Logistics and Supply Chain Management are known in a professional public awareness more and more as activities which give a competitive advantage to companies which handle it well. The main objective of my diploma was to create a coprehensive guideline for logistics projects. This guideline shows the way how to manager logistics and supply chain management projects. In the theoretical part, I tried to cover the main areas of logistics and supply chain management in conjunction with the project management.The aim of my analysis was to apply the logistics guideline in a specific project for Jednota, spotřebitelské družstvo Ceske Budejovice, from the perspective of consultancy firm which was responsible for the solution of this project.

This thesis offers an overview of essential trends in the field of enterprise information systems. It analyses trends in separate parts of information system, as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Business Intelligence (BI). Then it follows trends like cloud computing, virtualisation, enterprise mobility and Web 2.0.

The thesis is focused on SCM and information support for supply chain managers with emphasis on modelling and simulation. The first main aim of the work is to verify the method for applicability in SCM problem solution. The second main aim is to analyse supply chains by means of modelling and simulation and find the most suitable supply chains for the area of The New economics. The third main aim is to analyse behaviour of supply chains under changing factors on which the supply chains are initially modelled. The output of this work is applicable in the theory, practice and education

Master thesis deals with the selection of a suitable information system for company ELKOV elektro a.s., which deals with the sale of electronic material and luminaries. A Suitable system is selected using rough and fine selection according per company's requirements. The thesis also contains timetable for implementation and economic evaluation.

Under de senaste decennierna har världen genomgått en stadig ökning av konsumtion av varor. Medan konkurrensen mellan företag ständigt ökar är det viktigare än någonsin att förse konsumenter med rätt produkt, vid rätt tidpunkt och till rätt pris. På grund av detta har supply chain management blivit en nyckelfunktion i de flesta företag, inte minst eftersom det har en stor inverkan på viktiga aspekter som kundtjänst, lönsamhet och företags generella prestanda. För att som företag uppnå förbättringar och uppnå mål såsom ökad konkurrenskraft är det fördelaktigt att mäta och analysera sin prestanda kontinuerligt. Rapporten syftar till att undersöka vilka mätvärden som representerar försörjningskedjans prestanda och hur dessa kan kombineras till en modell. En litteraturstudie genomfördes där data samlades in från ett stort antal vetenskapliga artiklar. För att få ytterligare kunskap och expertis från e-handelsbranschen samlades data in genom intervjuer och dokument från företaget Jollyroom, som sedan jämfördes med tidigare studier inom forskningsområdet. Den presenterade litteraturen indikerar att det finns ett befintligt utbud av modeller för att mäta prestanda inom försörjningskedjor, men få av dem tar hänsyn till aspekter som tillämpning, benchmarking eller lokalisering av förbättringar. Med hänsyn till detta har en föreslagen modell med namnet Supply Chain Performance Measurement Tool (SCPMT) utformats för att mäta supply chain performance med hjälp av en uppsättning av 61 mätvärden. Den föreslagna modellen använder en hierarkisk struktur vilket möjliggör konsolidering av mätetalen utefter både processer och attribut. Modellens processer är uppdelade i kategorierna anskaffning, intern affärsprocess, distribution, retur och stöd- & ledningsprocess. Modellen använder även de tre finansiella attributen intäkter, kostnader och tillgångar. Mätvärdena som används i modellen bör fördelaktigt jämföras mot ett måltal som sätts av modellens användare vilket kommer att generera en grad av måluppfyllelse. / During the last decades the world has seen a steady increase in the consumption of goods. While the competition among companies is constantly increasing it is more important than ever to provide customers with the right product, at the right time and at the right price. Due to this, supply chain management has become a key function in most companies as it has a large impact on important aspects such as customer service, profitability and the overall performance of a business. In order to achieve improvements and accomplish goals such as increased competitiveness, it is preferable to measure and analyze its performance constantly. This paper aims to investigate which metrics that represent supply chain performance and how these can be combined into a model. A literature study was conducted where data was collected from a large number of scientific papers. In order to gain further knowledge and expertise from the industry of e-commerce, data was collected through interviews and documents at the company Jollyroom, and then compared to previous studies. The literature presented indicates that a range of models exist to measure supply chain performance, however, only some of them take application, benchmarking or localization of improvements into consideration. With this taken into consideration, a proposed model named Supply Chain Performance Measurement Tool (SCPMT) has been designed in order measure supply chain performance using a set of 61 metrics. The proposed model uses a hierarchical structure and consists of metrics that can be consolidated to processes and attributes. The processes used in the model are categorized as source, internal business process, distribution, return and supportive/management process. The model uses the three financial attributes revenues, costs and assets. The metrics used in the model should preferably be compared against an objective or target set by the user of the model, which will generate a rate of fulfillment.

This dissertation explores data fusion methodology to deduce an overall inference from the data gathered from multiple heterogeneous sources. Typically, if there existed a data source in which the data were reliable and unbiased, then data fusion would not be necessary. Data fusion methodology combines data form multiple diverse sources so that the desired information - such as the population mean - is improved despite redundancies, inaccuracies, biases, and inflated variability in the data. Examples of data fusion include estimating average demand from similar sources, and integrating fatality counts from different media sources after a catastrophe. The approach in this study combines "inputs" from distinct sources so that the information is "fused." Another way of describing this process is "data integration." Important assumptions are 1. Several sources provide "inputs" for information used to estimate parameters of a probability distribution. 2. Since distributions for the data from the sources are heterogeneous, some sources are less reliable. 3. Distortions, bias, censorship, and systematic errors may be more prominent in data from certain sources. 4. The sample size of sources data, number of "inputs," may be very small. Examples of information from multiple sources are abundant: traffic information from sensors at intersections, multiple economic indicators from various sources, demand data for product using similar retail stores as sources, polling data from various sources, and disaster count of fatalities from different media sources after a catastrophic event. This dissertation seeks to address a gap in the operations literature by addressing three research questions regarding entropy base data fusion (EBDF) approaches to estimation. Three separate, but unifying, essays address the research questions for this dissertation. Essay 1 provides an overview of supporting literature for the research questions. A numerical analysis of airline maximum wait time data illustrates the underlying issues involved in EBDF methods. This essay addresses the research question: Why consider alternative entropy-based weighting methods? Essay 2 introduces 13 data fusion methods. A Monte Carlo simulation study examines the performance of these methods in estimating the mean parameter of a population with either a normal or lognormal distribution. This essay addresses the following research questions: 1. Can an alternative formulation for Shannon's entropy enhance the performance of Sheu (2010)'s data fusion approach? 2. Do symmetric and skewed distributions affect the 13 data fusion methods differently? 3. Do negative and positive biases affect the performance of the 13 methods differently? 4. Do entropy based data fusion methods outperform non-entropy based data fusion methods? 5. Which data fusion methods are recommended for symmetric and skewed data sets when no bias is present? What is the recommendation under conditions of few data sources? Essay 3 explores the use of the data fusion method estimates of the population mean in a newsvendor problem. A Monte Carlo simulation study investigates the accuracy of the using the estimates provided in Essay 2 as the parameter estimate for the distribution of demand that follows an exponential distribution. This essay addresses the following research questions: 1. Do data fusion methods with relatively strong performance in estimating the parameter mean estimate also provide relatively strong performance in estimating the optimal demand under a given ratio of overage and underage costs? 2. Do any of the data fusion methods deteriorate or improve with the introduction of positive and negative bias? 3. Do the alternative entropy formulations to Shannon's entropy enhance the performance of the methods on a relative basis? 4. Is the relative rank ordering performance of the data fusion methods different in Essay 2 and Essay 3 in the resulting performances of the methods? The contribution of this research is to introduce alternative EBDF methods, and to establish a framework for using EBDF methods in supply chain decision making. A comparative Monte Carlo simulation analysis study will provide a basis to investigate the robustness of the proposed data fusion methods for estimation of population parameters in a newsvendor problem with known distribution, but unknown parameter. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the effect of multiple sources, sample size, and distributions.

Leanness, agility, resilience, greenness, and sustainability of a supply chain are critical factors that organizations have to consider to increase the competitiveness of their supply chain. Lean & Green (L&G) practices have been proven to enhance performance related to sustainability when deployed. Simultaneously, agility and resilience have gained significant attention due to the Covid-19 pandemic, as its outbreak revealed the fragility of various supply chains globally. The LARGS (lean, agile, resilient, green, and sustainable) framework is an essential tool which considers all LARGS paradigms holistically to facilitate LARGS performance improvements. In this study, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to explore the current development of the LARGS framework. A case study was performed in Airinum, a company which produces personal protective equipment (PPE). Furthermore, an LCA was conducted using collected internal data as a tool to identify the hotspots of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the ecological footprint (EF) of the supply chain operations. Moreover, with the help of interviews conducted with company representatives and questionnaires answered by Airinum’s partners, L&G practices were evaluated and proposed for implementation. The L&G practices were prioritized according to (1) weight, (2) integration categories, (3) potential agility risks, and (4) potential resilience risks. To consider the triple bottom line (TBL), potential economic and social sustainability influences were also investigated. The results from the LARGS framework indicate that the case company would benefit from frequent interaction with suppliers and customers to improve the production process and reduce waste. Integration of the material and information flow facilitates accurate supply and demand forecasting in addition to real-time monitoring of the material flow. Green transportation was found to be an essential practice for the reduction of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the company would benefit from using a higher proportion of renewable and recycled materials in addition to using various tools to monitor and decrease resource consumption. Results indicate that the practices may influence economic sustainability while those proposed have no significant effect on the social sustainability performance of the company. Future research is directed toward the validation of the proposed LARGS framework.

[pt] As companhias farmacêuticas necessitam dirigir atenção à demanda crescente em trazer medicamentos ao mercado em uma forma econômica. A pressão sobre o preço está aumentando, e as vantagens de ter um período de exclusividade da utilização de suas patentes estão diminuindo, enquanto a produção de produtos genéricos está crescendo em todo mundo. Ter um portifólio de novas drogas é crítico, mas também é crítico ter habilidade de trazer essas drogas ao mercado em uma maneira eficiente e de baixo custo. Entretanto, as companhias farmacêuticas não podem mais contar unicamente em pesquisa e desenvolvimento e marketing para sobreviver, mas devem também confiar nos valores agregados pela gestão da cadeia de suprimentos (Supply Chain Management - SCM). Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem o intuito de analisar o modelo de SCM global utilizado por uma grande empresa de medicamentos (Glaxosmithkline-GSK), através da apresentação das principais características de sua cadeia de suprimentos, da análise do planejamento e gerenciamento do suprimento e da demanda e da análise de práticas de SCM implementadas por esta empresa na Europa. / [en] Pharmaceutical companies need to address the growing demand for bringing medicines to market in an economical way. Price pressure is increasing, and the advantages of having a buffered patent window is decreasing as generic manufacturing is on the rise. Having a pipeline of new drugs is critical, but it is also critical the ability to bring them to market in a cost effective and efficient manner. However, pharmaceutical companies can no longer solely rely on research and development and marketing to survive, but must also rely on supply chain management to deliver value. Within this context, this dissertation intends to analyze the supply chain management model of a major pharmaceutical company (GlaxoSmithkline - GSK) throughout an overview of the key characteristics of its supply chain, supply and demand management and some examples of projects implemented in Europe.

[pt] Contratos de fornecimento coordenadores são fundamentais para resgatar a eficiência de sistemas de produção prejudicada pela progressiva redução da integração vertical. A maior parte da literatura sobre esse assunto trata da análise contratos entre manufatura e varejista, ou que maximizam o lucro de uma das partes. Entretanto, na prática, contratos entre duas manufaturas são mais freqüentes e de análise mais difícil, pois ambas têm suas vendas limitadas pelas capacidades que decidiram no médio- prazo. Esta pesquisa analisa um contrato de reserva de capacidade, envolvendo incentivo e penalidade, concebido para coordenar as decisões de médio-prazo de duas manufaturas autônomas sobre suas capacidades para um único período de planejamento e diante de demandas estocásticas. Sob esse contrato, a fornecedora promete vender para o comprador, a um preço com desconto, tudo o que ele vier a pedir até uma certa quantidade previamente estabelecida. Caso o comprador peça mais do que essa quantidade, pagará o excedente a preço de mercado; se pedir menos do que essa quantidade, ele pagará uma penalidade previamente estabelecida por cada unidade que deixar de pedir. A fornecedora reserva a capacidade necessária para produzir a quantidade estabelecida, até que o comprador faça seu pedido e, depois, usa a sobra de capacidade para vender no mercado. Modelos de otimização estocástica são utilizados para avaliar o aumento que o contrato pode propiciar no lucro de cada parte e, também, quão próximo de um máximo ideal ele pode levar o lucro conjunto da díade. Análises numéricas realizadas em diferentes situações indicam que o contrato pode promover coordenação total e permite diferentes distribuições do ganho. / [en] Coordinating-supply-contracts are key to restoring the production-systems eficiency lost with the progressive reduction of vertical integration. The bulk of the literature on this subject focuses on the analysis of a contract between a retailer and a manufacturer, or on contracts that maximize the profit of one of the parties. However, contracts between two manufacturers are more frequent in practice, and harder to analyze because both parties have their actual sales constrained by their medium-term capacity decisions. This research analyzes a capacity-reservation contract with reward-and-penalty designed to coordinate the single-period medium-term capacity decisions of two autonomous manufacturers facing stochastic market demands. Under this contract, the supplier will sell to the buyer, at a discount price, whatever he orders up to a certain previously agreed quantity. If the buyer's order is in excess of this quantity, he will purchase this excess at market price; if it is short, he will pay an agreed per-unit penalty for what he fails to order up to this quantity. The supplier reserves the capacity for producing the agreed quantity until the buyer announces his order, and then uses the remaining capacity for selling to the market. Stochastic optimization models are used to evaluate the improvement the contract can bring to each party's profit, and also how close it can take the dyad's joint profit to an ideal maximum. Numerical analyses carried out in different settings indicate that the contract can achieve full coordination and allows different distributions of the gain between the parties.

A dissertação a seguir submete à apreciação uma sugestão inovadora de um modelo de plataforma para a automação dos processos, trocas de informações e documentos eletrônicos utilizando o EDI - Electronic Data Interchange, entre empresas envolvidas no processo do Gerenciamento da Cadeia de Suprimentos (SCM - Supply Chain Management), visando a redução de custos e eliminação das etapas operacionais; ações que se tornam fundamentais para a sobrevivência e crescimento em um mundo globalizado e competitivo. Na parte inicial, apresenta-se a atual situação do Comércio Exterior Brasileiro; seu crescimento ao longo dos anos, sua relevância frente aos mercados internacionais e a participação das empresas brasileiras nesse cenário. Na seqüência, são apresentados os conceitos do SCM e a evolução da logística, inserindo os detalhes do EDI, sua utilização para a automação dos processos mercantil e logístico. Como exemplo, foram incluídos comentários sobre as iniciativas do Governo Brasileiro na utilização da Nota Fiscal Eletrônica (NF-e), cuja finalidade foi automatizar o processo mercantil das empresas e diminuir a sonegação fiscal. A seguir, há a apresentação da pesquisa, realizada com 38 (trinta e oito) - entre as 500 (quinhentas) empresas de maior faturamento do Brasil - com a finalidade de demonstrar os benefícios, a satisfação e o nível de automação após a utilização do EDI dentro das áreas mercantil, logística e financeira dessas empresas. Algumas informações como, por exemplo, o aumento das vendas e a diminuição da falta de produtos nas prateleiras (ruptura de gôndola), entre outros resultados, também mereceram destaque, uma vez que, segundo a pesquisa, esses indicadores foram melhorados através da utilização do EDI. Finalmente, para concluir, é sugerido um modelo de plataforma utilizando o EDI e a TI - Tecnologia da Informação, com a finalidade de automatizar ainda mais os processos existentes nas empresas, aumentando a eficiência nos processos de negócio no âmbito nacional e internacional, nos diferentes níveis de relacionamento, seja com clientes, fornecedores, governo e outras empresas. O modelo de plataforma sugerido contempla a utilização de várias tecnologias distintas, tornando-as disponíveis a diferentes empresas independente do porte. / The present work suggests an innovative idea about a new model of a platform proceedings automation, sharing electronic information and documents making use of the EDI - Electronic Data Interchange, between companies on SCM - Supply Chain Management, focusing costs reducing and eliminating operational processes steps, crucial to survival and growth in a globalized and competitiveness world. At beginning, it makes an analysis about Brazilian\'s Foreign Commerce scenario, its growth in a period of two years, its relevance facing international market and Brazilians company\'s market share on the scenario. In the sequence, it brings some concepts about SCM and logistics\' evolution, including details of EDI, its automation use to mercantile and logistics processes. Moreover, as an example, it brings comments about initiatives of Brazilian\'s Government about the use of electronic invoice (NF-e) that is used to automatize mercantile processes for companies reducing misappropriation. Following, it shows a market resource carried out with 38 (thirty eight) of 500 biggest Brazilian companies concerning benefits, satisfaction and automation levels using the EDI in the following areas: mercantile, logistics and financial areas of those companies. Some information like sales growth and reduction of products\' needs on the shelves among results deserved attention, because according to the resource all of those indicators were improved through the use of EDI. Finally, the present work suggests a model of using EDI and IT (Information Technology), to the effect of automatizing all the processes in the companies, increasing efficiency in the business process, with clients, suppliers, government and other companies, domestic and international market. The use of many different technologies are regarded on the platform\'s model, this make it available for companies with different sizes.