FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / nÃo hà / Essa dissertaÃÃo tem como objetivo investigar se e como os diferentes lugares coletivos de acesso à internet possibilitam usos e apropriaÃÃes distintos desse meio, por parte dos jovens internautas Essa anÃlise acontece no bairro Granja Portugal, periferia da cidade de Fortaleza onde existem diversos centros coletivos de acesso à internet. Para essa pesquisa escolhemos a Casa Brasil, programa de inclusÃo instalado no bairro desde 2007, e uma das LAN houses que funcionam em frente à praÃa principal. Para dar conta do objeto central foram aplicadas as seguintes metodologias: observaÃÃo participante, entrevista em profundidade e a webgrafia. Com base nesses mÃtodos foi possÃvel compreender que as âcondiÃÃes de usoâ da internet em cada lugar sÃo evidenciadas nas formas de agir formais, tÃcnicas e simbÃlicas e estÃo presentes nos usos de apropriaÃÃes do espaÃo fÃsico por parte dos jovens. Esses usos do espaÃo revelam apropriaÃÃes que se conectam aos conceitos de mancha, pedaÃo, trajetos e circuito. Em relaÃÃo aos usos da internet pude perceber que o agir tÃcnico e o agir normativo de cada lugar sÃo responsÃveis pelo direcionamento de alguns acessos. Contudo, apesar de existirem especificidades, os acessos tambÃm apresentaram semelhanÃas fato que reitera a noÃÃo que a natureza de cada espaÃo ela interfere nos acessos, mas nÃo os determina. Paralelo a esses usos encontramos tambÃm as apropriaÃÃes da internet. Assim, mesmo apresentando alguns usos semelhantes nos dois lugares encontramos formas de uso distintas da internet em cada lugar. Com base nessas apropriaÃÃes nos deparamos mais uma vez com interferÃncias do agir normativo e tÃcnico, elementos de uma cotidianidade familiar que se fizeram presentes, durante todo o processo de apropriaÃÃo da rede por parte dos jovens. Estes, em alguns momentos, apresentam-se reproduzindo as formas de agir desses espaÃos e em outros demonstram elementos marcado por tÃticas, resistÃncias e negociaÃÃes. / This thesis aims to investigate whether and how the different places of collective Internet access allow different uses and appropriations of that environment by young surfers. This analysis takes place in Portugal Granja district, outskirts of Fortaleza where there are many collective centers for Internet access. For this research we chose Casa Brazil, inclusion program installed in the neighborhood since 2007, and from Internet cafes running opposite the main square. To take account of the central object were applied the following methodologies: participant observation, depth interviews and webgrafia. Based on these methods reveals that the "conditions of use" of the Internet in each place are evident in the ways of doing formal, technical and symbolic and are present in the uses of appropriation of space by young people. These appropriations show uses of space that connect the concepts of spot, block, and circuit paths. Regarding the uses of the internet I realized that the acting coach and normative act of each place are responsible for directing some hits. However, although there are specific, the hits also showed similarities fact that reiterates the notion that the nature of the space it interferes with access, but not determines them. Parallel to these uses will also find the appropriation of the Internet. Thus, even with some cloths in the two places we found ways to use the internet in each different place. Based on these appropriations are faced once again with normative act of interference and technical elements of an everyday family who were present during the entire process of network ownership by young people. These, at times, present-reproducing forms of these spaces and act in other show elements marked by tactics, resistance and negotiations.

Submitted by Juliana Correa (juliana.correa@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-05T17:56:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Taise F. Mattei 2016.pdf: 3383869 bytes, checksum: d231572cf7f1c8d850d586a3de3bc229 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-05T17:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Taise F. Mattei 2016.pdf: 3383869 bytes, checksum: d231572cf7f1c8d850d586a3de3bc229 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazil is marked by high social and economic inequalities, as well between regions as between people. In the formal work market such inequalities also turn out, mainly with relation the jobs and salaries between men and women. Some theories can be used for explanation these wage inequalities, among them, for example the theory of human capital, segmentation and discrimination. That way, this essay will leave these theories to try to explain the wage inequalities in the Southern region states of Brazil, that are between the most developed, and also present significant wage inequalities, therefore, being important to know its characteristics to try to minimize the differences existing. Starting from the idea that there are wage inequalities with men and women, the objective of essay is to explain the wage inequalities existing in the formal work market in each state of Southern region of Brazil in 2000, 2007 and 2014, and also in the economic sectors of the states, based on theories that seek to explain the wage inequalities. For this purpose, Mincer equations will be estimated using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, that will suit to decompose the wage inequalities in observable and unobservable aspects. The data used in the research are from RAIS- Annual Relation of Social Informations, developed by the Ministry of Labor and Employement. This research is relevant as the identification of characteristics of formal work market, and the knowledge of causes of wage inequalities have important implications for the effectiveness of public policies. Moreover, given the high social inequalities in Brazil, analyze the determinants of wage inequalities is relevant for the essay of Brazilian reality. The main results revealed that wage inequalities with men and women decreased in the period analyzed in the three states. Similarly, the wage discrimination against the women also decreased in the period, however, the main component to explain the wage inequalities with men and women in all states. In addition, it was noted that in work market and intrasectoral analysis of the three states, the segmentation variables contributed very little to explain wage inequalities, but the human capital variable, often contributed to reduce the differences, these being explained almost entirely by discrimination against women. Thus, it is suggested the need to develop policies aimed at combating discrimination in the work market, thus seeking to reduce wage inequalities. / O Brasil é marcado por elevadas desigualdades sociais e econômicas, tanto entre regiões como entre as pessoas. No mercado de trabalho tais desigualdades também se verificam, principalmente com relação a cargos e salários entre homens e mulheres. Algumas teorias podem ser usadas para explicação dessas desigualdades salariais, dentre elas, pode-se citar a teoria do capital humano, da segmentação e da discriminação. Dessa forma, esse estudo partirá dessas teorias para tentar explicar as desigualdades salariais nos estados da Região Sul do Brasil, os quais estão entre os mais desenvolvidos, e também apresentam significativas desigualdades salariais, sendo, portanto, importante conhecer suas particularidades para tentar minimizar as diferenças existentes. Partindo da ideia que existem diferenças salariais entre homens e mulheres, o objetivo desta pesquisa é explicar as diferenças salariais existentes no mercado de trabalho de cada estado da Região Sul do Brasil nos anos 2000, 2007 e 2014, e também nos setores econômicos dos estados, com base nas teorias que buscam explicar as desigualdades salariais. Para esta finalidade, serão estimadas equações Mincerianas de salários e utilizado o método de decomposição de rendimentos de Oaxaca-Blinder, que servirá para decompor as diferenças salariais em aspectos observáveis e não observáveis. Os dados utilizados na pesquisa são provenientes da RAIS – Relação Anual de Informações Sociais, desenvolvido pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Essa pesquisa se torna relevante à medida que a identificação das características do mercado de trabalho, e o conhecimento das causas das diferenças salariais, têm importantes implicações para a eficácia das políticas públicas. Além disso, dadas as elevadas desigualdades sociais do Brasil, analisar os determinantes das diferenças salariais se torna relevante para o estudo da realidade brasileira. Os principais resultados revelaram que as diferenças salariais, em termos percentuais, entre homens e mulheres, diminuíram no período analisado nos três estados. No mesmo sentido, a discriminação salarial contra as mulheres também diminuiu no período, sendo, no entanto, o principal componente a explicar as diferenças salariais entre homens e mulheres em todos os estados. Além disso, percebeu-se que, no mercado de trabalho e na análise intrassetorial dos três estados, as variáveis de segmentação contribuíram muito pouco para a explicação das diferenças salariais, já as variáveis de capital humano, muitas vezes, contribuíam para reduzir as diferenças, sendo estas explicadas, quase que totalmente, pela discriminação contra a mulher. Dessa forma, sugere-se a necessidade de que se desenvolvam políticas voltadas ao combate da discriminação no mercado de trabalho, buscando assim diminuir as desigualdades salariais

Due to an increased humanitarian caseload the UN has called for the international community to work differently from delivering aid to ending needs, partly by enhancing the engagement between humanitarian and development actors. The thesis aims to describe and analyse the dynamics between humanitarian and development aid and by so doing provide an empirical contribution to the larger discussion on how to streamline international assistance by addressing the temporal, institutional and funding gaps between the two types of assistance. This is a qualitative comparative study based on nine interviews with development and humanitarian practitioners from five different organisations providing both types of assistance. Participants of the study were positive to the idea of collaboration across the sectors but that in order to accomplish this the international community, donors and each individual organisation need to overcome great institutional and financial constraints leading to the conclusion that international assistance will not be streamlined successfully until the institutional and funding gaps are properly addressed.

Abstract The thesis investigates how the European Union promotes stability and security in the Mediterranean region. The aim is to analyse the European Union’s security ambitions with Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, the Barcelona Process. An analytical framework with five sectors (military, political, economic, environmental and societal), based on the Copenhagen School’s theories about security sectors and securitization, is used for the analysis. Within the framework threats, objectives and methods are categorized into each security sector. Then it is possible to distinguish if any sector is more prioritised by the EU. Qualitative text analysis is used to examine relevant EU-documents. The result of the analysis shows that the European Union prioritizes the economical and societal sector in promoting peace and security within the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. Through economical integration and cultural dialogue, the EU tries to enhance security and stability. The EU emphasises the importance of global governance and international law for a stable peace. The study concludes that the widened concept of security, within the Copenhagen School, can help to explain the European Union’s work inside the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership.

The thesis presents comparison of Czech and Croatian business environment using PEST analysis and macroeconomic indicators for description. It is focused on international trade with goods and services. It is aimed at companies operating on the Czech and Croatian market and their practical experience. Last part of thesis is concentrated on the future cooperation connected to Czech and Croatian EU membership.

Durante la década de los noventa, el Perú implementó un plan de inserción al comercio internacional, el cual consistió en disminuir aranceles nominales e impulsar la competitividad de los sectores exportadores peruanos. Dicho plan contribuyó a que los flujos comerciales peruano presenten una tendencia creciente en el periodo mencionado y sean cuentas cada vez más representativas del producto interior bruto peruano. En consecuencia, la economía peruana presenta una mayor dependencia de factores externos. De esta forma, resulta necesario estudiar los factores que alteran la balanza comercial peruana para así establecer políticas económicas eficientes. Respecto a ello, una de la relaciones mas estudiadas en la literatura de comercio internacional es la existente entre el tipo de cambio y la balanza comercial. Por dicha razón, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar cuál es el impacto, de largo plazo, de las variaciones del tipo de cambio nominal sobre la balanza comercial de forma agregada y desagregada por sector económico en el contexto de la economía peruana durante el periodo de 2006-2018. Los principales resultados indican que los datos desagregados muestran de forma más detallada los efectos del tipo de cambio y de los ingresos (domésticos y extranjeros) sobre los flujos de comercio internacional peruano (exportaciones e importaciones). Por un lado, se obtuvo que la devaluación del tipo de cambio nominal tiene un efecto expansivo en la balanza comercial agregada peruana. Asimismo, se descubrió que el tipo de cambio nominal y los ingresos tienen efectos distintos en los sectores económicos peruanos. Por un lado, se halló que la devaluación cambiaria no tiene un efecto expansivo en todos los sectores económicos peruanos y existen sectores que no son sensibles a dicha devaluación. / During the 1990s, Peru implemented a plan for insertion into international trade, which consisted of reducing nominal tariffs and boosting the competitiveness of the Peruvian export sectors. Said plan contributed to the fact that Peruvian trade flows show a growing trend in the mentioned period and are increasingly representative accounts of the Peruvian gross domestic product. Consequently, the Peruvian economy has a greater dependence on external factors. Thus, it is necessary to study the factors that alter the Peruvian trade balance in order to establish efficient economic policies. Regarding this, one of the most studied relationships in the international trade literature is that between the exchange rate and the trade balance. For this reason, the present work aims to determine the long-term impact of variations in the nominal exchange rate on the trade balance in an aggregate and disaggregated manner by economic sector in the context of the Peruvian economy during the period. from 2006-2018. The main results indicate that the disaggregated data show in more detail the effects of the exchange rate and income (domestic and foreign) on Peruvian international trade flows (exports and imports). On the one hand, it was found that the devaluation of the nominal exchange rate has an expansive effect on the aggregate Peruvian trade balance. Likewise, it was discovered that the nominal exchange rate and income have different effects in the Peruvian economic sectors. On the one hand, it was found that the exchange devaluation does not have an expansive effect on all Peruvian economic sectors and there are sectors that are not sensitive to said devaluation. / Trabajo de investigación

Research on the relationship between the oil market and the stock market has been a frequently discussed topic. Regarding the connection between oil and the stock market, there are different opinions about whether there is a relationship or not, therefore there is still room left for further research on the subject matter. In addition, none of the studies we could identify researched the Swedish stock market with the effect on different sectors separately at the stock market. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between the return- and volatility of the oil and how it affects the Swedish stock market. We will partly analyze the relationship between oil return and the specific sectors on the Swedish stock market while also studying the relationship with the stock market as a whole. Furthermore, we will also look at the connection between the oil volatility index (OVX) with regards to how it affects both the sectors and the Swedish stock market.  The method used in the study is quantitative consisting of two linear regression models which will be redesigned into two multiple regression models containing our control variables. The data which were used in the study was compiled into time-series data and the estimates were performed with OLS-estimations.  The result of the study was that no statistically significant relationship could be found between the Swedish stock market and oil return- and volatility. Furthermore, in the sectoral analysis, five sectors became statistically significant given their relationship to oil return. When examining the relationship between the oil volatility and the sectors on the Swedish stock market the result gained was three statistically significant sectors. Thus, there is no evidence for a statistically significant relationship between the Swedish stock market and the oil return- and volatility. However, we conclude that the oil return- and volatility have a sectoral effect on the Swedish stock market. / Forskning om relationen mellan oljans pris och aktiemarknaden har varit ett väl diskuterat ämne. Beträffande sambandet mellan oljan och aktiemarknaden råder det skilda meningar om huruvida det finns ett samband eller inte, därav finns det fortfarande utrymme för vidare forskning. Dessutom undersöker ingen av studierna vi identifierat den svenska aktiemarknaden och hur olika sektorer på marknaden påverkas enskilt.  Syftet med denna studie är att studera sambandet mellan avkastningen- och volatiliteten i oljan och hur det påverkar avkastningen på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Dels kommer vi att undersöka förhållandet mellan oljans avkastning och enskilda sektorer på Stockholmsbörsen, såväl som vi undersöker börsen i helhet. Vi kommer också att studera hur oljevolatilitetsindex (OVX) påverkar avkastningen för dessa sektorer och Stockholmsbörsen som helhet.  Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ metod bestående av två initiala linjära regressionsmodeller som sedan omkonstrueras till två multipla regressionsmodeller innehållande kontrollvariabler. Studiens data har sammanställts till tidsseriedata och skattningarna utfördes med OLS-estimeringar.  Resultatet av studien blev att inget statistiskt säkerställt samband kunde hittas mellan Stockholmsbörsen och oljans avkastning respektive volatilitet. Vidare i den sektoriella analysen blev fem sektorer signifikanta vid undersökning av oljans avkastning. Fortsättningsvis undersöktes oljans volatilitet mot sektorerna vilket resulterade i tre signifikanta sektorer. Slutsatsen blir således att det inte finns ett signifikant samband mellan Stockholmsbörsen som helhet och oljans avkastning- samt volatilitet. Däremot kan vi konstatera att oljans avkastning såväl som volatilitet har en sektoriell påverkan.

According to the efficient market hypothesis, a leading financial theory, all information available is accounted for in the valuation of a company. However, this has been shown to not always be the case, especially when publicly noted companies are distributing dividends. When a dividend is distributed the drop in stock price is often lower than the size of the dividend, giving an unfair profit to the shareholders indicating an anomaly. This anomaly, which has had its existence proven in multiple countries, has been named the ex-day phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the ex-day phenomenon differs in different sectors of the Swedish stock market. The approach of the study is of a quantitative form with dividend and stock price data collected from a total of 137 companies within 13 different sectors.The results from the t-test showed a significant ex-day phenomenon in ten of the 13 industries examined using a 5% significance level and in seven of the 13 industries using a 1% significance level. The industry with the largest ex-day phenomenon was financial services and the industry with the lowest ex-day phenomenon was consumer products and services. An internal comparison between industries was made using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. The test showed an adjusted statistical significance on a 5% significance level between the industry consumer products and services and the three industries financial services, medical equipment and services as well as industrial goods and services. / En välkänd hypotes inom finansiell teori är den effektiva marknadshypotesen. Enligt den effektiva marknadshypotesen ska aktiemarknaden effektivt kunna värdera ett bolag utifrån den information som finns tillgänglig om bolaget. Flertalet studier har dock motbevisat den effektiva marknadshypotesen när de studerat aktieprisets utveckling i samband med att börsnoterade företag ger utdelning till sina aktieägare. Studierna har påvisat att prisfallet på aktien på utdelningsdagen är mindre än utdelningen, vilket gett upphov till begreppet ex-dagseffekten. Syftet med denna studie är att utreda hur ex-dagseffekten skiljer sig åt mellan olika sektorer på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Arbetet använder en kvantitativ ansats där finansiella data hämtats från totalt 137 företag inom 13 olika sektorer. Resultatet från t-testet som utförts visar en statistisk signifikant ex-dagseffekt inom tio av de 13 branscher vid 5% signifikansnivå och sju av 13 branscher vid 1% signifikansnivå. Branschen med störst ex-dagseffekt var finansiella tjänster och branschen med lägst ex-dagseffekt var konsumentprodukter och tjänster. En jämförelse av ex-dagseffekten mellan olika sektorer genomfördes även genom ett Kruskal-Wallis test. Resultaten från dessa test visade en justerad statistisk signifikans vid signifikansnivån 5% mellan branschen konsumentprodukter och tjänster och de tre branscherna finansiella tjänster, medicinsk utrustning och tjänster samt industriella varor och tjänster.

[pt] Este estudo tem como objetivo averiguar, primeiramente, se o índice de volatilidade implícita brasileiro, o IVol-BR, pode ser considerado um indicador antecedente dos retornos futuros do mercado acionário brasileiro dado que o IVol-BR representa a volatilidade esperada do índice Bovespa (Ibovespa) dois meses à frente. Esta pesquisa examina, por meio de regressão por mínimos quadrados e regressão quantílica, a relação entre o IVol-BR e os retornos futuros de 1, 5, 20 e 60 dias do Ibovespa. Em seguida, este trabalho investiga se o IVol-BR pode ser considerado um indicador antecedente dos retornos futuros setoriais. Os setores econômicos considerados neste estudo são: consumo, energia elétrica, financeiro, materiais básicos, imobiliário, industrial e utilidade pública. É importante notar que o período de análise selecionado é entre agosto de 2011 e setembro de 2018. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o IVol-BR pode auxiliar na previsão dos retornos futuros do Ibovespa e dos setores econômicos, principalmente, para retornos futuros de 20 e 60 dias. / [en] The objective of this study is to investigate the forecasting power of Brazil s implied volatility index, the IVol-BR, on future Brazilian stock market returns since the IVol-BR measures the expected volatility of the Brazilian stock index (Ibovespa) two months ahead. This research examines the relationship between the IVol-BR and 1-, 5-, 20- and 60-days future Ibovespa returns using the least-squares and quantile regressions methods. This study also investigates the forecasting power of IVol-BR on future economic sectors returns. The economic sectors considered in this paper are: consumer, electricity, financials, basic materials, real estate, industrials, and public utilities. It is important to note that the research analysis period is from August 2011 to September 2018. Overall, results suggest that the IVol-BR may help predict Ibovespa and economic sectors forward looking returns, mainly 20- and 60-days future returns.

Despite the access to enormous amounts of data, there is a holdback in the usage of machine learning in the Cyber Security field due to the lack of interpretability of ”Black­box” models and due to heterogenerous data. This project presents a method that provide insights in the decision making process in Cyber Security classification. Hybrid Ensemble Methods (HEMs), use several weak learners trained on single data features and combines the output of these in a neural network. In this thesis HEM preforms phishing website classification with high accuracy, along with interpretability. The ensemble of predictions boosts the accuracy with 8%, giving a final prediction accuracy of 93 %, which indicates that HEM are able to reconstruct correlations between the features after the interpredability stage. HEM provides information about which weak learners trained on specific information that are valuable for the classification. No samples were disregarded despite missing features. Cross validation were made across 3 random seeds and the results showed to be steady with a variance of 0.22%. An important finding was that the methods performance did not significantly change when disregarding the worst of the weak learners, meaning that adding models trained on bad data won’t sabotage the prediction. The findings of these investigations indicates that Hybrid Ensamble methods are robust and flexible. This thesis represents an attempt to construct a smarter way of making predictions, where the usage of several forms of information can be combined, in an artificially intelligent way. / Trots tillgången till enorma mängder data finns det ett bakslag i användningen av maskininlärning inom cybersäkerhetsområdet på grund av bristen på tolkning av ”Blackbox”-modeller och på grund av heterogen data. Detta projekt presenterar en metod som ger insikt i beslutsprocessen i klassificering inom cyber säkerhet. Hybrid Ensemble Methods (HEMs), använder flera svaga maskininlärningsmodeller som är tränade på enstaka datafunktioner och kombinerar resultatet av dessa i ett neuralt nätverk. I denna rapport utför HEM klassificering av nätfiskewebbplatser med hög noggrannhet, men med vinsten av tolkningsbarhet. Sammansättandet av förutsägelser ökar noggrannheten med 8 %, vilket ger en slutgiltig prediktionsnoggrannhet på 93 %, vilket indikerar att HEM kan rekonstruera korrelationer mellan funktionerna efter tolkbarhetsstadiet. HEM ger information om vilka svaga maskininlärningsmodeller, som tränats på specifik information, som är värdefulla för klassificeringen. Inga datapunkter ignorerades trots saknade datapunkter. Korsvalidering gjordes över 3 slumpmässiga dragningar och resultaten visade sig vara stabila med en varians på 0.22 %. Ett viktigt resultat var att metodernas prestanda inte förändrades nämnvärt när man bortsåg från de sämsta av de svaga modellerna, vilket innebär att modeller tränade på dålig data inte kommer att sabotera förutsägelsen. Resultaten av dessa undersökningar indikerar att Hybrid Ensamble-metoder är robusta och flexibla. Detta projekt representerar ett försök att konstruera ett smartare sätt att göra klassifieringar, där användningen av flera former av information kan kombineras, på ett artificiellt intelligent sätt.