The Swedish National Agency for Education recently begun explicitly promoting teaching through self-regulation strategies in national steering documents intended for teachers, following a number of other countries world wide (Skolverket, 2012; LGY 11; Dalland & Klette, 2016). The goal of self-regulation strategies is for the students to take control of their own learning process, and though there is research on the benefits of self-regulation strategies and motivation, these ideas are based on abstract concepts and biological processes in the brain, that are very difficult to measure (Zimmerman, 1990; Hattie, 2012; Simpson & Balsam, 2016; Schumann, 2004). As such, more research on these strategies is warranted, and little has been done to evaluate their effects on Swedish upper secondary school students. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to attempt to operationalize the theoretical concepts of self-regulation strategies in order to calculate the correlation between students perceived usage of self-regulation strategies, and English performance, with a special focus on motivation. This was done by operationalizing motivation and self-regulation strategies into six variables based on previous research, and then surveying 40 English 05 (year one) students at Enskilda Gymnasiet upper secondary school in Stockholm, and then running correlation tests with their grades from a grammar test the week after the survey, as well as with their overall grade from the previous year. The results showed almost no statistically significant correlations between the students´ grades, and the students self-reported usage of self-regulation strategies. The exception was a statistically significant positive correlation between high levels of intrinsic motivation and good grades. The causes of these results are not specified within the parameters of this research project, however, it could be that there simply were no correlations between the perceived usage of self-regulation strategies and performance due to the strategies not having an effect on performance, or because the strategies were not being used properly. However, it could also be that the operationalizing of the variables in the questionnaire did not generate accurate levels of usage of these strategies. Either way, the results of this essay stress the need for further research that evaluates the effect of self-regulation strategies and motivation on learning English.

Notre recherche consiste à identifier les déterminants psychobiologiques et émotionnels des activités physiques à risque : rallye, lifestyle sport, équitation et cirque (N= 507). Nous avons comparé le tempérament et le caractère de jeunes cavaliers et golfeurs en Tunisie et en France. Ensuite, nous avons comparé la dominance télique en fonction de différents sports. Nous avons aussi testé les variations des états émotionnels, la dimension névrosisme et les variables fuite et alexithymie en lien avec l’imprudence et la prise de risque. Enfin, nous avons identifié le profil de personnalité, et plus précisément la dominance télique et la recherche de sensations ainsi que le stress perçu, de circassiens. Nous avons suivi l’évolution du taux du cortisol pendant l’entrainement et le spectacle. Les résultats montrent que les cavaliers et les golfeurs ont un score élevé sur les dimensions persistance et évitement du danger. Les sports mécaniques seraient plus risqués que les lifestyle sports. Le rallye permettrait à ses adeptes de diminuer leurs affects négatifs. Le névrosisme et l’alexithymie contribuent à l’adoption de comportements imprudents et de prise de risque. Les circassiens étudiés sont tous paratéliques, chercheurs de sensations, et perçoivent peu le stress ; leur niveau de cortisol est plus élevé le jour du spectacle que lors de l’entrainement. Ainsi, nous avons pu identifier les différences individuelles qui favoriseraient l’engagement dans certaines activités physiques à risque, tout en relevant le rôle des variables motivationnelles, émotionnelles, biologiques, ainsi que les facteurs de personnalité dans la compréhension d’un tel engagement. / Risk-taking behaviors constitute a growing domain, yet not well known. Our research’s goal aimed at identifying the psychobiological and emotional determinants of risky physical activities: rally, lifestyle sports, horse riding, golf players and circus artists (N = 507). We compared the temperament and character of young horse riders and young golfers, both in Tunisia and in France. We then compared the telic dominance of participants in different kinds of sports. We also tested changes in emotional states, neuroticism, escape and alexithymia related to risk-taking. Finally, we identified the personality profiles, specifically the telic dominance and sensation seeking and the perceived stress among circus artists. We have followed the evolution of their cortisol level while training and during a show. The results show that the horse riders and golfers have a high score on persistence and harm avoidance. Motor sports imply more risk-taking than lifestyle sports. The rally context allows its followers to decrease their level of negative affect, neuroticism and alexithymia, which contributes to the adoption of reckless behaviors. Circus artists are paratelic, sensation seekers, and perceive a low level of stress; their cortisol level is higher during the show than on a training day. Overall, we could identify the individual differences that would promote involvement in physical activities at risk, while noting the role of motivational, emotional, biological variables and personality factors in the understanding of such a commitment.

Doctor of Education / Department of Special Education, Counseling and Student Affairs / Mickey L. Losinski / Students with emotional and behavioral disorders frequently display deficits in reading. One emerging method for addressing these deficits is known as self-regulated strategy development (SRSD). One specific SRSD reading strategy is TWA (Think before reading, think While reading, and think After reading), which teaches students to self-monitor and self-evaluate while reading. The purpose of this study was to determine if TWA is effective in increasing reading comprehension of fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students with or at-risk for emotional and behavioral disorders, using a randomized control trial pretest-posttest design. Results suggested no statistical significance between the reading comprehension of the treatment and control group following the intervention. Limitations are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.

L’objectif de cette thèse était d’analyser les difficultés de wayfinding de personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) sous l’angle de l’autorégulation et de l’hétérorégulation. Pour cela, trois études utilisant une situation d’apprentissage d’itinéraires en environnement virtuel ont été menées. La première montre que les personnes présentant une DI ont un niveau d’autorégulation globale et de certaines stratégies autorégulatrices plus faible que les personnes au développement typique de même âge chronologique. Elles acquièrent la connaissance d’itinéraires après un apprentissage plus long et sont peu nombreuses à développer une connaissance de la configuration de l’environnement. La seconde étude, portant sur 19 dyades éducateurs-jeunes présentant une DI, révèle un ajustement entre l’hétérorégulation des éducateurs et l’autorégulation des jeunes. En outre, l’analyse des aides verbales données par les éducateurs montre qu’ils utilisent principalement des prescriptions d’actions associées ou non aux points de repère. L’impact de ces deux types d’aides a été testé dans la troisième étude montrant que les prescriptions d’actions associées aux points de repère favorisent l’apprentissage d’itinéraires chez les personnes présentant une DI et chez des enfants au développement typique de même niveau de développement intellectuel. Nos résultats semblent montrer que l’autorégulation, l’hétérorégulation et le wayfinding ne sont pas des processus indépendants. Toutefois, d’autres recherches sont nécessaires pour mieux définir la nature de leur relation. Enfin, plusieurs implications pratiques sont envisagées concernant l’autorégulation, les méthodes d’apprentissage des déplacements et les aides à la navigation. / The aim of this thesis was to analyse the wayfinding difficulties in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) from the angle of self-regulation and other-regulation. For this purpose, three experiments were conducted using route learning in virtual environments. The first study showed that people with ID had a lower level of global self-regulation and of some self-regulatory strategies than typically developing people of the same chronological age. They acquired route knowledge after a longer learning time and had difficulties in developing configurational knowledge of the environment. The second study, including 19 educators-teenagers with ID dyads, revealed an adjustment between educators’ regulation and teenagers’ self-regulation. Moreover, the analysis of the verbal aids given by the educators showed that they mainly used prescriptions of actions with or without reference to landmarks. The impact of these two types of aids was tested in the third study showing that prescriptions of actions with reference to landmarks promoted route learning in people with ID and typically developing children with the same level of intellectual development. Our results suggested that self-regulation, other-regulation and wayfinding are not independent processes. However, further research is needed to better define the nature of their relation. Several practical implications are envisaged concerning self-regulation, methods of teaching independent travel and navigational aids.

Ethical regulation of advertising Abstract This thesis deals with the regulation of ethical elements in advertising. Advertising is regulated by law, which protects the most important ethical interests of society that may be violated in advertising. In addition to this an important role is played by regulation standing outside the law, provided by the advertising industry itself. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current position of self-regulation of advertising in the Czech Republic and to assess whether the existing mechanisms are sufficient. This will be accomplished by illustrating the application of self-regulatory rules on specific adverts. The thesis is composed of four chapters. Chapter One defines the term advertising as a social phenomenon from a marketing practice perspective. The chapter focuses on definitions of this term provided by both national and European legislation. Chapter Two gives the definition of ethics as a theory of morality and the term good manners, which is mostly used in legal literature. After providing a brief outline of legal regulation of advertising Chapter Three analyses the most important self-regulatory body in the Czech Republic - the Czech Advertising Standards Council and its decision-making process. The thesis illustrates which ethical aspects are protected...

This doctoral thesis examines the influence of private international law on the Swedish model for collective self-regulation of employment conditions. The Swedish model is characterized by the crucial importance of private collective agreements. In the thesis, the Swedish model is structured as a three step procedure following the creation and implementation of employment conditions. In the first step employment conditions are negotiated under a mutual threat of industrial action. Employment conditions are then, in the second step, settled in collective agreements. In the third step, employment conditions are carried out in individual employment contracts. Swedish substantive labour law serves as an infrastructure for this collective self-regulation. Hence, in Sweden the right to strike is utmost extensive during the period of bargaining, but ceases once a collective agreement is in place. Additionally, collective agreements have several other legal effects, and individual employment contracts are interpreted as a part of the system. The research analyses how the private international law issues of jurisdiction, choice of law, application of substantive law in international relations and treatment of foreign judgments affect the Swedish model. The general conclusion in the dissertation is that EU private international law is based on individualism while the Swedish model is based on collectivism. This conflict of basic ideas creates several legal problems which are addressed in the thesis.

Strengths-based assessment is providing an alternative to the typical way that psychologists approach mental health in the literature. Social-emotional strengths are multidimensional, positive indicators of mental health that include Social Competence, Self-Regulation, Empathy, and Responsibility. Limited research has been conducted to examine the potential connection between parental involvement in children’s education, specifically in the areas of supporting a child’s learning at home, parental involvement within educational settings, and parenting practices (discipline, Monitoring, use of Praise and Incentives) in connection with social-emotional strengths. With an emphasis on prevention of mental health problems, parents are an important and potentially untapped resource for school-based interventions to promote social-emotional strengths. Multiple informants in strengths-based assessment has also received limited attention in the research, therefore potential differences in parent and teacher ratings of social-emotional strengths were explored. The relationships between parenting variables and social-emotional strengths were examined. The sample included 166 kindergarten children. Teacher ratings of children’s strengths were available for all 166 of these children. Parent ratings of children’s strengths were available for a subset (n = 122) of these 166 children. Participants were from both the U.S. and Canada. Measures used to assess parenting variables included the Parent Involvement Project Questionnaire-Modified, the Fast Track Project Parent-Teacher Involvement Questionnaire, the Parent Practices Interview, Parental Support for Learning Scale, Trust Scale from the Family-School Relationship Survey, and the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale (SEARS)-Parent, and the SEARS-Teacher short form. All together, parenting variables explained 37% of the variance in Self-Regulation/Responsibility, 29% of the variance in Social Competence, 29% of the variance in Empathy, 37% of the variance in Total Social-Emotional Strengths as rated by parents, and 20% of the variance in Total Strengths as rated by teachers. In terms of individual predictors of the parent-rated strengths sample, Positive Verbal Discipline and gender (female status) were significant positive predictors of Self-Regulation/Responsibility. This indicated that the higher the use of Positive Verbal Discipline, the higher the levels of Self-Regulation/Responsibility. Supportive Parent Involvement, Positive Verbal Discipline, and gender (female status) significantly predicted Social Competence, also in a positive direction. This demonstrated that the higher the level of Supportive Parent Involvement and Positive Verbal Discipline, the higher the level of Social Competence. Parent perception of his/her Time and Energy, Praise and Incentives, and the child’s gender (female status) positively predicted Empathy; Monitoring negatively predicted Empathy. For Time and Energy and Praise and Incentives, this indicated that the higher the level of these parenting variables, the more positively Empathy was rated by parents. Monitoring moved in the opposite direction of Empathy; as Monitoring increased, Empathy decreased. Positive Verbal Discipline and gender (female status) predicted Total Strengths rated by parents in a positive direction; as Positive Verbal Discipline increased, so did Total Parent-Rated Strengths. For teacher ratings of strengths, Trust of the child’s teacher and gender (female status) predicted Total Strengths in a positive direction. This indicated that as Trust of the child’s teacher increased, so did the level of teacher-rated Total Social-Emotional Strengths. Female status was consistently associated with more positive ratings of the social-emotional domains and Total Social-Emotional Strengths. Teachers and parents had moderate levels of association (r = .48) in rating of kindergarten students’ Total Social-Emotional Strengths. In summary, all parenting variables were predictive or associated with social-emotional outcomes except for Appropriate Discipline, and Monitoring had a negative relationship with parent-rated Empathy. Socioeconomic status was also not found to be significantly predictive or associated with social-emotional domains. Parenting practices such as Positive Verbal Discipline and gender were particularly predictive of social-emotional domains. Implications for research and practice are outlined.

The gestalt approach in play therapy is used by a wide spectrum of professional persons operating in the fields of health, psychology and education. The objective of the research study was to investigate the practicality of the gestalt approach as applied by play therapists. A collective case study within a qualitative research approach has been utilized in this study. Ten play therapists had been identified by means of random sampling and a semi-structured interview was conducted with each one. The researcher applied a systematic random sampling as this method prevents bias. The researcher gained information by means of a literature study as well as from discussions with experts. A theoretical framework was formed regarding the gestalt approach and the utilization thereof in practice. The objective of the gestalt approach is to support the client during therapy to enable the client to function as a complete entity. When the client functions as such an entity he or she is able to complete a gestalt. The healthy person according to the gestalt approach will satisfy his own needs without harming himself or others. The gestalt approach consists of several main concepts namely: holism, awareness, contact and contact boundary disturbances, figure/fore ground and back ground, self regulation, the here-and-now concept and polarities. Techniques can be added throughout as the approach is spontaneous and creative. The focus in gestalt approach techniques is based on language usage and bipolar ways of thinking to enable the client to achieve a balanced outlook in life. The client learns to acknowledge and accept the positive and negative aspects of problem situations. An empirical study has been undertaken to determine how play therapists experience and utilize the gestalt approach. A qualitative research approach was suitable as it sheds light on the usefulness of this approach in practice. Semi-structured interviews led to in depth discussions with play therapists. These interviews were recorded and processed according to Creswell’s qualitative data-analysing process. The findings of the empirical study are that: play therapists experience the gestalt approach as scientifically justified; the main concepts and various techniques of the gestalt approach are utilized although there is a need to adapt some of the techniques in practice; the gestalt approach can be utilized in conjunction with other approaches and the gestalt approach can be implemented in the treatment of both children and adults. The research investigation has proved that the gestalt approach is practically useful and thus applied by play therapists in practice. The researcher recommends that further in depth research be undertaken to identify specific techniques that can be combined with the gestalt approach when utilized in practice. Further investigation could also be undertaken in respect of specific problems that play therapists experience in practice. / Dissertation (Magister Socialis Diligentiae)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Given the importance of emotional self-regulation to a child’s ability to develop social competence and prosocial behavior, and the significant role early childhood teachers play in supporting young children’s emotional self-regulation, it is important to explore the concept from the perspective of teachers, or from the socio-cultural context through which they (i.e., teachers) make sense of the world. This study used an exploratory case study methodology to explore the understandings of emotional self-regulation among three Head Start teachers working with varying socio-cultural contexts and to identify the socio-cultural perspectives that influenced their ability to effectively apply their understandings. Findings indicate that while the participants’ definitions of emotional self- regulation were aligned with those that are commonly used in the field, it was their implementation of strategies that diverged, reflecting the influence of learning goals and varying socio-cultural contexts.

L’objectif de cette thèse était de contribuer à la compréhension de l’effet des caractéristiques environnementales et individuelles sur l’autodétermination et l’autorégulation d’adolescents et jeunes adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle (DI). Pour cela, nous avons conduit une première étude, longitudinale, auprès de 45 jeunes DI évaluant l’impact du changement d’environnement (passage du milieu spécialisé au milieu ordinaire de formation) ainsi que l’effet des fonctions exécutives sur l’autodétermination et l’autorégulation. Les résultats n’ont pas mis en évidence d’effet du changement d’environnement sur l’autodétermination (échelle du LARIDI ; Wehmeyer et al., 2001). Concernant la dimension d’autorégulation, la mesure d’autorégulation en situation de gestion de vie (Nader-Grosbois, 2007b) était sensible aux changements d’environnement. Le score d’autorégulation (LARIDI) était quant à lui prédit par une mesure générale de la flexibilité (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Dans une seconde étude, nous avons exploré plus spécifiquement les liens entre l’autorégulation, le langage et les fonctions exécutives (inhibition, flexibilité et mise à jour en mémoire de travail) chez 63 jeunes DI. Les résultats ont montré que le langage, l’inhibition et la mise à jour en mémoire de travail prédisaient la performance d’autorégulation dans notre échantillon. Ces deux études ont permis de mettre en évidence l’implication importante du langage et des fonctions exécutives dans l’autorégulation, dimension clé de l’autodétermination. Cependant d’autres recherches sont nécessaires afin de mieux définir les relations entre ces différentes dimensions. Le développement de programmes de soutien à l’autorégulation ayant recours à l’entraînement des fonctions exécutives pourrait être bénéfique pour les personnes DI. / The aim of this thesis was to increase the understanding of the effect of environmental and individual factors on self-determination and self-regulation among teenagers and young adults with intellectual disability (ID). For this purpose, we have conducted a longitudinal study, among 45 young people with ID to assess the effects of environmental changes (moving from a less to a more integrated setting) and executive functioning on self-determination and self-regulation. Results did not show a significant effect of environmental factors on self-determination (LARIDI; Wehmeyer et al., 2001). With regard to self-regulation, one measure assessing self-regulation in daily life was sensitive to environmental changes (Nader-Grosbois, 2007b) whereas the other selfregulation’s score (LARIDI) was predicted by shifting ability (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). In another study, we have investigated the relationships between self-regulation, language and executives functions (inhibition, shifting and updating) among 63 young people with ID. Results showed that language, inhibition and updating predicted self-regulation’s performance in our sample. These studies highlighted the significant involvement of language and executive functions in self-regulation, a key dimension of self-determination. Nevertheless, further research is required to define the relationship between these dimensions. Training focusing on executive functions could be efficient to improve self-regulation in people with ID.