Discotic liquid crystals (DLC) have been reported with a large number of discoid cores to improve the degree of intermolecular ordering because the liquid crystals own to self-assembly into columnar stacking and self¡Vhealing ability. In my research, a series of disc-like £k-conjugated molecules based on aromatic rigid cores have been newly synthesized. I focus on the hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN) and dibenzo-[a,c]- phenazine as aromatic cores, changing different side chains to control the mesomorphic behavior and their supermolecular assembly.

Aplicações de nanomateriais em biossensores têm recebido muito interesse nos últimos anos. Entre os vários tipos de biossensores estudados, sensores de glicose têm recebido destaque devido a sua importância em diagnósticos clínicos. Apesar do grande avanço no monitoramento de glicose nas últimas décadas, ainda há muitos desafios para alcançar um monitoramento de glicemia continuo, clinicamente preciso, em conexão a um sistema fechado otimizado para a entrega de insulina no corpo. Esta dissertação descreve a fabricação de filmes layer-by-layer (LbL) obtidos a partir da enzima glicose oxidase (GOx) e dos polieletrólitos poli(amidoamina) de geração 4 (PG4) e o hibrido PG4 com as nanopartículas de ouro (PG4AuNp). As nanopartículas de ouro foram sintetizadas em meio aquoso usando o dendrímero PG4, o ácido cloroáurico (HAuCl₄4) e ácido fórmico. As medidas de espectroscopia UV-Vis dos filmes automontados em substratos de quartzo mostraram um crescimento linear em função do número de bicamadas depositados apenas para o filme PG4-GOx. No filme PG4AuNp-GOx o crescimento não é linear. Em adição às caracterizações ópticas, estrutural e eletroquímica, os filmes LbL, depositados sobre substratos de vidro recoberto com óxido de índio (ITO) foram testados para a atuação em biossensores de peróxido de hidrogênio e de glicose. A biofuncionalidade da GOx e a viabilidade do método como biossensor foi demonstrada pelo aumento da corrente em função das sucessivas adições de alíquotas de glicose à solução. Os filmes sem nanopartículas não foram sensíveis a glicose. O biossensor com melhor desempenho foi o ITO-(PG4AuNp-GOx) com 5 bicamadas, que mostrou-se linear na faixa de 0 a 4,8 mM de glicose com sensibilidade 0,013 μA/mM e limite de detecção 0,44 mmolL ¹. / Applications of nanomaterials for biosensors have been target of substantial research in the last years. Among a large number of biosensors, glucose biosensors have attracted attention due to their applications in clinical diagnostics. Despite the remarkable progress in glucose biosensors in the last decades, there are still many challenges in achieving clinically accurate continuous glycemic monitoring in connection to closed-loop systems aimed at optimal insulin delivery. This dissertation describes the fabrication of layer-by-layer (LbL) films obtained from the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) and the polyelectrolytes poli(amidoamine) generation 4 (PG4) and PG4 containing gold nanoparticles (PG4AuNp). Gold nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous solution using formic acid, PG4 and HAuCl ₄. UV-vis spectroscopy showed a linear growth on quartz substrate only in the system PG4-GOx. In addition to the optical, structural and electrochemistry investigation, these LbL films deposited on ITO-coated glass were employed as electrochemical glucose biosensors. The biofunctionality of GOx and feasibility of the method as biosensor are demonstrated by the increase of reduction current upon additions of successive aliquots of glucose. The biosensor ITO-(PG4AuNp-GOx) ₅ with the optimum performance had a detection limit of 0.44 mmolL¹ with a linear response in the range from 0 to 4.8 mmolL¹ and sensibility 0.013μA/mmolL ¹.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T13:48:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Antonio Carlos Chaves Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 7554618 bytes, checksum: 07d4e319fd9dbc57989da70247e79800 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T13:49:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Antonio Carlos Chaves Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 7554618 bytes, checksum: 07d4e319fd9dbc57989da70247e79800 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-25T13:49:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Antonio Carlos Chaves Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 7554618 bytes, checksum: 07d4e319fd9dbc57989da70247e79800 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / Nanostructures of diphenylalanine (FF) have been extensively studied and are quite varied. This work aims to obtain self-assembled structures of diphenylalanine, containing electroluminescent compounds, with distinct morphological and photophysical characteristics from those of the starting materials. This work also intent to describe the photophysical properties of the structures obtained, integrating the experimental information to the theoretical predictions of computational simulations. For this, FF were self-assembled having chromophores as additives and its photophysical properties determined by steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and its morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Experimental data were compared to the results of semi-empiric theoretical calculation performed by AM1 and ZINDO/S approaches. The resulting materials exhibit different time resolved and steady state fluorescence response from the starting materials and it is related to charge transfer complexes formation. On theoretical approach, dimers and trimers can be part of the early stages of self-assembling. This find is important because this type of arrangement can lead to more conductive materials, of industrial interest, when combined with luminescent materials, especially if considered for energy conversion devices. / Nanoestruturas de difenilalanina (FF) vêm sendo extensivamente estudadas e são bastante variadas. Este trabalho busca obter estruturas auto-organizadas de difenilalanina, contendo compostos eletroluminescentes, que apresentem características morfológicas e fotofísicas distintas daquelas apresentadas pelos materiais de partida. Busca também descrever as propriedades fotofísicas das estruturas obtidas, integrando informações experimentais a previsões teóricas obtidas por simulações computacionais. Amostras de FF foram autoorganizadas na presença de aditivos cromóforos e suas propriedades fotofísicas determinadas por espectroscopia de fluorescência fotoestacionária, espectroscopia com resolução temporal e morfologia caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os dados experimentais foram comparados aos resultados obtidos por métodos computacionais semi-empíricos, em nível AM1 e ZINDO/S para validar as previsões. Os materiais combinados exibem espectros de fluorescência fotoestacionária e resolvida no tempo diferentes dos materiais de partida e é possível identificar a presença de transferentes de carga. Sob o aspecto teórico, dímeros e trímeros podem fazer parte dos estágios iniciais de auto-organização da FF. Esta constatação é importante pois este tipo de arranjo pode levar a materiais mais condutores, de interesse industrial, quando combinados com materiais luminescentes, principalmente se considerados para dispositivos de conversão energética.

Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are complex macromolecular-based blend formulations that, in dry form will adhere permanently to diverse surfaces with the application of mere finger pressure. This thesis addresses the bonding and debonding mechanisms of coated films of different commercially available PSAs by systemically investigating the film characteristics on multiple levels. The methods implemented involve a novel procedure in investigating viscoelastic properties with Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, film surface chemistry with Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and film morphology, modulus and bonding characteristics with Atomic Force Microscope. The theoretical aspect invoked rubber elasticity, viscoelasticity and thermodynamic concepts in representation of film morphology with corresponding adhesion nature. The results indicate that the bonding and debonding behaviour of PSA films are of a viscoelastic nature, dictated mainly by two fundamental morphological elements. These elements are; (1) the formation of phase-separated self-assembly of polystyrene-richcopolymer nano-domains within the adhesive matrix and (2) the inter-linking of the nanodomains by elastically active elastomer segments into a physical crosslinked network system that is highly efficient in dissipating large strain energy. These morphological factors are manifested through a profound contribution to the peel strength of the adhesive films when either coated at high temperatures or annealed. Increasing the content of the polystyrene endblock-tackifier in the adhesive blend formulation increased the PSA’s performance sensitivity to the film coating temperature. Meanwhile increasing the cis-C=C bond concentration in the formulation reduced the film’s performance sensitivity to coating temperature, as polydienes are premised to promote the entropy-elasticity of the film matrix by contributing to the nano-domain interconnections. This thesis generates many qualitative similarities, despite the significantly different adhesive blends investigated and hopefully the results reported here are more universal than one might expect.

Tissue response to PNIPAM and HPC nanoparticles has been studied by implantation method. The results suggest that both PNIAPM and HPC nanoparticles possess good biocompatibility and they may serve as a good carrier for the applications of controlled delivery. Rheological properties of dispersions of IPN microgels composed of PNIPAM and PAAc have been studied. It is found that the IPN microgel dispersion can undergo a sol-gel transition at temperature above 33°C. In vivo drug release experiments suggest that the gelation procedure creates a diffusion barrier and thus leads to slow release. An emulsion method has been used to grow columnar crystals by mixing PNIPAM microgel dispersions with organic solvents. Effect of both temperature and microgel concentration on formation of columnar crystals has been studied. PNIPAM-co-NMA microgels have been used for the fabrication of crystalline hydrogel films by self-crosslinking microgels. The hydrogel film exhibits an iridescent. The thermally responsive properties and mechanical properties of this film have been studied. Melting temperature (Tm) of colloidal crystals self-assembled with PNIPAM-co-AAc microgels has been investigated as a function of pH, salt concentration and microgel concentration. It is revealed that Tm increases as pH value increases; Tm decreases with increase of salt concentration; Tm increases as microgel concentration increases. Phase behavior of PNIPAM-co-HEAc microgel dispersions has been investigated. It is observed that these microgel dispersions exhibit liquid, crystal, and glass phase. As microgel size increases, crystal phase shifts to low concentration range. As temperature increases, crystal phase shifts to high concentration ranges. These colloidal crystals can be stabilized by NaOH-induced gelation. Effect of NaOH concentration on formation of physical gelation has been investigated.

Six series of cunitic amphiphiles based on benzene sulfonates were synthesized. The molecular characterization was performed by IR and NMR spectroscopy and the purity was determined by elemental analysis and thin layer chromatography. The thermotropic properties of these cunitic sulfonate amphiphiles were subsequently investigated by means of a combination of DSC, polarized microscopy and X-ray scattering. Most of the synthesized sulfonates were found to exhibit hexagonal columnar mesophases, some of them exhibited a complex polymorphism. The polymorphism depended upon variation of the molecular structure. The Six series of cunitic amphiphiles based on benzene sulfonates were synthesized. The molecular characterization was performed by IR and NMR spectroscopy and the purity was determined by elemental analysis and thin layer chromatography. The thermotropic properties of these cunitic sulfonate amphiphiles were subsequently investigated by means of a combination of DSC, polarized microscopy and X-ray scattering. Most of the synthesized sulfonates were found to exhibit hexagonal columnar mesophases, some of them exhibited a complex polymorphism. The polymorphism depended upon variation of the molecular structure. The phase behavior was determined by the nature of headgroup cation Mn+ (n=1, 2), and for the same Mn+ by the carbon number at the hydrophobic tail and by temperature as well. The lyotropic properties of these cunitic sulfonate amphiphiles were also studied by investigating their gelation behavior and gelling capability. A number of the amphiphiles were found to be favorable organogelators that gel various organic solvents of either high or low polarity upon self-aggregation driven by the Coulomb interaction. The morphological results by means of SEM and TEM demonstrate that the organogelators are able to form fibrous network microstructures by self-organization and self-aggregation. The cylindrical aggregates with sulfonated headgroup in the center as well embody the potential to construct ion-selective transport membranes. The cunitic amphiphiles containing polar sulfonate units at their focal point and polymerizable olefin group on their periphery were exploited to prepare functional membranes that contain ion-active transport channels. The ion-selectivity of the formed membranes was investigated by means of ion transport experiments with LiCl, NaCl, KCl solutions of different concentration. By comparison of the ion transport rates across the membranes the ionic permselectivity was demonstrated.

La détection de petites molécules contribue au développement de nombreux domaines tels que la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurité intérieure, le diagnostic, le contrôle de l'environnement, etc. Cependant, la petite taille de ces cibles et leur faible concentration rendent difficile leur détection. Pour pallier à cela, des biocapteurs avec des sondes appropriées et des stratégies d'amplification du signal sont nécessaires. Parmi les éléments de reconnaissance couramment utilisés, les aptamères présentent l'avantage d'une synthèse aisée et de grandes possibilités de modification, ainsi qu'une dénaturation réversible à haute température et une tolérance élevée à la concentration en sel et au pH dans le milieu de travail. Plus important encore, la petite taille des aptamères en fait un choix idéal pour créer des structures adaptées pour la détection de petites cibles. La possibilité de couper la séquence de l'aptamère a fourni d'autres approches d’amplification de signal. Il existe deux catégories de méthodes de détection basées sur des aptamères : analyse hétérogène lorsque l'aptamère est immobilisé sur la surface ou analyse homogène lorsque le test est réalisé en solution. Nous proposons dans cette thèse une approche appliquable aux deux stratégies. L'adénosine a été utilisée comme une cible modèle pour cette preuve de concept. La détection de l'adénosine a été obtenue en combinant l'auto-assemblage de dimères d'oligonucléotides avec des extrémités pendantes correspondantes à l'aptamère coupé. Nous avons construit des structures auto-assemblées d'ADN (de 1D à 3D) avec l'adénosine comme déclencheur d'un changement structurel. La première méthode décrite dans ce travail consiste à utiliser de telles structures d'ADN combinées à l'imagerie par Résonance de Plasmons de Surface (SPRi). La SPRi est une méthode sensible à la variation d'indice optique produite par l'interaction entre les sondes immobilisées sur le prisme de l'or et la cible dans la solution. En présence d'adénosine, la structure d'ADN s'auto-assemble sur la surface de l'or et un signal a été créé. La limite de détection de l'adénosine atteinte par cette méthode est de 10 μM. La deuxième homogène méthode consiste à analyser les variations d'absorbance UV de la solution contenant les structures d'ADN puisque l'absorbance UV de l'ADN monocaténaire et du duplex ADN hybride est différente. En raison de cet effet, la température de fusion des brins d'ADN peut être déterminée par la dérivée de l'absorbance UV mesurée. Les structures d'ADN combinant les extrémités pendantes de l'aptamère coupé couplés à des oligonucléotides complémentaires présentent deux températures de fusion caractéristique de la dissociation de chaque partie. L'une correspond à l'oligonucléotide hybridé et l'autre à l'aptamère coupé liant l'adénosine. En présence d'adénosine dans la solution, la stabilité de la structure augmente et le pic de fusion de l'aptamère coupé est décalé à une température plus élevée tandis que le second pic de fusion reste identique et peut servir de référence interne. La limite de détection atteinte pour cette méthode est de 1 μM. Les structures d'ADN que nous avons proposées s'auto-assemblent de manière linéaire ou bi- ou tri-dimensionnelle : la structure 1D est une chaîne d'ADN formée par un enchainement de dimères connectés par des extrémités formées de l'aptamère scindé; La structure en 2D est une structure en forme de Y formée par un ADN simple brin avec une extrémité aptamère scindé sur chaque branche du "Y"; La structure 3D est un tétraèdre formé par quatre simple brins d'ADN avec des extrémités aptamère scindé sur les quatre sommets. En présence d'adénosine, les structures 2D et 3D peuvent s'auto-assembler et ainsi former un réseau avec les extrémités pendantes. La structure 1D a été mûrement développée pour les deux méthodes, les structures 2D et 3D ont été prouvées efficaces pour la détection, mais nécessitent encore plus d'efforts pour permettre une détection optimisée. / The detection of small molecules contributes to the development of many fields such as food safety, homeland security, diagnose, environment control, etc. However, their small size and low concentration are the usual cause of limitations in their detection. In order to improve the detection, biosensors with appropriate probes and signal amplification strategies are required. Amongst the commonly used recognition elements, aptamer has the advantage of easier mass production and modification, reversible denaturation at high temperature and high tolerance of salt concentration and pH in the working environment. More importantly its small size made it an ideal choice for creating delicate structures for the detection of small targets. The possibility of splitting the aptamer sequence has provided more approaches for amplification purpose. There are two categories of detecting methods based on aptamers: heterogeneous analyzation where the aptamer is immobilized on a surface or homogeneous analyzation where the assay is performed in solution. In this thesis, we proposed an amplification method useful for both heterogeneous and homogeneous assays. Adenosine was used as a proof of concept target. The detection of Adenosine was achieved by combining the self-assembly of oligonucleotide dimers with split-aptamer dangling ends. We constructed self-assembled DNA structures (from 1D to 3D) with Adenosine as the trigger for a structural change. The heterogeneous assay is based on in Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi). SPRi is a method sensitive to the change of refraction index created by the interaction between the probes immobilized on the gold surface and the targets in the flowing solution. With the presence of Adenosine in the solution, the DNA structure is self-assembled on the gold surface and the signal was created. The detection limit achieved by this method was 10 µM. The second homogeneous assay is based on the melting profile of the solution determined from the absorbance of UV light (260 nm wavelength). The UV absorbance of single strand DNA and hybridized DNA duplex is different. Due to this effect, the melting temperature could be obtained from the UV absorbance measured. The DNA structures combining self-complementary oligonucleotides and split-aptamer dangling ends have two melting temperatures, one correspond to the oligonucleotides and the other to the split-aptamer. In presence of Adenosine in the solution the strength in the binding is increased. As a result, the melting peak of the split-aptamer shifted to higher temperature while the second melting peak correspond the oligonucleotide remains the same as an internal reference. The detection limit achieved for this method was 1 µM. The DNA structures we proposed varied from 1D to 3D: the 1D structure was a DNA chain formed by a series of dimers connected through split-aptamer dangling ends; the 2D structure was a Y shape structure formed by three single-strand DNA with a split-aptamer dangling end on each branch of the “Y”; the 3D structure was a tetrahedron formed by four single-strand DNA with split-aptamer dangling ends on the four vertexes. With presence of Adenosine, 2D and 3D structures can further form a network with the dangling ends. The 1D structure has been maturely developed for the two detection methods, the 2D and 3D structures have been proven effective for detection but still require more efforts to reach perfection.

Multiferroics have attracted lots of research interest due to their potential in numerous multifunctional applications. The multiferroic materials could simultaneously exhibit two or more ferroic order parameters, and the coupling effects between ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism are named as magnetoelectric (ME) effect. Recently, with the development of thin film growth techniques, the multiferroics magnetoelectric composite heterostructures exhibit a very promising future prospects. This dissertation focused on the design, fabrication and characterization of new multiferroics magnetoelectric composite heterostructures. First, based on the specific phase architectures in BFO-CFO self-assembled thin films grown on variously oriented STO substrates and the epitaxial film growth knowledge, I designed two kinds of new film heterostructures: (i) I utilized self-assembled BFO nanopillars in a BFO-CFO two phase layer on (111) STO as a seed layer on which to deposit a secondary top BiFeO3 layer. The growth mechanism and multiferroic properties of these new heterostructures were investigated. (ii) I demonstrated the formation of a new quasi-(0-3) heterostructure by alternately growing (2-2) and (1-3) layers within the film. I proposed a new concept to overcome limitations of both the (2-2) and (1-3) phase connectivities and identified an indirect ME effect by the switching the characteristics of the piezoresponse for the new heterostructure. Second, for the option for candidates thin film materials with a high piezoelectric coefficient, which is a critical factor for ME composite films, I utilized the simple compositional BaSn0.11Ti0.89O3 bulk ceramic material as a target to grow films with the large piezoelectric properties. The grown high qualify lead-free epitaxial thin films had a chemical constituent similar to the reported giant piezoelectric ceramics near the MPB and with the QP. Both coherent and incoherent regions were observed in the interface and a larger piezoelectric coefficient d33 was achieved in this film. Finally, with respect to their characteristics and potential, I redirected from two-dimensional thin film materials to one-dimensional nanowire materials. By utilizing vertically aligned templates, I fabricated a new type of coaxial two-phase composite nanowires. Multiferroic properties of these new one-dimensional materials have been investigated. All these multiferroics magnetoelectric composite herterostructures would provide lots of potential in applications. / PHD

Durante os últimos cinco anos, a nanotecnologia tem atingido avanços significativos em diversas áreas da ciência e tecnologia. Um dos assuntos que está sendo intensamente estudado pela comunidade científica é a intensificação de campo próximo (hot spot) que pode ser aplicada em dispositivos sensores com capacidade de detecção de apenas uma molécula e em nano-antenas ópticas aplicadas na fabricação de dispositivos plasmônicos. Neste sentido, as principais contribuições da presente tese são processos de fabricação de nanoestruturas metálicas e de silício e o estudo da intensificação de campo próximo denominada de pontos quentes (hot spots) nestas estruturas. As nanoestruturas metálicas de Au (ouro) foram obtidas a partir do processo de auto-organização de esferas de poliestireno. As esferas de poliestireno serviram como camada sacrificial (molde) para a obtenção de nanoestruturas metálicas organizadas. Sobre as estruturas de Au organizadas foram depositadas moléculas de cristal violeta para serem utilizadas como moléculas de prova (sondas) no monitoramento da existência dos pontos quentes com o auxílio do espalhamento Raman das moléculas. As nanoestruturas de Au possibilitaram uma intensificação do espalhamento Raman devido à intensificação do campo próximo na superfície metálica periódica de Au. As nanoestruturas e microestruturas de silício foram obtidas a partir da tecnologia de silício poroso. As propriedades do silício poroso foram moduladas através da implantação de íons de hidrogênio (H +) que possibilitou a formação de silício microporoso com forte emissão fotoluminescente (PL) e intensificação do espalhamento Raman superficial devido ao fenômeno de Raman ressonante. Sobre as estruturas macroporosas de silício foram adsorvidas moléculas de azul de metileno para serem utilizadas como moléculas de prova para monitoramento da intensificação do campo próximo e do efeito SERS no silício. A obtenção da intensificação de campo próximo em silício é uma contribuição completamente inédita, pois este fenômeno devia-se, até o momento, somente a materiais metálicos (nanoestruturas metálicas), mostrando sua existência também no silício. / During the last five years, nanotechnology has achieved significant progress in several areas of science and technology. One of the issues that are being intensively studied by the scientific community is the intensification of near-field (hot spot) that can be applied to devices with sensors capable of detecting a single molecule and nano-optical antennas used in the fabrication of plasmonic devices. In this sense, the main contributions of this thesis are processes for manufacture of metal and silicon nanostructures and the study of near-field intensification called hot spots in these structures. The metal nanostructures of Au (gold) were obtained from the process of self-assembling of polystyrene beads. The polystyrene beads were used as sacrificial layer (mold) for obtaining organized metallic nanostructures. On the structures of organized Au were deposited molecules of violet crystal to be used as proof of molecules (probes) to monitor the existence of hot spots with the help of Raman scattering of molecules. The Au nanostructures allowed an intensification of the Raman scattering due to the intensification of the near-field in the periodic Au surface. The microstructures and nanostructures of silicon were obtained using the porous silicon technology. The properties of porous silicon were modulated by the implantation of hydrogen ions (H +) that allowed the formation of microporous silicon which showed high photoluminescence emission (PL) and Raman scattering intensification of the surface due to the phenomenon of resonant Raman. Methylene blue molecules were adsorbed on the macroporous silicon structures to be used as probe molecule for the monitoring of near-field intensification and the SERS effect in silicon. The obtaining of near-field intensification in silicon is an entirely unprecedented contribution, because this phenomenon had been observed, so far, only on the metallic materials (metal nanostructures), showing its existence in the silicon too.

Durante os últimos cinco anos, a nanotecnologia tem atingido avanços significativos em diversas áreas da ciência e tecnologia. Um dos assuntos que está sendo intensamente estudado pela comunidade científica é a intensificação de campo próximo (hot spot) que pode ser aplicada em dispositivos sensores com capacidade de detecção de apenas uma molécula e em nano-antenas ópticas aplicadas na fabricação de dispositivos plasmônicos. Neste sentido, as principais contribuições da presente tese são processos de fabricação de nanoestruturas metálicas e de silício e o estudo da intensificação de campo próximo denominada de pontos quentes (hot spots) nestas estruturas. As nanoestruturas metálicas de Au (ouro) foram obtidas a partir do processo de auto-organização de esferas de poliestireno. As esferas de poliestireno serviram como camada sacrificial (molde) para a obtenção de nanoestruturas metálicas organizadas. Sobre as estruturas de Au organizadas foram depositadas moléculas de cristal violeta para serem utilizadas como moléculas de prova (sondas) no monitoramento da existência dos pontos quentes com o auxílio do espalhamento Raman das moléculas. As nanoestruturas de Au possibilitaram uma intensificação do espalhamento Raman devido à intensificação do campo próximo na superfície metálica periódica de Au. As nanoestruturas e microestruturas de silício foram obtidas a partir da tecnologia de silício poroso. As propriedades do silício poroso foram moduladas através da implantação de íons de hidrogênio (H +) que possibilitou a formação de silício microporoso com forte emissão fotoluminescente (PL) e intensificação do espalhamento Raman superficial devido ao fenômeno de Raman ressonante. Sobre as estruturas macroporosas de silício foram adsorvidas moléculas de azul de metileno para serem utilizadas como moléculas de prova para monitoramento da intensificação do campo próximo e do efeito SERS no silício. A obtenção da intensificação de campo próximo em silício é uma contribuição completamente inédita, pois este fenômeno devia-se, até o momento, somente a materiais metálicos (nanoestruturas metálicas), mostrando sua existência também no silício. / During the last five years, nanotechnology has achieved significant progress in several areas of science and technology. One of the issues that are being intensively studied by the scientific community is the intensification of near-field (hot spot) that can be applied to devices with sensors capable of detecting a single molecule and nano-optical antennas used in the fabrication of plasmonic devices. In this sense, the main contributions of this thesis are processes for manufacture of metal and silicon nanostructures and the study of near-field intensification called hot spots in these structures. The metal nanostructures of Au (gold) were obtained from the process of self-assembling of polystyrene beads. The polystyrene beads were used as sacrificial layer (mold) for obtaining organized metallic nanostructures. On the structures of organized Au were deposited molecules of violet crystal to be used as proof of molecules (probes) to monitor the existence of hot spots with the help of Raman scattering of molecules. The Au nanostructures allowed an intensification of the Raman scattering due to the intensification of the near-field in the periodic Au surface. The microstructures and nanostructures of silicon were obtained using the porous silicon technology. The properties of porous silicon were modulated by the implantation of hydrogen ions (H +) that allowed the formation of microporous silicon which showed high photoluminescence emission (PL) and Raman scattering intensification of the surface due to the phenomenon of resonant Raman. Methylene blue molecules were adsorbed on the macroporous silicon structures to be used as probe molecule for the monitoring of near-field intensification and the SERS effect in silicon. The obtaining of near-field intensification in silicon is an entirely unprecedented contribution, because this phenomenon had been observed, so far, only on the metallic materials (metal nanostructures), showing its existence in the silicon too.