As data mining matures as a field and develops more powerful algorithms for discovering and exploiting patterns in data, the amount of data about individuals that is collected and stored continues to rapidly increase. This increase in data heightens concerns that data mining violates individual privacy. The goal of data mining is to derive aggregate conclusions, which should not reveal sensitive information. However, the data-mining algorithms run on databases containing information about individuals which may be sensitive. The goal of privacy-preserving data mining is to provide high-quality aggregate conclusions while protecting the privacy of the constituent individuals. The field of "privacy-preserving data mining" encompasses a wide variety of different techniques and approaches, and considers many different threat and trust models. Some techniques use perturbation, where noise is added (either directly to the database that is the input to the algorithm or to the output of queries) to obscure values of sensitive attributes; some use generalization, where identifying attributes are given less specific values; and some use cryp- tography, where joint computations between multiple parties are performed on encrypted data to hide inputs. Because these approaches are applied to different scenarios with different threat models, their overall e ectiveness and privacy properties are incomparable. In this thesis I take a pragmatic approach to privacy-preserving data mining and attempt to determine which techniques are suitable to real-world problems that a data miner might wish to solve, such as evaluating and learning decision-tree classifiers. I show that popular techniques for sanitizing databases prior to publication either fail to provide any meaningful privacy guarantees, or else degrade the data to the point of having only negligible data-mining utility. Cryptographic techniques for secure multi-party computation are a natural alternative to sanitized data publication, and guarantee the privacy of inputs by performing computations on encrypted data. Because of its heavy reliance on public-key cryptography, it is conventionally thought to be too slow to apply to real-world problems. I show that tailor-made protocols for specific data-mining problems can be made fast enough to run on real-world problems, and I strengthen this claim with empirical runtime analysis using prototype implementations. I also expand the use of secure computation beyond its traditional scope of applying a known algorithm to private inputs by showing how it can be used to e ciently apply a private algorithm, chosen from a specific class of algorithms, to a private input. / text

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<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Billions of people are living without access to safe hygienic means of personal sanitation. The sanitation gap is wide in developing countries where more people are increasingly becoming urbanised. Sanitation related diseases are some of the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among the population in developing countries especially children under age of 5 years. The responsible institutions are faced with challenge to provide suitable and affordable services to this increasing population. In Uganda, the urban poor are residing in the peri urban areas with inadequate sanitation facilities. The provision of conventional sanitation facilities are seen not be sustainable options due to contamination of both surface and underground water sources, congested housing structure and at the same time makes recycling and reuse of nutrients difficult.</p><p>This study investigated attitudes towards urine diverting toilets in one of the peri urban areas in Kampala, with the aim of finding out strategies to improve on awareness of ecological sanitation as well as popularise their use as alternative sanitation. Respondents’ views were collected through face to face interviews with 40 household respondents using a semi structured questionnaire and field observations of the household’s toilet in use as well as solid waste disposal. Four focus group discussions and 6 key informant interviews were also performed.</p><p>The respondents’ acceptance of the urine diverting toilets was relatively positive. Most of the respondents reported that the ecosan toilets are a viable option due to congested housing pattern, desire to own a toilet (for those who never had a toilet before), improved privacy, and convenience among other factors. Respondents who have no urine diverting toilets also preferred urine diverting toilets and expressed their willingness to replicate them. It was also found that residents in Kamwokya II parish prefer a double vault design to one which uses bucket. The findings also reveal that reuse of sanitized urine and faecal matter within the community is not possible since there is no space for urban agriculture. However, the respondents acknowledged a willingness to eat or buy food from a garden fertilized with sanitized urine and faecal matter. It was also found that there are no cultural and religious beliefs against reuse of sanitized urine and faecal matter. Some challenges that affected implementation of the pilot project were people’s reluctance to adopt at the beginning, delayed completion of some facilities and part time employees. Currently there is limited replication of toilets because of low cash income among the residents, delayed completion of some facilities and sceptical views by some residents.</p><p>Among the difficulties faced in use of toilet include forgetfulness by some people to spray ash after defecating, misplaced water entering the toilet vault during cleaning, children playing with the urine container etc. The provision for anal cleansing for Muslims, squat hole covers, closed urine chamber among others were suggested for system improvements. The study recommends more awareness campaigns through social marketing of toilet and reuse of nutrients, modification of design, government’s commitment and household change of behaviours are fundamental for encouraging more adoption and replication of the toilets.</p>

ABSTRACT Billions of people are living without access to safe hygienic means of personal sanitation. The sanitation gap is wide in developing countries where more people are increasingly becoming urbanised. Sanitation related diseases are some of the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among the population in developing countries especially children under age of 5 years. The responsible institutions are faced with challenge to provide suitable and affordable services to this increasing population. In Uganda, the urban poor are residing in the peri urban areas with inadequate sanitation facilities. The provision of conventional sanitation facilities are seen not be sustainable options due to contamination of both surface and underground water sources, congested housing structure and at the same time makes recycling and reuse of nutrients difficult. This study investigated attitudes towards urine diverting toilets in one of the peri urban areas in Kampala, with the aim of finding out strategies to improve on awareness of ecological sanitation as well as popularise their use as alternative sanitation. Respondents’ views were collected through face to face interviews with 40 household respondents using a semi structured questionnaire and field observations of the household’s toilet in use as well as solid waste disposal. Four focus group discussions and 6 key informant interviews were also performed. The respondents’ acceptance of the urine diverting toilets was relatively positive. Most of the respondents reported that the ecosan toilets are a viable option due to congested housing pattern, desire to own a toilet (for those who never had a toilet before), improved privacy, and convenience among other factors. Respondents who have no urine diverting toilets also preferred urine diverting toilets and expressed their willingness to replicate them. It was also found that residents in Kamwokya II parish prefer a double vault design to one which uses bucket. The findings also reveal that reuse of sanitized urine and faecal matter within the community is not possible since there is no space for urban agriculture. However, the respondents acknowledged a willingness to eat or buy food from a garden fertilized with sanitized urine and faecal matter. It was also found that there are no cultural and religious beliefs against reuse of sanitized urine and faecal matter. Some challenges that affected implementation of the pilot project were people’s reluctance to adopt at the beginning, delayed completion of some facilities and part time employees. Currently there is limited replication of toilets because of low cash income among the residents, delayed completion of some facilities and sceptical views by some residents. Among the difficulties faced in use of toilet include forgetfulness by some people to spray ash after defecating, misplaced water entering the toilet vault during cleaning, children playing with the urine container etc. The provision for anal cleansing for Muslims, squat hole covers, closed urine chamber among others were suggested for system improvements. The study recommends more awareness campaigns through social marketing of toilet and reuse of nutrients, modification of design, government’s commitment and household change of behaviours are fundamental for encouraging more adoption and replication of the toilets.