595bc628b730686903 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Phylogeographic studies of Amazonian birds have revealed large intraspecific diversity, even within recognized areas of endemism. To understand the origin and organization of Amazonian diversity, including the influence of recent history and current landscape, we need to evaluate fine scale patterns of genetic diversity in relation to detailed environmental information. We studied phylogeography and demographic history of two understory bird species, Gymnopithys salvini and Lepidothrix coronata, from the Purus-Madeira interfluvium, within the Inambari area of endemism using mtDNA and nuclear markers with dense sampling. The Purus River was found to be a geographic barrier for both species. Both species showed signs of recent population expansion and had no genetic structure within the interfluvium, which includes two distinct vegetaion types and geological formations. This result is probably due to a dynamic geological history and recent occupation of the landscape by current populations, suggesting that biogeographic history is a better predictor of the pattern of bird genetic diversity within the Purus-Madeira interfluvium than the current environmental heterogeneity. We also show further evidence for the need to evaluate the existence of independent evolutionary lineages of understory upland forest birds within traditionally defined areas of endemism in Amazonia. / Os estudos filogeográficos de aves têm revelado uma grande diversidade intraespecífica na bacia Amazônica e, em especial, dentro das áreas de endemismo. Para avançar no entendimento sobre a distribuição da diversidade intraespecífica de aves na Amazônia é necessário, no entanto, uma análise em diferentes escalas, investigando os fatores que a influenciam no tempo e no espaço. Este estudo comparou a relação dos padrões filogeográficos e das histórias demográficas de duas espécies de aves de sub-bosque, Gymnopithys salvini e Lepidothrix coronata, que co-ocorrem no interflúvio PurusMadeira, dentro da área de endemismo Inambari, usando mtDNA e marcadores nucleares com densa amostragem. O rio Purus foi observado como uma barreira geográfica para as duas espécies. Ambas as espécies mostraram sinais de recente expansão populacional e não apresentaram estrutura genética dentro do interflúvio, o qual inclui duas fitofisionomias principais e diferentes formações geológicas. Esse resultado se deve provavelmente a dinâmica história geológica e a recente ocupação da paisagem por essas populações atuais, sugerindo que a história biogeográfica é um melhor preditor dos padrões de diversidade genética de aves dentro do interflúvio Purus-Madeira do que a atual heterogeneidade ambiental. Este estudo mostra mais evidências para a necessidade de se avaliar a existência de linhagens evolutivas independentes de aves de sub-bosque dentro das tradicionalmente definidas áreas de endemismo na Amazônia.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Master's Thesis 2021 Daniela Bonilla Machado Page 1 of 5 CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC AND SOCIAL POLICY Changes in Asylum-Seeking Policies Through the Lenses of the Structuration Theory: The Case of the 'Salvini Decree' in Italy Master's thesis Author: Daniela Bonilla Machado Study programme: Public and Social Policy Supervisor: Doc. Marie Jelínková Year of defence: September 2021 Page 2 of 5 Declaration 1. I hereby declares that I compiled this thesis independently, using only the listed resources and literature. 2. I hereby declare that the thesis has not been used to obtain any other academic title. 3. I fully agree to his work being used for study and scientific purposes. Prague, 27th of July 2021 Daniela Bonilla Machado Page 3 of 5 References BONILLA MACHADO, Daniela. Changes in Asylum-Seeking Policies Through the Lenses of the Structuration Theory: The Case of the 'Salvini Decree' in Italy. Prague, 2021. 68 pages. Master's thesis (Mgr.). Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Public and Social Policy. Supervisor Marie Jelínková, PhD. Length of the thesis: 113,886 Page 4 of 5 Abstract This paper explores the complex relationship between the structuration theory, proposed by Anthony Giddens and the...

The thesis Party Change of the Northern League in Italy, deals with the transformation of the Italian Northern League (LN) from regional to national political party. The study aims to be a contribution to a larger scholarly discussion about changes of the Italian political system. Under the criteria that define a regional political party this thesis evaluate whether the contemporary LN truly transformed from regional to national party. The study than connects with the previous findings and follows with analysis of the five factors - the most recent party performance, political system change, institutionalization, leadership change and socio-economic changes in the country which could have affected party's agenda. Different variables are derived from the Kenneth Janda's theory of change in political parties. The research uses the data from the 2013 national parliamentary elections, when LN lost large part of its electorate, and the 2015 regional elections in order to evaluate which of the above mentioned factors influenced the process of transformation of the LN.

L’importante médiatisation de la « crise méditerranéenne » de 2015 a attiré l’attention de la communauté internationale sur les conséquences tragiques des crises migratoires et sur l’inertie des États européens. Néanmoins, en 2018, le gouvernement italien instaurait le Décret Salvini, une politique migratoire restrictive visant, entre autres, à réduire l’entrée et la présence de migrants et de réfugiés irréguliers sur son territoire. Les effets des politiques migratoires restrictives sur les flux migratoires sont grandement documentés. Or, la littérature portant sur les effets de ces politiques sur les migrations clandestines et sur la sécurité des réfugiés et des migrants demeure embryonnaire. Cette littérature soutient que ces politiques favorisent le recours à des canaux d’entrée illégaux, entraînent l’enfoncement dans l’irrégularité des réfugiés et des migrants, accentuent leur précarité et les rend plus vulnérables à diverses formes d’exploitations. À cet égard, en se basant sur une approche de sécurité humaine, la présente recherche s’intéresse aux effets du Décret Salvini sur la vulnérabilité des réfugiés et des migrants à la traite des personnes en Italie. Une analyse de données quantitatives et qualitatives est effectuée afin de tracer un portrait de l’enjeu migratoire en Italie et d’observer les impacts du Décret-loi. L’analyse établit que l’adoption du Décret Salvini a rendu plus vulnérables les réfugiés et les migrants à la traite des personnes en Italie. Cette vulnérabilité est principalement due à la conversion du Système de protection pour demandeurs d’asile et réfugiés (SPRAR) en Système de protection pour titulaires de protection internationale et mineurs étrangers non accompagnés (SIPROIMI). / The significant media coverage of the “Mediterranean crisis” of 2015 has drawn the attention of the international community to the tragic consequences of migration crises and to the inertia of European states. Nonetheless, in 2018, the Italian government introduced the Salvini Decree, a restrictive migration policy aimed, among other things, at reducing the entry and presence of irregular migrants and refugees on its territory. The effects of restrictive migration policies on migratory flows are widely documented. However, the literature on the effects of these policies on irregular migration and on the safety of migrants and refugees remains embryonic. This literature argues that these policies favour the use of illegal entry channels, lead to the deepening of migrants and refugees into irregularity, increase their precariousness and make them more vulnerable to various forms of exploitation. In this regard, this research is based on a human security approach and examines the effects of the Salvini Decree on the vulnerability of refugees and migrants to human trafficking in Italy. Quantitative and qualitative data is here analyzed to better assess the migratory situation in Italy since 2013 as well as the impacts of the Decree-Law. The analysis establishes that the implementation of the Salvini Decree led to an increase of the vulnerability of migrants and refugees to Human trafficking in Italy. This is mainly due to the conversion of the Protection System for Asylum Seekers and Refugees (SPRAR) into the Protection System for International Protection Holders and Foreign Unaccompanied Minors (SIPROIMI).

In this study I have studied the European Unions suggestion about disembarkation of refugees from a human rights perspective - especially the perspective of human value and human dignity. Human dignity is central. It is expressed in the preamble to the UN Human Rights, as well as in its first paragraph; “Everyone has the right to dignity, and it shall not be violated.” I have studied refugees that have previously spent time in large refugee camps outside Europe, in Jordan and in Libya. In my study I use Libya as an example on what refugees can face in camps in third-world countries. The subject caught my attention since the Norwegian ship MS Tampa picked up refugees on international water outside Australia. The Norwegian captain tried to leave them on Australian land but was refused to do so. Australia sent a military boat to pick them up and left them at an island outside Australia. Moreover European politicians have discussed the idea of off-shore, placements of refugees at disembarkation camps as a way of solving the problem of huge number of refugees that are looking for asylum in Europe as well as the many deaths at the Mediterranean Sea. There has also been a discussion on quota refugees chosen by the UNHCR. This made me wonder how the situation would be for the remaining refugees that will stay in these large camps, maybe for years, as well as how their human rights are respected in camps outside Europe where Europe have no control? How does this correspond to the principle of human value? In my qualitative study I started by making a literature study. Thereafter continued with an interview study where I interviewed refugees that have stayed at camps outside Europe. The purpose of the interview and the study was to take part of their narratives and to make their voices heard. I found that the narrative of refugees is not heard, this makes them feel less valued as human, or not even a human. Their dignity is violated, and their human rights are not respected. Their interests have been forced to give way to the interest of the state.