Στην εργασία αυτή μελετήθηκαν αρχιτεκτονικές χρονοπρογραμματισμού διεργασιών σε κόμβο ασύρματου δικτύου αισθητήρων, ο οποίος έχει πηγή περιορισμένης και μεταβλητής ισχύος. Τα ασύρματα δίκτυα αισθητήρων αποτελούνται από κόμβους που επικοινωνούν και ανταλλάσουν δεδομένα μεταξύ τους. Κάθε κόμβος πρέπει να έχει μεγάλη αυτονομία λειτουργίας και μικρή κατανάλωση ενέργειας. Στην εργασία αυτή προσομοιώθηκε ένα μοντέλο ενός κόμβου με πηγή ενέργειας την ηλιακή ισχύ, καθώς και ένα σύνολο διεργασιών με συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά και προθεσμίες εκτέλεσης. Εξετάστηκε η βέλτιστη διαχείριση της ενέργειας για την επιτυχή εκτέλεση των διεργασιών. Αρχικά μελετήθηκαν διάφοροι αλγόριθμοι χρονοπρογραμματισμού των διεργασιών του κόμβου (task scheduling), προσομοιώθηκε ένας βέλτιστος αλγόριθμος πραγματικού χρόνου (Lazy Scheduling Algorithm), μελετήθηκε και συγκρίθηκε η συμπεριφορά του. Στο επόμενο στάδιο, σχεδιάσθηκε μία αρχιτεκτονική για τον αλγόριθμο αυτό και υλοποιήθηκε με τη γλώσσα VHDL. Το υλικό, που προέκυψε με διαδικασία σύνθεσης της περιγραφής VHDL, προσομοιώθηκε και διαπιστώθηκε η αποτελεσματικότητα και η χαμηλή κατανάλωση ενέργειας του. Στο τελικό στάδιο βελτιώθηκε η αρχιτεκτονική του υλικού και μειώθηκε ακόμη περισσότερο η κατανάλωση ενέργειας. / -

Why do some people in Halifax, Nova Scotia work collecting recyclables rather than in other—more formal—means of employment? Some scholars argue that informal economic activity is the product of a shift towards flexible work regimes and reductions to the social welfare system (the informalization thesis) and/or that increasingly marginalized people are forced into informal economic activities by economic necessity (the marginalization thesis). Drawing on a close analysis of provincial and municipal recycling policies and ethnographic fieldwork with informal recyclers, I argue that the informalization and marginalization theses are based on overly deterministic models of informal employment. Demand for informal recycling in Halifax is supported by a complex raft of environmental legislation designed to increase the rate of recycling. People willingly choose informal recycling as an alternative to formal employment for various reasons, but above all because it offers a tax-free, honest living, autonomy and a decent income.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A radiação ionizante vem sendo empregada com sucesso na destoxicação de venenos. Neste trabalho a radiação foi utilizada para verificar os efeitos causados pelos produtos de radiólise da água na crotamina do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus. Estes efeitos foram analisados com o uso de algumas substâncias denominadas scavengers, que competem por espécies reativas específicas impedindo-as de agir na molécula. Para estudar, então, os possíveis danos estruturais causados às toxinas foram utilizadas as técnicas de dicroísmo circular, fluorescência, análise de ressonância nuclear magnética, análise de aminoácidos e análise de microscopia intravital. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a radiação ionizante causa alterações estruturais importante nas estruturas secundárias e terciárias da crotamina. Também foi possível verificar que a toxina depois de irradiada não tem arranjo tridimensional detectável por ressonância nuclear magnética e ainda que o efeito tóxico da molécula é alterado quando a toxina foi irradiada. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacaoRaphaelGomes.pdf: 1868602 bytes, checksum: 672048d88b1eb45c74f869fe6794261f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-13 / Scavenging grid computing environments are being even more used as an alternative aside traditional processing categories. This kind of system is characterized by using of communal and shared workstations and its main concern is the guarantee of performance for the user who gives its resources to the grid. This concern, and because it is an extremaly dynamic environment, causes the adoption of treatments limited to best-effort. However, this effort hardly ever is fulfilled in an optimal way due the fact that are usually used treatments which doesn t create an effective managing of resources, doing the competitiveness of the grid applications with the local applications always penalize the grid s tasks, lowing the its performance. This work presents an architecture for the performance improvement to the grid applications, which takes into account using profiles of resources for locals applications, trying to identify when it is temporary and avoid taking actions as grid tasks migration. As alternative way or additional is proposed the using of adaptive technics who focus allowing the grade tasks maintenance on the actual node or the system improvement. The architecture was partially implemented on InteGrade middleware. We describe the developed implementation an its evaluation / Ambientes de grade oportunista vêm sendo cada vez mais usados como alternativa a categorias tradicionais de processamento. Esse tipo de sistema se caracteriza pela utilização de estações de trabalho comuns e compartilhadas e tem como principal preocupação a garantia de desempenho para o usuário que cede seus recursos à grade. Essa preocupação, aliada ao fato deste ser um ambiente computacional extremamente dinâmico, faz com que os tratamentos adotados no sistema sejam limitados ao melhor-esforço. Contudo, esse esforço nem sempre é cumprido da melhor forma possível pois geralmente são adotados tratamentos que não realizam um gerenciamento eficiente dos recursos, fazendo com que a competitividade das aplicações da grade com as aplicações locais penalize sempre as tarefas da grade, diminuindo o desempenho destas. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma arquitetura para melhoria de desempenho para aplicações da grade, que leva em consideração perfis de utilização de recursos por aplicações locais, tentando identificar quando isso é algo passageiro e evitar a tomada de ações como migração de tarefas da grade. Como medida alternativa ou adicional é proposto o uso de técnicas adaptativas que visam permitir a manutenção das tarefas da grade no nó atual ou melhorar o sistema. A arquitetura foi parcialmente implementada no middleware InteGrade. Descrevemos a implementação desenvolvida e sua avaliação

La bactérie hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima a été cultivée dans un fermenteur dans lequel la concentration en O2 a été rigoureusement contrôlée. A 80°C et pH 7, il a été démontré que T. maritima pouvait survivre à des expositons de durées variables à l’O2 et qu’elle était capable de le consommer. La vitesse spécifique de consommation de l’O2 a été estimée à 73.6 µmoles O2.min-1.g protéines-1 lors d’une courte exposition à l’O2 (30 min). De longues expositions à l’O2 (20 h) nous ont permis de démontrer que la présence d’O2 ralentissait la croissance de T. maritima et conduisait à un shift du métabolisme vers la production de lactate aux dépens de l’acétate et à un arrêt de production d’H2. Dans ces conditions, il a été constaté que 73% du glucose était consommé selon un métabolisme partiellement oxydatif faisant intervenir simultanément les deux voies Embden-Meyerhof et Entner-Doudoroff de la glycolyse. En l’occurrence, l’oxydation incomplète du glucose est corrélée à la réduction de l’O2 en eau. Les études transcriptomiques ont montré que cette réduction de l’O2 résultait d’une cascade de réactions intermédiaires faisant intervenir des enzymes de type peroxydases [activation de l’expression des enzymes Ahp (alkyl hydroperoxyde réductase), Bcp1 et Bcp2 (thiol peroxydase thioredoxin-dépendante)] qui acheminent les électrons libérés via les radicaux libres. D’autres enzymes comme la rubréryhtrine et la neelarédoxine interviendraient pour détoxiquer les espèces réactives d’O2. Les électrons libérés seraient au final utilisés pour réduire l’O2 en H2O par l’enzyme FprA, dont l’expression varie en fonction du potentiel redox du milieu de culture. Ce schéma est proposé comme un des éléments essentiels du dispositif enzymatique permettant la consommation de l’O2 et la protection des cellules contre les effets des espèces réactives de l’oxygène chez T. maritima. / Batch cultures of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima were performed in a bioreactor where O2 concentrations in the gas phase were strictly controlled. At 80°C and pH 7, we demonstrated that T. maritima survived despite being exposed to oxygen at different times and that it consumed it. O2 uptake rate was estimated at 73.6 µmoles O2 min-1g proteins-1 during a short exposure to O2 (30 minutes). A long time exposure of T. maritima cultures to oxygen (20h) led to a drastic reduction in growth, together with a shift in glucose metabolism towards lactate instead of acetate production and a stop in H2 production. Under these conditions, it has been observed that 73% of glucose was partially oxidised by using both Embden-Meyerhof and Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic payhways. Uncomplete oxidation of glucose is correlated to a reduction of O2 to H2O. Transcription analyses revealed that this reductive process of O2 involved enzymes like peroxidases [activation of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (ahp), bcp1 and thioredoxin-dependent thiol peroxidase (bcp 2)]. Moreover, genes encoding reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging systems (neelaredoxin and rubrerythrin), were found to be upregulated during oxygen exposure. The oxygen reductase FprA, which expression was shown to depend on the redox level of the culture medium, is proposed as a primary consumer of O2. All these enzymes are essential for T. maritima to consume O2 consumption and to fight against the toxic effects of ROS in cells.

Les métaux lourds et les radionucléides sont présents dans différents écosystèmes du monde à cause de contaminations naturelles ou des activités anthropiques. L’utilisation de micro-organismes pour restaurer ces écosystèmes pollués, processus connu sous le nom de bioremédiation, suscite beaucoup d’intérêt, spécialement aux pH proches de la neutralité. Les minéraux de fer qui encroûtent les bactéries neutrophiles du fer, notamment les Oxydes de Fer Biogéniques (BIOS en anglais), ont une structure très faiblement cristalline, qui en plus de leur grande surface et réactivité font d’eux d’excellents supports pour le piégeage de polluants inorganiques. Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié les différents mécanismes de piégeage de l’uranium uranium par la bactérie neutrophile Sphaerotilus natans, choisie comme modèle bactérien de micro-organismes du fer capables de filamenter en formant des gaines. S. natans peut croître sous forme de cellules individuelles ou formant des filaments. Ces derniers ont été utilisés pour étudier la biosorption d’U(VI) et sa sorption sur les BIOS. De plus, la sorption d’U(VI) sur les analogues abiotiques de ces minéraux de fer a été testée. Afin d’utiliser les filaments de S. natans pour piéger l’U(VI), il était nécessaire d’identifier les facteurs induisant la filamentation de S. natans. L’influence de l’oxygène a été établie en utilisant des techniques de biologie moléculaire et nos résultats ont démontré que tandis qu’en condition d’oxygène saturé elle croît sous forme de cellules individuelles, une diminution modérée d’oxygène à ~ 3 mg O2.L-1 la fait croître sous la forme désirée, des filaments de S. natans.Les BIOS attachés aux filaments de S. natans ainsi que ses analogues abiotiques ont été analysés pas XAS au seuil K du Fe. Les deux matériaux identifiés sont des phosphates de fer(III) amorphes avec une faible proportion de fer(II), qui présentent une réactivité élevée pour le piégeage de polluants inorganiques. L’EXAFS au seuil LIII de l’U a montré la même structure pour les couches O, tandis que celles P, Fe et C étaient différentes en fonction des sorbants. Une étude intégrée qui combine des techniques expérimentales avec des calculs de spéciation a permis de décrire les isothermes d’adsorption de l’U(VI) en utilisant un modèle de complexation de surface. Ces résultats suggèrent que les groupes phosphoryles et carboxyles sont les groupes fonctionnels principaux pour la biosorption d’U(VI) par des filaments de S. natans. Les résultats de cette thèse vont aider à comprendre les processus contrôlant l’immobilisation de l’U(VI), soit par la biosorption sur S. natans, la sorption sur les BIOS ou la sorption sur les phosphates de fer, et en conséquence le devenir de l’U en conditions neutres / Heavy metals and radionuclides are present in some ecosystems worldwide due to natural contaminations or anthropogenic activities. The use of microorganisms to restore those polluted ecosystems, a process known as bioremediation, is of increasing interest, especially under near-neutral pH conditions. Iron minerals encrusting neutrophilic iron-related bacteria, especially Bacteriogenic Iron Oxides (BIOS), have a poorly crystalline structure, which in addition to their large surface area and reactivity make them excellent scavengers for inorganic pollutants. In this PhD work we studied the different mechanisms of uranium scavenging by the neutrophilic bacterium Sphaerotilus natans, chosen as a model bacterium for iron-related sheath-forming filamentous microorganisms. S. natans can grow as single cells and filaments. The latter were used to investigate U(VI) biosorption and U(VI) sorption onto BIOS. In addition, uranium sorption onto the abiotic analogues of such iron minerals was assessed. In order to use S. natans filaments for U(VI) scavenging, it was necessary to identify factors inducing S. natans filamentation. The influence of oxygen was ascertained by using molecular biology techniques and our results revealed that while saturated oxygen conditions resulted in single cell growth, a moderate oxygen depletion to ~ 3 mg O2.L-1 led to the desired filamentous growth of S. natans. BIOS attached to S. natans filaments as well as the abiotic analogues were analysed by XAS at Fe K-edge. Both materials were identified as amorphous iron(III) phosphates with a small component of Fe(II), with a high reactivity towards scavenging of inorganic pollutants. In addition, EXAFS at the U LIII-edge revealed a common structure for the O shells, while those for P, Fe and C were different for each sorbent. An integrated approach combining experimental techniques and speciation calculations made it possible to describe U(VI) adsorption isotherms by using a surface complexation model. These results suggested the role of phosphoryl and carboxyl groups as the main functional groups involved in the U(VI) biosorption by S. natans. The results of this PhD work will help to better understand the processes governing U(VI) immobilization, either by S. natans biosorption, sorption onto BIOS or sorption onto iron phosphates, an thus the fate of uranium in near-neutral pH environments

Master’s Thesis deals with obtaining electricity from the vibrations of the surrounding environment through piezoelectric vibration generator. To simulation piezoceramics and design mechanical parts of the generator was used simulation program ANSYS 10.0. First, parameters of the designed piezoelectric generator were numerically calculated, and then these values were compared with the real sample. Further work is in the description of material properties of piezo materials.

This work deals with the power supply of wireless sensors. When using a wireless sensor is desirable application of alternative energy sources, because the primary cells or batteries may reduce the extent or length of service of the sensor itself. Ambient energy can be used as a suitable alternative source. This energy must be in an appropriate form, which allows its conversion to electric energy. These appropriate, already used types include: solar en., temperature gradient en., en. of flowing liquids, vibration, etc. The advantage of vibrations is its presence in almost all mechanical systems. One of the possibilities for using the vibration of machine systems for power supply wireless sensors is using the vibration power generator with oscillating component. The generator must be designed so that its resonance frequency coincides with the frequency of vibration in the machine system. This method can be used only if the machinery system vibrations at least partially constant. Another option is to use the vibrations caused by, for example, transit transport, or different step acting factor. In this case, it is desirable that the generator is designed with variable resonant frequency, which can partly be achieved, for example, integrating several oscillating component in the body of generator. After the general analysis of the problem, graduation theses will be concerned with the possibility of use of energy from the short damped oscillation and step impulse. Focusing on a proposal of multi-element structures.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de l’évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques d’un panache d’aérosols désertiques nord africains au cours de son transport vers l’Europe du Nord. Cet épisode de mai 2008 est considéré comme l’évènement de transport d’aérosols désertiques le plus important de ces cinq dernières années observé sur le continent européen. La propagation de ce panache a été étudiée en combinant des moyens d’observation (sols, aéroportées, spatiales) au modèle de recherche Méso-NH. L’analyse des processus de dépôt a révélée que les quantités éliminées de l’atmosphère par dépôt sec et humide représentent respectivement 7 et 40 % de la quantité émise. Les valeurs d’épaisseur optique mesurées à 440 nm sur l’Europe variaient de 0.1 à 0.8, avec un maximum proche de 1 au-dessus des Pays-Bas. Au-dessus de cette région, les aérosols désertiques sont principalement situés entre 2.5 et 5.2 km d’altitude, mais aussi proche de la surface. La concentration en aérosols désertiques au sein de ces deux couches a été estimée respectivement à 350 et 450 ��g.m-3. Néanmoins, les mesures réalisées ne présentaient pas les caractéristiques optiques habituellement associées à la présence d’aérosols désertiques. En particulier, la présence d’une importante dépendance spectrale a été observée le 30 mai à proximité de Cabauw. L’exploitation des simulations ont permis de montrer que cela résultait d’une efficacité de lessivage plus importante du mode grossier. La présence d’aérosols désertiques coïncide avec une augmentation de la concentration des noyaux de condensation (CCN). Nos résultats suggèrent que le mélange entre le panache et les aérosols de pollution d’origine anthropique a conduit à une augmentation des capacités hygroscopiques des aérosols désertiques. Ce travail de recherche confirme ainsi que les conditions physico-chimiques de l'atmosphère régissent le cycle de vie des aérosols. / This thesis focuses on the evolution of the dust physical and chemical properties through a case of long-range transport of Saharan dust over Northern Europe. This episode of May 2008 is considered as the strongest event of Saharan dust transport to Europe observed since these last five years. This spread of dust is investigated by combining observations (ground-based, airborne, satellite) and the meso-scale model Méso-NH.The analysis of the removal processes reveals that the amounts lost by dry and wet deposition represent 7 and 40 % the total dust emitted respectively. The observed aerosol optical thickness ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 at the wavelength of 440 nm, with a maximum value close to 1 is found over the Netherlands. Over that site, the dust layer was mainly located between 2.5 and 5.2 km, moreover dust was also present at 0.5 km. The concentration of dust inside these two layers is estimated to 350 and 450 ��g.m-3 respectively. Nevertheless, the usual optical characteristics of Saharan dust were not observed. In particular, the scattering coefficient measurements revealed a strong spectral dependence observed during the 30th May, close to Cabauw. The analysis of the numerical experiements revealed that this was due to high precipitation scavenging efficiency for the coarse mode. The presence of Saharan dust coincides with an increase of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. Our results suggest that the mixing processes between the Saharan dust and anthropogenic particles have led to an increase of the Saharan dust hygroscopic properties. Thus, this thesis confirms that physical and chemical conditions of the atmosphere govern the life cycle of dust.