O fenômeno de sândi vocálico externo apresenta três realizações possíveis: a elisão, a degeminação e a ditongação. Este trabalho tem como proposta analisar o fenômeno de ditongação como processo de resolução de hiato em fronteira de palavras (camisa usada ~ cami[zaw]sada), baseado na amostra da cidade de Lages, em Santa Catarina, incluída no banco de dados do projeto VARSUL (Variação linguística na região sul do Brasil). O embasamento teórico se apoia em Bisol (1996, 2002 e 2005) para a descrição do processo; em Labov (2008) para fundamentos de teoria da variação; além de teorias fonológicas, como Fonologia Prosódica e Fonologia Lexical. Os objetivos específicos são os que seguem: a) identificar, em nossa amostra, fatores linguísticos que possam favorecer ou bloquear a aplicação da ditongação como processo de sândi externo; b) a partir dos resultados obtidos, corroborar ou não resultados de pesquisas já realizadas a respeito deste processo; c) ampliar a compreensão do fenômeno e oferecer subsídios para uma descrição geral do processo do sândi externo e do português falado no sul do Brasil. As hipóteses que procuramos confirmar são as seguintes: a) quanto à tonicidade, o contexto ideal para a aplicação da ditongação é o de atonicidade máxima (casa escura ~ ca[zaj]scura) (conforme Bisol, 1996; Bisol, 2002); b) o contexto interno à frase fonológica é mais favorecedor na aplicação do fenômeno (velho exemplo ~ velh[we]zemplo) (conforme Bisol, 1996). A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada pelo pacote de programas VARBRUL/GoldvarbX. A amostra, constituída de 16 informantes, mostrou, dentre outros fatores, que a ditongação crescente e a ditongação decrescente têm diferentes contextos favorecedores em relação ao acento e à categoria das vogais e têm contextos favorecedores semelhantes em outras variáveis em comum. Para a ditongação, confirmamos nossas hipóteses: a atonicidade máxima e o contexto interior à frase fonológica se mostraram favorecedores. A seleção das variáveis relevantes não foi idêntica para as duas realizações. / The external vowel sandhi phenomenon presents three possible ways of realization: the elision, the degemination and the diphthongization. This work analyzes the diphthongization phenomenon as a gap resolution process in words boundary (camisa usada ~ cami[zaw]sada) based on the sample of the city of Lages, Santa Catarina, included in the project database VARSUL (linguistic variation in southern Brazil). The theoretical basis is Bisol (1996, 2002 and 2005) for the description of the process; Labov (2008) for the variation theory fundamentals; and Brescancini (2005) for variational research methodology. The specific objectives are the following: a) to identify, in our sample, linguistic factors that may favor or block the application of external vowel sandhi processes; b) from the results obtained, to prove or disprove results of previous studies regarding this process; c) to increase the understanding of the phenomenon and provide support for a general description of the process of external sandhi and Portuguese spoken in southern Brazil. The hypotheses we intend to confirm are the following: a) the ideal context for the three external sandhi processes is an unstressed vowel + an unstressed vowel (casa escura ~ ca[zaj]scura) (as Bisol, 1996; Bisol, 2002; Ludwig-Gayer, 2008; Vianna, 2009); b) the internal context to phonological phrase is more favorable to the application of the phenomenon (velho exemplo ~ velh[we]zemplo) (as Bisol, 1996). Statistical analysis of data was performed by VARBRUL / GoldvarbX software. The sample consisted of 16 informants showed that rising diphthongization and decreased diphthongization have different favorable contexts related to stress and vowel category, and they have similar favorable contexts in same variables. Related to diphthongization, we confirmed our hypotheses: the sequence of unstressed vowels and the phonological phrase are favorable to the process. The selection of the variable was not exactly the same for both processes.

This is a study of Mandarin third tone (T3) sandhi produced by learners learning Mandarin as a second language, third language, or heritage language. I investigate factors affecting learners’ Mandarin T3 sandhi performance measured by two constructs, comprehensibility and accentedness. T3 sandhi in Mandarin is a phonological property that learners of Mandarin need to acquire on top of the four lexical tones (i.e., Tone 1 high level, Tone 2 rising tone, Tone 3 dipping tone, and Tone 4 falling tone). T3 sandhi is a process that which lexical tones alternate categorically, changing from the underlying tone sequence of T3T3 to T2T3. This process is motivated by the underlying trochaic feet of Mandarin (Qu, 2013). 67 Chinese learners passed the screening test (i.e., reading monosyllabic words with satisfactory tone production) to ensure that they could produce basic lexical tones before their tone sandhi production was evaluated. The eligible learners’ reading of the experimental wordlist that consists of 40 disyllabic words (i.e., 20 sandhi words and 20 non-sandhi words) was judged by 20 native speakers of Chinese in terms of comprehensibility and accentedness on a scale of 1 to 9 (e.g., Munro & Derwing, 1995; Saito, Trofimovich & Isaacs, 2017). The primary findings of the study are 1) Comprehensibility and accentedness were confirmed to be two distinct constructs as learners were found to perform significantly differently on these two constructs (both p < .05). 2) Previously learned foot structure, either from first or second language (L1footness or L2footness), were found significantly predict L3 comprehensibility and accentedness. L1footness was correlated with better performance: higher comprehensibility and lower accentedness ratings. The finding of L2footness’ correlation with worse performance in comprehensibility and accentedness was confounding but caused by low exposure to the target language Mandarin. 3) Exposure to the target language, measured by total learning length, the number of Chinese courses taken and total time spent in China, was found significantly influence comprehensibility and accentedness. This shows the importance of teasing apart effects of exposure and language transfer in L3 acquisition studies, which echoes with Puig-Mayenco and Rothman (2020). 4) Heritage learners were not found to have any acquisitional advantages over non-heritage learners as there were no significant differences between heritage versus non-heritage learners. Furthermore, Cantonese learners were found to perform worse than L2 learners on T3 sandhi words (where T3 sandhi rules need to apply) but not on non-sandhi words due to their lack of foot structure in their heritage language Cantonese. This suggests the heterogeneous nature of the Chinese heritage learner population, and Cantonese heritage learners and Mandarin heritage learners should be distinguished at least for prosodic feature acquisition. / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit principalement, mais non entièrement, dans le domaine de la phonologie générale et romane. Elle a pour objet d’étude plusieurs phénomènes de sandhi attestés dans quelques variétés de gallo-roman : français, occitan, wallon, franco-provençal. Comme une grande partie des phénomènes phonologiques postlexicaux étudiés sont panromans, la thèse ne les analyse pas comme des processus isolés, mais à travers leur variation diatopique et diachronique, c’est-à-dire comme des manifestations concrètes de tendances communes aux langues romanes, tout en essayant d’expliquer leur motivation par des principes phonologiques universels, ainsi que par les méthodes de l’analyse contrastive.Dans cette thèse on pourrait délimiter trois grandes parties thématiques. La première a une portée théorique et englobe les chapitres I et II où sont présentées et analysées des données d’une soixantaine de langues parlées dans le monde entier. Dans cette partie je passe en revue les diverses acceptions controversées du terme de sandhi en vue d’en proposer ma propre définition grâce au formalisme de la phonologie prosodique. La deuxième partie a une portée phonologique et englobe les chapitres III, IV et V où sont étudiés trois phénomènes de sandhi de l’espace gallo-roman, à savoir la liaison, le redoublement phonosyntaxique et les alternances vocaliques avec zéro en syllabe initiale. La dernière partie thématique est représentée par le chapitre VI qui a une portée sociolinguistique. Les trois phénomènes de sandhi en question y sont comparés et analysés à la lumière des facteurs pour leur variation, parmi lesquels la tradition graphique occupe une place privilégiée. / This doctoral dissertation thesis pertains primarily, but not solely, to the field of general phonology and Romance phonology. The object of investigation are a number of sandhi phenomena attested in several Gallo-Romance varieties: French, Occitan, Walloon, and Franco-Provençal. The larger part of the postlexical phonological phenomena under investigation is pan-Romance and therefore they are not analyzed as isolated processes. They are interpreted with respect to their diatopic and diachronic variation, in other words, as specific manifestations of tendencies common to all Romance languages. The explanation for such common tendencies is sought in universal phonological principles and by the established methods of comparative analysis.Three large thematic parts can be distinguished in the thesis. The first part comprises the first two chapters and is theoretical in nature. Data from over 60 languages spoken in various parts of the world are presented and analyzed in this part. It also contains a critical review of the highly controversial existing usages of the term “sandhi” and attempts to offer a new original definition in the framework of prosodic phonology. The second part is devoted to concrete phonological analyses and comprises chapters III, IV and V. The sandhi processes in the Gallo-Romance language space are studied in details: liaison, phonosyntactic doubling and elision of vowels in initial syllables. The last thematic part, presented in chapter VI, is devoted to sociolinguistic observations. The three phenomena mentioned above are compared and analyzed with regard to the factors governing their variation, among them the orthographic tradition.

Esta dissertação trata dos processos fonológicos de elisão, ditongação e degeminação no falar de São Paulo. Além dos trabalhos clássicos sobre esses processos de sândi vocálico externo, em Português Brasileiro, serão apresentados dados de um experimento feito para este trabalho. De acordo com os dados do corpus desta dissertação, houve preferência pela aplicação da elisão e não da ditongação, nos casos em que ambos os processos eram possíveis. Os números referentes à elisão confirmaram a afirmação de Bisol com relação à aplicação categórica desse processo quando a vogal a ser elidida é [a]. No entanto, houve alta aplicação de elisão de [u], indicando um favorecimento pela elisão e não pela ditongação. Houve ainda algumas ocorrências de elisão de vogal [coronal], quando esta vogal era precedida por uma consoante que partilhava os mesmos traços com ela. Considerando-se os contextos para ditongos crescentes vs ditongos decrescentes, observou-se uma forte preferência pelo ditongo crescente nos dados coletados do dialeto de São Paulo. Finalmente, com relação à posição do contexto de aplicação dos processos, na seqüência de três vogais adjacentes (V1V2V3), observou-se que o contexto V1+V2 favorece a ocorrência de elisão, e não da ditongação. O processo de elisão, no corpus desta dissertação, foi mais aplicado quando a vogal a ser elidida estava na fronteira de grupos clíticos, podendo estar ou na fronteira de sintagmas fonológicos ou dentro de um mesmo sintagma. / This dissertation deals with the phonological processes of vowel elision, diphthongation and vowel degemination used by speakers from São Paulo. Besides presenting some classic studies about the so called processes of external sandhi in Brazilian Portuguese, this dissertation will also present new data recorded in order to carry on the analysis. Data showed that vowel elision is more productive than diphthongation in contexts within which both processes were possible to be applied. Besides, they confirmed Bisol\'s hypothesis that there is categorical use of vowel elision when the vowel (to be elided) is [a]. Nevertheless, elision of vowel [u] was also productive, indicating the preference for vowel elision over diphthongation. There were also some occurrences of coronal vowel elision, when this vowel and its preceding consonant shared phonological features. Also, it could be noted a strong preference for rising diphthongs, not for the falling ones, in the data collected in São Paulo. Finally, it was observed that the sequence \"first vowel + second vowel\" - V1+V2 - (in a sequence formed by three adjacent vowels - V1+V2+V3) favors the use of elision over diphthongation. Vowel elision, according to the data collected in order to carry on the analysis presented in this dissertation, was more productive in clitic group boundaries, within the phonological phrase as well as in phonological phrase boundaries.

Esta dissertação trata dos processos fonológicos de elisão, ditongação e degeminação no falar de São Paulo. Além dos trabalhos clássicos sobre esses processos de sândi vocálico externo, em Português Brasileiro, serão apresentados dados de um experimento feito para este trabalho. De acordo com os dados do corpus desta dissertação, houve preferência pela aplicação da elisão e não da ditongação, nos casos em que ambos os processos eram possíveis. Os números referentes à elisão confirmaram a afirmação de Bisol com relação à aplicação categórica desse processo quando a vogal a ser elidida é [a]. No entanto, houve alta aplicação de elisão de [u], indicando um favorecimento pela elisão e não pela ditongação. Houve ainda algumas ocorrências de elisão de vogal [coronal], quando esta vogal era precedida por uma consoante que partilhava os mesmos traços com ela. Considerando-se os contextos para ditongos crescentes vs ditongos decrescentes, observou-se uma forte preferência pelo ditongo crescente nos dados coletados do dialeto de São Paulo. Finalmente, com relação à posição do contexto de aplicação dos processos, na seqüência de três vogais adjacentes (V1V2V3), observou-se que o contexto V1+V2 favorece a ocorrência de elisão, e não da ditongação. O processo de elisão, no corpus desta dissertação, foi mais aplicado quando a vogal a ser elidida estava na fronteira de grupos clíticos, podendo estar ou na fronteira de sintagmas fonológicos ou dentro de um mesmo sintagma. / This dissertation deals with the phonological processes of vowel elision, diphthongation and vowel degemination used by speakers from São Paulo. Besides presenting some classic studies about the so called processes of external sandhi in Brazilian Portuguese, this dissertation will also present new data recorded in order to carry on the analysis. Data showed that vowel elision is more productive than diphthongation in contexts within which both processes were possible to be applied. Besides, they confirmed Bisol\'s hypothesis that there is categorical use of vowel elision when the vowel (to be elided) is [a]. Nevertheless, elision of vowel [u] was also productive, indicating the preference for vowel elision over diphthongation. There were also some occurrences of coronal vowel elision, when this vowel and its preceding consonant shared phonological features. Also, it could be noted a strong preference for rising diphthongs, not for the falling ones, in the data collected in São Paulo. Finally, it was observed that the sequence \"first vowel + second vowel\" - V1+V2 - (in a sequence formed by three adjacent vowels - V1+V2+V3) favors the use of elision over diphthongation. Vowel elision, according to the data collected in order to carry on the analysis presented in this dissertation, was more productive in clitic group boundaries, within the phonological phrase as well as in phonological phrase boundaries.

No description available.

Cette thèse de doctorat s'inscrit principalement, mais non entièrement, dans le domaine de la phonologie générale et romane. Elle a pour objet d'étude plusieurs phénomènes de sandhi attestés dans quelques variétés de gallo-roman : français, occitan, wallon, franco-provençal. Comme une grande partie des phénomènes phonologiques postlexicaux étudiés sont panromans, la thèse ne les analyse pas comme des processus isolés, mais à travers leur variation diatopique et diachronique, c'est-à-dire comme des manifestations concrètes de tendances communes aux langues romanes, tout en essayant d'expliquer leur motivation par des principes phonologiques universels, ainsi que par les méthodes de l'analyse contrastive.Dans cette thèse on pourrait délimiter trois grandes parties thématiques. La première a une portée théorique et englobe les chapitres I et II où sont présentées et analysées des données d'une soixantaine de langues parlées dans le monde entier. Dans cette partie je passe en revue les diverses acceptions controversées du terme de sandhi en vue d'en proposer ma propre définition grâce au formalisme de la phonologie prosodique. La deuxième partie a une portée phonologique et englobe les chapitres III, IV et V où sont étudiés trois phénomènes de sandhi de l'espace gallo-roman, à savoir la liaison, le redoublement phonosyntaxique et les alternances vocaliques avec zéro en syllabe initiale. La dernière partie thématique est représentée par le chapitre VI qui a une portée sociolinguistique. Les trois phénomènes de sandhi en question y sont comparés et analysés à la lumière des facteurs pour leur variation, parmi lesquels la tradition graphique occupe une place privilégiée.

No description available.