Bakgrund: Ett barn kan behöva vård på NVA av olika anledningar. För att familjen ska känna trygghet inför transitionen till hemmet krävs god planering och samverkan i hela vårdkedjan, från NVA till BHV. Det skapar förutsättning för att främja hälsa hos familjen. Föräldrar är med stöd av specialistsjuksköterskan viktiga för barnets utveckling och välbefinnande. Tidigare forskning visar att föräldrar som är delaktiga i sitt barns omvårdnad blir trygga att själva vårda barnet vilket stärker anknytningen och kan leda till en kortare vårdtid på NVA. Specialistsjuksköterskan är den som har kunskap om transitionens innebördoch kan anpassa stöd efter familjens behov för att bibehålla hälsa. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva föräldrars erfarenheter av transition från neonatal vårdavdelning till hemmet. Metod: En scoping review som analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre huvudteman framkom; Utskrivningens betydelse för framtiden, En förändrad livsvärld och Föräldrars behov. Det första temat består av tre subteman; Att känna glädje och oro inför hemgång som belyser föräldrars ambivalenta känslor kopplade till transition till hemmet och vikten av kompetent vårdpersonal för att föräldrar ska känna trygghet. Att inte känna sig inkluderad som pappa visar på pappors känslor av att inte bli inkluderade i sitt barns vård som gör att de upplever en svårighet att stötta sin partner och barn. Att förbättra transitionen till hemmet belyser föräldrars olika perspektiv av förberedelse inför transition. Det andra temat innehåller tre subteman; Att vara i sin hemmiljö beskriver föräldrars erfarenheter av att komma hem med sitt barn. Att få nya perspektiv på livet belyser föräldrars upplevelse av att bli föräldrar först när barnet kommer hem men också upplevelser av att kunna leva vidare efter transitionen. Att vilja skydda barnet innehåller upplevelser och erfarenheter av att skapa en vardag med barnet. I det tredje temat framkom två subteman; Att få stöd i sin föräldraroll beskriver olika former av stöd som föräldrar upplever i transitionen och Strategier för att hantera situationen tar upp metoder som föräldrar fann stöd genom. Slutsats: Det kan innebära en stor utmaning för föräldrar att få ett barn som behöver vård på NVA. Transitionen till hemmet behöver förberedelse. Föräldrar upplevde trygghet och kände mindre ambivalens när de fick stöd och vägledning från vårdpersonal. Föräldrar som gjorts delaktiga i sitt barns omvård på NVA kunde uppleva transitionen mer glädjefylld än de som inte fått den erfarenheten. Specialistsjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att underlätta transitionen för föräldrar för att de ska känna sig trygga och säkra i att själva vårda barnet hemma. Ytterligare kompetens och stöd från specialistsjuksköterskan behövs för att transitionen ska upplevas trygg och säker för föräldrar. / Background: There can be various reasons for a child needing care in neonatal care unit. Forthe family to feel secure before the transition to home, good planning and cooperation is required throughout the continuity of patientcare, from neonatal care unit to children healthcare services. It creates conditions for promoting health in the family. Parents, with the support of the nurse specialist, are important for the child’s development and well-being. Previous research shows that parents who are involved in their child’s care become confident in caring for the child themselves, which strengthens the connection and can lead to a shorter period of care at the neonatal care unit. The nurse specialist is the one who has knowledge of the meaning of the transition and can adapt support to the family’s needs to maintain health. Aim: The aim was to describe parents’ experiences of the transition from neonatal care unit to home. Method: A scoping review that was analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results: Three main themes emerged in the result; The importance of the transition, A changed life world and Parents’needs. The first theme consists of three subthemes; Feeling joy and anxiety before going homewhich highlights parent’s ambivalent feelings connected to the transition home and the importance of competent healthcare professionals for parents to feel security. Not feeling included as a father shows fathers’ feelings of not being included in their child’s care, which makes them experience difficulty in supporting their partners and child. Improving the transition to the home highlights parents’ different perspectives of preparation for transition.The second theme contains three subthemes; Being in their home environment describes parents’ experiences of coming home with their child. Gaining new perspectives in lifehighlights parents’ experiences of becoming parents when the child comes home, but also experiences of being able to continue living after the transition. Wanting to protect the childincludes experiences and perspectives of creating a daily life with the child. In the third theme, two subthemes emerged; Getting support in the parental role describes different types of support that parents experience during the transition and Strategies to handle the situationexplain methods that parents found support through. Conclusion: It might imply a great challenge when parents get a child in need of care at neonatal care unit. The transition to home needs preparation. Parents experienced security and felt less ambivalence when they get through nursing staff got support and guidance. Parents who been involved in their child’s care in the neonatal care unit experienced the transition more joyous than parents who was not involved. The nurse specialist has an important role in facilitating the transition. To make the parents secure and safe taking care of their child at home. Further competence of parents’experiences requires in both neonatal care units and in child health services.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relation är ett stort samhällsproblem såväl globalt som nationellt. Uppemot vart tionde barn i Sverige växer upp med att uppleva våld i nära relation. Att belysa barns upplevelser av våld bidrar i denna studie till en djupare kunskap för våldets karaktär samt våldets påverkan på anknytningen mellan barn och dess vårdnadshavare. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att syntetisera och analysera hur tidigare forskning beskriver barns upplevelser av våld i nära relation. Metod: Denna studie är en litteraturöversikt där 16 primärstudier samlades in och analyserades med en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet belyser hur barn på skilda sätt upplever våld i hemmet, samt hur de bär på enkänsla av rädsla och oro inför våldet. Resultatet visar även på att barnen inte är passiva åskådare till våldet, utan alla barn agerar på något sätt i samband med att våldet uppstår. / Background: Intimate partner violence is a major societal problem both globally and nationally. Up to one in ten children in Sweden grows up experiencing intimate partner violence. Illuminating children's experiences of violence in this study contributes to a deeper knowledge of the character of violence and the impact of violence on the attachment between children and their guardians. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to synthesize and analyze how previous research describes children´s experiences of intimate partner violence. Method: This study is a literature review where 16 primary studies were collected and analyzed using a thematic analysis method. Result: The results highlight how children experience violence in their own home in different ways, as well as how they carry a feeling of fear and anxiety in front of the violence. The results also show that children are not passive spectators to the violence, but all children act in some way in connection with the violence occuring.

Förevarande studie hade som syfte att genom en scoping-review sammanställa en översikt av forskningsläget kring föräldrar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning ur ett föräldraperspektiv. Resultatet analyserades i enlighet med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och analysen utgjordes av teoretiska kopplingar till teorierna stigma samt socialt stöd. Resultatet visade att föräldrar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning upplever utmaningar i sitt föräldraskap så som upplevelser av att bemöta fördomar, maktlöshet samt utanförskap. Studiens resultat visade också att föräldrarna hade ett behov av stöd i sitt föräldraskap men att de haft negativa upplevelser av det. Studiens slutsats konstaterar att föräldrar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning idag inte har rätt förutsättningar för att bedriva sitt föräldraskap med framgång. Det sociala arbetets praktik är i behov av bättre bemötande och mer kunskap om intellektuell funktionsnedsättning generellt och föräldraskap med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning i synnerhet. Föräldrarnas upplevelser måste synliggöras och stödinsatserna måste effektiviseras för att skapa bättre förutsättningar för föräldrar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning att lyckas i sitt föräldraskap. / The aim of the present study was to, through a scoping-review, compile an overview of the research landscape concerning parents with intellectual disabilities from a parental perspective. The results were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, incorporating theoretical connections to the concepts of stigma and social support. The findings revealed that parents with intellectual disabilities face challenges in their parenthood, such as encountering prejudices, powerlessness and social exclusion. The study`s results also indicated that these parents have a need for support in their parenting, but that they had negative experiences with it. The study concludes that parents with intellectual disabilities currently lack the necessary conditions to successfully engage in parenting. Social work practice needs improved responsiveness and greater understanding of intellectual disability in general and parenting with intellectual disability in particular. The experience of parents must be brought to light and support interventions need to be streamlined to create better conditions for parents with intellectual disabilities to succeed in their parenting.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att med utgångspunkt i aktuell vetenskaplig litteratur undersöka tillgängliga interventioner som används av professionella i arbete med vuxna individer med intellektuella funktionsnedsättningar och/eller autism med problemskapande beteenden samt effekten av dessa interventioner och hur de påverkat brukare. Studien genomfördes med en kunskapsöversikt, en s.k. scoping study, av 18 artiklar samt tematisk analys. Sammanfattningsvis har studien visat på att kostnadseffektiva strategiska interventioner som tar hänsyn till såväl behandlingsimplikationer som livskvalitet meningsfullt och holistisk vis. Liksom att brukarna som får lättförståeliga interventioner att förhålla sig till och som påverkar problemskapande beteende positivt ökar både begripligheten och hanterbarheten för brukarna vilket går hand i hand med såväl lågaffektivt bemötande som tydliggörande pedagogik. Liksom att interventioner som används i arbetet med problemskapande beteenden inte nödvändigtvis behöver fokusera på brukarnas beteenden för att vara effektiva. / The aim of this study is to examine available intervention methods, based on contemporary scientific literature, used by professionals in their work with adults with intellectual disabilities and/or autism with challenging behaviors, as well as their effectiveness and impact. This study consists of a scoping study of 18 articles, accompanied by thematic analysis. This study has shown that cost-effective strategic interventions that consider both treatment implications as well as quality of life are meaningful and holistic. Users who receive easy-to-understand interventions, which positively affect challenging behaviors, increase both the comprehensibility and manageability of users, which goes hand in hand with low-affective treatment and TEACCH. The study also demonstrates that interventions used in the workplace regarding challenging behaviors do not necessarily need to focus on the users' behaviors in order to be effective.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur barn vars syskon har en neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning eller intellektuell funktionsnedsättning påverkas och upplever att det är att leva med ett syskon med en funktionsnedsättning. Studien utförs som en kvalitativ litteraturstudie i form av en scoping-review. 15 vetenskapliga artiklar identifierades och sammanställdes utifrån tematisk analysmetod. De vetenskapliga artiklarna analyserades efter Goffmans teori om stigma, Eriksons utvecklingsteori och Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska perspektiv. Resultatet visade att barn vars syskon har en neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning eller intellektuell funktionsnedsättning behöver göra anpassningar och kompromisser i sin vardag relaterat till syskonets svårigheter och behov av anpassningar. Flertalet sociala konsekvenser identifierades då barnen sällan vågade bjuda hem vänner samt valde att stanna hemma för att inte riskera att bli mobbad eller retad på grund av sitt syskon. Många av barnen behövde ta ett stort ansvar för sitt syskon i en tidig ålder vilket resulterade i att de mognade snabbare än andra jämnåriga. Det framkom även att barnen utvecklade positiva egenskaper som empati, tålamod och acceptans. / The aim of this study is to investigate how children with siblings who have a neuropsychiatric disability or intellectual disability experience their everyday life and how it has affected them. The study is conducted as a qualitative literature review as a scoping review. Fifteen scientific articles were identified and compiled using thematic analysis methods. The scientific articles were analyzed based on Goffman's theory of stigma, Erikson's developmental theory, and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. The results showed that children with siblings who have a neuropsychiatric disability or intellectual disability need to make adjustments and compromises in their daily lives related to their sibling's difficulties and need for adaptation. Several social consequences were identified, as the children rarely dared to invite friends home and often chose to stay at home to avoid the risk of being bullied or teased because of their sibling. Many of the children had to take on significant responsibilities for their sibling at an early age, which resulted in them maturing faster than their peers. It also emerged that the children developed positive qualities such as empathy, patience, and acceptance.

Background: Social exclusion of people with vision impairments is an ongoing issue. Since social inclusion emphasizes social and emotional aspects as distinct from academic ones and the aspects concerning opportunities, the focus is turned on the domain of social interactions and friendships. Adolescence is the time point when youth feels mostly the need to ‘fit in’ in social circles and groups and the social life and friendships are important aspects of young people’s well-being and development. Aim: The aim of this study is to review the existing literature on the social interactions and friendships of adolescents with visual impairments from their own perspective and investigate the interventions designed to improve their social interactions and friendships. Method: A literature search on the databases of ERIC, CINAHL and PsycINFO and a hand search on the reference lists of the relevant articles was conducted. The search was limited to recent peer reviewed studies published in English, reporting perspectives of adolescents (13-18 years old) with visual impairments on their social interactions and friendships and intervention studies aimed to support them in the aforementioned domain. Results: In the 18 included studies, adolescents with vision impairments engaged more in passive activities that were not highly interactive. They reported being satisfied with their networks and friends, however contradictions existed in the perceived quality of friendships and the feeling of loneliness. The context of school was presented often as problematic compared to other contexts, and friendships in schools were rare. According to adolescents’ voices, friendships helped to cope with the impairment, friends had a meaningful role in their life and they made school life more enjoyable. In comparison to their sighted peers, adolescents with vision impairments had smaller networks and less friends with whom they had different type of relationships. Lastly even though several barriers and facilitators were identified, which belong to domains of Body functions and structures and Physical, Attitudinal and Social environment, there was a lack of interventions aiming to support the social interactions and friendships of adolescents with vision impairments. Conclusions: Considering the importance of social interactions and friendships in adolescents’ life for them to learn, develop and enjoy, more interventions with social focus need to be designed in respect to the challenges that exist. A plethora of barriers and facilitators impacting the social interactions and friendships of adolescents with vision impairments were identified that need to be taken into consideration for future research and interventions since the existing literature provided so far is limited. Adolescents need to be engaged in this process so that their interests, preferences and their views are prioritized.

This thesis considers the environmental, economic, social, and cultural effects of increasing shipping activities around Sirmilik National Park of Canada, in order to develop possible scoping questions for future environmental assessments. Using a qualitative approach, 25 semi-structured interviews, two focus groups, observation, and field notes were used to collect data which are then analyzed for linkages between valued environmental and social components and the potential effects from shipping and associated activities. The most prominent concern that emerged regarded the potential impacts to migrating and breeding narwhal in the area. Many respondents also discussed economic and social issues because they perceive increasing shipping as a signal of economic growth. In total, 124 scoping questions were developed in 17 direct environmental impact areas identified by participants, as well as 53 scoping questions relating to cumulative effects and strategic issues. The thesis concludes with some broader management implications that flow from the analysis.

This thesis considers the environmental, economic, social, and cultural effects of increasing shipping activities around Sirmilik National Park of Canada, in order to develop possible scoping questions for future environmental assessments. Using a qualitative approach, 25 semi-structured interviews, two focus groups, observation, and field notes were used to collect data which are then analyzed for linkages between valued environmental and social components and the potential effects from shipping and associated activities. The most prominent concern that emerged regarded the potential impacts to migrating and breeding narwhal in the area. Many respondents also discussed economic and social issues because they perceive increasing shipping as a signal of economic growth. In total, 124 scoping questions were developed in 17 direct environmental impact areas identified by participants, as well as 53 scoping questions relating to cumulative effects and strategic issues. The thesis concludes with some broader management implications that flow from the analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:01:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8976_1.pdf: 2350079 bytes, checksum: 1eef40b33c036ecc8b5b613b08bff0a7 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Engenharia de Linhas de Produto de Software (ELPS) emergiu rapidamente como uma importante abordagem de desenvolvimento de software durantes os últimos anos. ELPS foca-se na identificação e gerenciamento dos pontos em comum (commonalities) e dos pontos de variação (variabilities) de um conjunto de produtos de software, de forma que artefatos (core assets) possam ser desenvolvidos e (re)usados para construir diferentes produtos com custo reduzido. Além disso, melhoria de produtividade, aumento de qualidade e redução do tempo de entrega dos produtos são alguns dos benefícios proporcionados pela abordagem. Neste contexto, o processo de escopo em linhas de produto de software é responsável pela definição da viabilidade a longo prazo da linha de produtos. Seu principal objetivo é identificar e delimitar produtos, funcionalidades, subdomínios e artefatos (componentes, documentos, etc.) existentes da linha de produtos, onde o investimento em reuso trará benefícios econômicos para a empresa. Normalmente, engenheiros de linha de produtos definem o escopo com informações extraídas da documentação de produtos existentes e baseados no conhecimento de especialistas de domínio. Esta é uma tarefa que demanda muito esforço, pois muito tempo é investido na realização de workshops e entrevistas com os especialistas de domínio. Além disso, frequentemente, os especialistas de domínio não tem tempo disponível para compartilhar o conhecimento deles e a documentação dos produtos existentes é inexistente ou está desatualizada. Assim, a fim de reduzir custos e tempo para a realização do processo de escopo, esta dissertação propõe uma abordagem para auxiliar o processo de escopo baseada no código fonte dos produtos já existentes na empresa. Além disso, são apresentados os requisitos, projeto e implementação de uma ferramenta com o objetivo de guiar os analistas de escopo na identificação de similaridades e variações no código fonte dos sistemas legados. Finalmente, esta dissertação também descreve um estudo empírico que foi utilizado para a elicitação de requisitos e um experimento que foi conduzido para avaliar a viabilidade da ferramenta proposta neste trabalho

Context. Flexibility in requirements management allows organizations to react quickly to changes in market demand. Organizations rely primarily on different documents to track projects, which are inefficient at maintaining traceability between requirements and other development artifacts. Finding a model to structure change impact analysis and change propagation is needed. Objectives. First, this thesis studies the current practice for enabling flexibility of scoping decisions. Second it evaluates the identified flexibility enablers – requirements centralization, requirements abstraction, and requirements grouping – in an industry context. The current practice is then contrasted with these flexibility enablers. Methods. To understand current practice, a case study was performed in industry. Data collection relied on interviews and document and repository observations, and grounded theory was used to analyze it. A solution containing the flexibility enablers was developed and evaluated at the organization where feedback on the tool was received. Results. The practitioners followed a strategy to handle changes in requirements where the impact analysis and decision making process were the most critical. Several challenges were identified which hindered flexibility for scoping decision. As a consequence, the studied project suffered from delay and budget overrun. The three presented enablers supported flexibility in decision making. The flexibility enablers facilitated decision making by providing a single, linked, consistent, and versioned set of requirements of multiple abstraction levels. Traceability between requirements was maintained which allowed propagation of changes between requirements. The multiple abstraction levels allowed for targeted viewing of the requirements based on role. Grouping requirements with implementation proposals provided traceability between the requirements and the design, which further helped change propagation. Conclusions. Although the studied organization followed standard procedures such as Change Control Boards (CCB) and change impact analysis (CIA) to enabling flexible decision making, they did not adopt any of the methods provided in recent studies. Additionally, the organization still depended on documentation to capture requirements and counted on their tacit knowledge to analyze the impact of changes. This hindered flexibility for scoping decision. Traceability as a strong point of centralization was aligned with previous studies in enabling flexibility while the family feature was a concept with no previous empirical evidence. We also proved that abstraction enabled flexibility, which has not been discussed in any previous studies. Similarly, we found no empirical evidence related to requirement grouping based on implementation proposals in enabling flexibility in decision making. Although the three enablers supported flexibility for scoping decision, the practitioners still had to invest a certain amount of manual work to benefit from them, since the tool did not handle everything automatically.