Introduction: Micronutrient malnutrition has been identified as a serious health problem globally and is on the rise in South Africa. This is evident from the escalating burden of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in South Africa. Rural infants are the most affected, as their diets often lack micronutrients. Food fortification, vitamin A supplementation and dietary diversity are the strategies that have been employed in South Africa to alleviate VAD. However, these strategies have not been effective, for various reasons. Biofortification is the production of micronutrient dense staple crops to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies. This strategy could complement existing strategies in the alleviation of VAD in South Africa and in other countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where VAD is prevalent. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional composition and acceptance of a complementary food (soft porridge) made with provitamin A-biofortified maize by female infant caregivers from the rural areas of Umgungundlovu District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Objectives: (i) To evaluate the nutritional composition of soft porridge made with provitamin A-biofortified maize compared to non-biofortified white maize porridge; (ii) To assess the sensory acceptability of soft porridge made with the biofortified maize by black African female infant caregivers of varying age; and (iii) To determine the perceptions of the black African infant caregivers about the biofortified maize relative to the non-biofortified white maize. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Grains of two provitamin A-biofortified maize varieties and one white variety (control) were used. Grain and soft porridge of each variety of maize were analysed for their nutritional composition. The sensory acceptability of the porridges were evaluated by black African female infant caregivers, using a five-point facial hedonic scale. Focus group discussions were conducted, using some of the study subjects, to determine their perceptions about the provitamin A-biofortified maize. Results: The results showed that the grains of the provitamin A-biofortified maize varieties and their soft porridges were more nutritious than the control white variety in terms of energy, fibre, fat, protein, iron, zinc and phosphorus content. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that there was no significant difference in the sensory acceptability of the biofortified soft porridges and the white maize soft porridge, irrespective of the age of the sensory evaluation panellists. The female caregivers perceived the biofortified maize as nutritious and health-beneficial and thought that infants would like its unique yellow colour and taste. However, the black African female caregivers perceived the provitamin A-biofortified maize as an animal feed or food for the poor. Nevertheless, the female caregivers expressed a willingness to give their infants porridge made with provitamin A-biofortified maize if it was cheap, readily available and health-beneficial. Conclusion: This study suggests that provitamin A-biofortified maize has the potential to be used as a complementary food item. Biofortification of maize with provitamin A could be used as a possible complementary strategy to assist in the alleviation of VAD in SSA. Furthermore, the relatively higher energy, fibre, fat, protein, iron, zinc and phosphorus content of the biofortified maize could contribute to the alleviation of protein-energy malnutrition and mineral deficiencies, respectively, which are prevalent in children of SSA. Although the findings of this study, like other previous studies, indicate that there are some negative perceptions about the provitamin A-biofortified maize, this study shows that provitamin A-biofortified maize soft porridge is as acceptable as white maize soft porridge to female infant caregivers from the rural areas of Umgungundlovu District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The female caregivers are thus likely to accept the biofortified maize for use as an infant complementary food in the form of soft porridge. Further research is recommended to expand the study area and consumer sample size in order to increase the confidence of inferring these results for large rural populations. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2014.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hot-deboning (1 h post-mortem) on the shelf-life and the physical meat quality characteristics, including tenderness, pH, purge (%), cooking loss (%), and raw meat colour of vacuum packed ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) meat cuts from the M. gastrocnemius, pars interna and the M. iliofibularis during post-mortem refrigerated aging for respectively 21 d at 4ºC and 42 d at -3º to 0ºC.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study was undertaken in view of the high incidence of malnutrition problems such as protein-energy malnutrition and diabetes type 2 in countries like Botswana, and due to worldwide interest in underutilised and underdeveloped crops. Morama bean, the seed of Tylosema esculentum (family Fabacae), occurs naturally in the drier areas of Southern Africa, including Botswana, where it is, to a small extent, harvested as wild plant for human consumption. Due to the potential of this crop there is increasing interest in its cultivation. Despite its traditional use as food source in Botswana, little is known about its nutritional value, benefits and disadvantages, and its use as food was therefore the reason for this research. A specific aim was to improve the school feeding programme with this readily available indigenous product.

SUCUPIRA, Natália Rocha. Avaliação da "carne" básica de caju submetida a diferentes métodos de cocção e aceitação sensorial de novos produtos. 2012. 90 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2012 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T15:57:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_nrsucupira.pdf: 1663165 bytes, checksum: 484edd22af53355556f215d1acb118c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T15:57:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_nrsucupira.pdf: 1663165 bytes, checksum: 484edd22af53355556f215d1acb118c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T15:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_nrsucupira.pdf: 1663165 bytes, checksum: 484edd22af53355556f215d1acb118c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The growing demand for processed food products means there is a need to develop technologies which can lead to products being developed which only slightly alter the sensory and nutritional characteristics and which are easy to use. Cooking a food leads to significant changes in its chemical composition which affect the concentration and the bioavailabilty of the bioactive compounds of vegetables. The development of value-added food products from the waste processing of the cashew apple could be attractive to the growing market for products with a reduced level of fats and attractive sensory characteristics. Considering the lack of data on the characteristics of products obtained from the cashew apple, the aim of this study was to analyze the bioactive compounds of different “in natura” cashew apple fibers (artisan and industrialized), to compare the different methods of cooking of the cashew meat to find the best one after the different methods of cooking, as well as to elaborate a way of evaluating the acceptance and sensorial preference of the new products made from these fibers. Different types of cashew “meat” were made from fibers (artisan and industrialized). These types of “meat” underwent different methods of cooking (boiling, steaming, frying and a mixed method) and their bioactive compounds were measured (that is, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total antioxidant activity through the ABTS method –azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid) and the DPPH method (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Cashew flour and cashew balls were made and underwent sensorial analysis. The level of ascorbic acid, the total carotenoids, and the antioxidant activity measured by the ABTS and the DPPH methods showed significant differences between the two in natura fibers studied, while they were significantly similar in terms of phenolic compounds. The artisan cashew fiber had a high level of ascorbic acid, (147.8 mg.100g-1), which is an excellent source of vitamin C. Both fibers showed low levels of total phenolic compounds and showed antioxidant activity. In both, the levels of ascorbic acid and carotenoids were high as the basic cashew “meat” is a good source of these bioactive compounds. The boiling method of cooking was the one which led to the lowest retention of functional compounds, exhibiting the lowest measurements in all the parameters evaluated. In general, frying and the cooking method combining both dry and moist heat had the highest measurements and were not significantly different from each other. The cashew flour and cashew balls were judged to be acceptable on the hedonic scales used both in terms of their attributes (appearance, aroma, taste, overall impression) and intention to buy. The values ranged from “I liked a little” and “I liked quite a lot” for attributes and in terms of intention to buy the possibilities were “maybe I’d buy, maybe not” and “I would possibly buy”. It can be seen that making use of cashew apple residue is important both in terms of combating waste and in the development of new food products. / A crescente demanda por produtos de frutas processados gera a necessidade do desenvolvimento de tecnologias que permitam a obtenção de produtos com características sensoriais e nutricionais com pouca alteração e grande conveniência para o consumo. O ato de cozinhar induz mudanças significativas na composição química que influenciam a concentração e a biodisponibilidade de compostos bioativos de vegetais. O desenvolvimento de produtos culinários, de valor agregado, com resíduos do beneficiamento do pedúnculo caju tem atraído o crescente mercado de produtos com teor reduzido de gordura e com boas características sensoriais. Considerando a escassez de dados sobre as características de produtos obtidos a partir do pedúnculo do caju, objetivou-se nesse trabalho analisar os compostos bioativos das diferentes fibras (artesanal e industrializada) de caju in natura, comparar a melhor forma de cocção da “carne” básica de caju após os diferentes tipos de cocção, além de elaborar e avaliar a aceitação e preferência sensorial de novos produtos formulados a partir destas fibras. Foram elaboradas “carnes” básicas de caju a partir de duas fibras (artesanal e industrializada). Estas “carnes” foram submetidas a diferentes métodos de cocção (cozimento a água, cozimento a vapor, fritura e cocção combinada) e tiveram seus componentes bioativos (ácido ascórbico, carotenóides totais, atividade antioxidante total pelos métodos ABTS – azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico) e DPPH – (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) avaliados. Paçoca de caju e almôndega de caju foram formuladas e analisadas sensorialmente. O ácido ascórbico, os carotenóides totais, as atividades antioxidantes pelo método do ABTS e pelo método do DPPH variaram significativamente entre as duas fibras in natura estudadas; enquanto para os compostos fenólicos apresentaram-se significativamente iguais. A fibra de caju artesanal mostrou elevado conteúdo de ácido ascórbico (147,8 mg.100g-1), sendo considerada uma excelente fonte de vitamina C. As fibras apresentaram baixos valores de compostos fenólicos totais e exibiram ação antioxidante. Em ambos os tratamentos, os níveis de ácido ascórbico e carotenóides se apresentaram elevados, sendo “carnes” básicas de caju rica fonte destes compostos bioativos. O tratamento de cocção em água foi o que menos contribuiu para a retenção de compostos funcionais, apresentando menores médias em todos os parâmetros avaliados. De maneira geral, a fritura e a cocção combinada de calor seco com calor úmido, exibiram maiores médias, não variando significativamente. A paçoca e a almôndega de caju apresentaram médias dos atributos (aparência, aroma, sabor, impressão global) e intenção de compra localizadas na zona de aceitação das duas escalas hedônicas utilizadas, em que os valores variaram entre os termos “gostei ligeiramente” e “gostei moderadamente” enquanto para a intenção de compra, as médias se situaram de “talvez comprasse, talvez não comprasse” a “possivelmente compraria”. Com base no resultados, o aproveitamento dos resíduos do pedúnculo de caju se torna bastante importante para o combate ao desperdício e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos alimentícios.

The sensory evaluation of heat treated consumer milk at different temperatures by preference tests was main topic of this thesis. The survey based on questionare is part of this thesis.

This study aimed to evaluate the functionality of extracts from banana inflorescence (Musa cavendishii) obtained under different extraction conditions, and to analyze the effect in pork burgers. The extracts were obtained by conventional stirring and ultrasound, varying the ethanol concentration (50, 70 and 90%), time (30, 45 and 60 minutes) and temperature (20, 40 and 60 °C). The levels of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were quantified by the DPPH and FRAP methods. The best results were found for extraction using stirring and without the use of ultrasound at 60 ºC for 30 minutes with an ethanol concentration of 50%, which resulted 1690.0 mg EAG/100g of total phenolic compounds and IC50 of 0.31 μg/mL; this extract was then applied in the products. The pork burgers were prepared with different concentrations of the extract of banana inflorescence (0, 1.0 and 2.0%) and sodium erythorbate (0.100, 0.150 and 0.200%), synthetic antioxidant commonly employed in meat products, and stored for 120 days at -12 º C. Microbiological and chemical composition analyses were performed, and every 30 days pH, color and TBARS values (substances reactive to 2-thiobarbituric acid), were evaluated. Also sensory evaluation was performed on days 10 and 60. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the chemical composition of the different burgers developed. All the treatments showed a reduction in pH during storage, which was not affected by the addition of the extract. During storage, all the treatments showed a decrease in the intensity of red coloring, and the burgers without the addition of extract were yellower in color. TBARS values increased linearly during storage; at 120 days all the treatments with added extract of banana inflorescence had significantly (p< 0,005) lower TBARS values than the other treatments. The treatment with 0.200 % of added sodium erythorbate and 2.0% extract was most effective in delaying lipid oxidation. The sensory evaluation showed that the treatments maintained their sensory characteristics, with good tasters acceptability. The banana inflorescence was shown to be a potential source of antioxidant compounds and its extract showed satisfactory results to ensure the shelf life of pork burgers in relation to lipid oxidation, without causing damage to the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the product. / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a funcionalidade do extrato da inflorescência de bananeira da espécie Musa cavendishii obtido em diferentes condições de extração, e analisar os efeitos em hambúrgueres de carne suína. Os extratos foram obtidos por agitação convencional e ultrassom, variando a concentração de etanol (50, 70 e 90%), tempo (30, 45 e 60 minutos) e temperatura (20, 40 e 60 ºC). Foram quantificados os teores de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides totais e atividade antioxidante pelos métodos de DPPH e FRAP. Os melhores resultados foram encontrados para a extração sob agitação sem emprego do ultrassom à 60 ºC por 30 minutos com concentração de etanol de 50%, que resultou 1690,0 mg EAG/100g de compostos fenólicos totais e IC50 de 0,31 μg/mL, sendo este extrato posteriormente aplicado no produto. Os hambúrgueres de carne suína foram elaborados com diferentes concentrações do extrato da inflorescência de bananeira (0, 1,0 e 2,0%) e eritorbato de sódio (0,100, 0,150 e 0,200%), antioxidante sintético comumente empregado em produtos cárneos, e armazenados durante 120 dias a -12 ºC. Foi realizada a avaliação microbiológica e composição centesimal e a cada 30 dias foram avaliados pH, cor e índice de TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido 2-tiobarbitúrico). Também foi realizada a avaliação sensorial nos dias 10 e 60. Não houve diferença significativa (p> 0,05) na composição centesimal dos diferentes hambúrgueres desenvolvidos. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram uma redução do pH durante o armazenamento, que não foi afetada pela adição de extrato. Durante o armazenamento todos os tratamentos apresentaram uma diminuição na intensidade da coloração vermelha, e os hambúrgueres sem adição de extrato apresentaram maior amarelamento. Os valores de TBARS aumentaram de maneira linear durante o armazenamento e aos 120 dias todos os tratamentos acrescidos de extrato de inflorescência de bananeira apresentaram valores de TBARS significativamente (p< 0,005) inferiores aos demais. O tratamento adicionado de 0,200% de eritorbato de sódio e 2,0% de extrato foi o mais eficiente em retardar a oxidação lipídica. A avaliação sensorial mostrou que os tratamentos mantiveram suas características sensoriais, apresentando boa aceitabilidade pelos provadores. A inflorescência de bananeira se mostrou uma fonte potencial de compostos antioxidantes, e seu extrato apresentou resultados satisfatórios em garantir a vida útil de hambúrgueres de carne suína frente à oxidação lipídica, sem causar prejuízos às características físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto.

O kinako é uma farinha integral obtida a partir do grão de soja torrada e moída. Esta farinha tem elevada qualidade nutricional em função do conteúdo de proteínas, fibras, ácidos graxos insaturados e compostos bioativos como as isoflavonas. As isoflavonas estão presentes na soja principalmente nas formas conjugadas (β-glicosídicas, acetil e malonil) e, em menor proporção, nas formas livres (agliconas). Diversos estudos comprovam a eficiência das isoflavonas agliconas na prevenção de doenças crônicas. Algumas tecnologias têm sido empregadas para a conversão das isoflavonas β-glicosídicas em agliconas através de altas temperaturas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou a conversão de isoflavonas contidas no kinako utilizando o processo de torra, buscando melhorar a qualidade nutricional e as propriedades biológicas para posterior uso como ingrediente em produtos panificados. A torra foi conduzida através de delineamento fatorial 22,com 4 pontos axiais e 4 repetições no ponto central, totalizando assim 12 corridas, para verificar os efeitos das variáveis tempo em minutos e temperatura em graus celcius sobre o teor de isoflavonas no kinako. O processo contribuiu para melhorar o perfil de isoflavonas especialmente no tratamento 8 (200 °C por 31 min), convertendo as isoflavonas conjugadas em agliconas. A partir do kinako obtido no tratamento 8, juntamente com 2 % de chia, semente rica em ácidos graxos insaturados, foram elaboradas quatro formulações de pães variando a quantidade de kinako (0, 10, 20 e 30 %). Mediante análise sensorial não se observou diferença significativa (p>0,05) para a formulação padrão e com 10 % de kinako acrescida de 2 % de semente de chia. A conversão das isoflavonas do kinako por processo de torra mostrou ser uma estratégia promissora para agregar valor nutricional juntamente com a semente de chia em pães. / The kinako is an integral flour obtained from the seed of roasted and ground soybean. This flour has high nutritional quality according to the content of protein, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds such as isoflavones. The isoflavones in soy are present mainly in conjugated forms (β-glucosides, acetyl and malonyl) and, to a lesser extent, in the free form (aglycone). Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of isoflavone aglycone in the prevention of chronic diseases. Some technologies have been employed for the conversion of β-glucosides isoflavones in aglycones atravéz high temperatures. In this context, this paper aims at conversion of isoflavones present in kinako using the roasting process, seeking to improve the nutritional quality and biological properties for later use as an ingredient in baked goods. Roasting was performed using a factorial design with 22, with the variables Temperature (°C) and time (min) of exposure. The process contributed to increased levels of protein, lipid and crude fiber besides improving the profile of isoflavones especially in treatment 8 (200 °C for 31 min), converting conjugated isoflavones in aglycones. From the kinako 8 obtained in the treatment along with 2% chia seed rich in unsaturated fatty acids breads four formulations varying the amount of kinako (0, 10, 20 and 30%) were prepared. By sensory analysis no significant difference (p> 0.05) for the standard formulation with 10% plus 2% kinako chia seed was observed. The conversion of isoflavones from kinako by the roasting process proved to be a promising strategy for adding nutritional value along with the chia seed bread.

O sódio é um nutriente essencial com importantes funções no organismo, no entanto, sua ingestão em excesso pode ocasionar diversos problemas de saúde como hipertensão arterial, doenças cerebrovascular, insuficiência cardíaca e renal crônica. Baseado neste contexto, o presente estudo propôs elaborar queijo Minas Padrão com diferentes teores de sódio com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição do cloreto de potássio nas características sensoriais e físico-químicas, bem como na composição proximal e na qualidade microbiológica. Os queijos foram elaborados nas concentrações de 100% de NaCl (C), 80% de NaCl + 20% de KCl (T1), 60% de NaCl + 40% de KCl (T2), 40% de NaCl + 60% de KCl (T3) e 20% de NaCl + 80% de KCl (T4) e foram estocados por 20 dias a 10 ºC. A composição proximal e físico-química consistiu na determinação do teor de umidade, gordura, proteína, cinzas, cloretos, sódio, potássio, acidez titulável e pH de todos os tratamentos após os 20 dias de estocagem. A avaliação da qualidade microbiológica das amostras foi monitorada através da contagem de Coliformes Totais, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. e Bolores e Leveduras no primeiro e décimo quinto dia de estocagem. A caracterização sensorial foi realizada pela técnica de Perfil Livre. Os resultados demonstraram que a substituição do cloreto de sódio pelo potássio em queijo tipo Minas Padrão em concentrações superiores a 40% apresentaram teores de umidade significativamente maior. Em queijos com redução superior a 60% de sódio observou-se aumento significativo na acidez titulável, apresentando maiores teores comparados aos demais tratamentos. O queijo com 20% de substituição do sal não diferiu estatisticamente em relação ao controle, ao aumentar a proporção do substituinte, observou-se uma redução significativa do teor de sódio de até 73%. O teor de potássio aumentou significativamente à medida que substituiu o sódio nos queijos, constatando uma redução de 82% em relação ao controle. Não foi observado nenhum efeito da substituição do sódio pelo potássio nos teores de gordura, proteína, cinzas e cloretos, bem como nos valores de pH. Os resultados microbiológicos estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente, estando os mesmos aptos para serem consumidos. De acordo com a técnica de Perfil Livre observou-se que o queijo controle C (100% NaCl), apresentou resultados bem próximos aos demais tratamentos, diferenciando apenas no atributo sabor. A substituição de sódio pelo potássio em proporções de 20% contribuiu com gosto amargo detectado pelos provadores. No entanto os atributos de aparência, aroma e textura não apresentaram diferença significativa comparados ao queijo Minas Padrão tradicional. / Sodium is an essential nutrient with important functions in the organism, however, its ingestion in excess may cause various health problems such as arterial hypertension, brain diseases, heart failure and chronic renal failure. In this context, the present study proposes to prepare Minas Padrão cheese with different contents of sodium with the objective of evaluating the effect of the addition of potassium chloride in sensory characteristics and hysicochemical properties, as well as in the proximal composition and in microbiological quality. The cheeses were elaborate in concentrations of 100% of NaCl (C), 80% of NaCl + 20% of KCl (T1), 60% of NaCl + 40% of KCl (T2), 40% of NaCl + 60% of KCl (T3) and 20% of NaCl + 80% of KCl (T4) and stored for 20 days at 10 ºC. The proximal composition and physicochemical was based on the determination of moisture content, fat, protein, ash, chloride, sodium, potassium, titratable acidity and pH of all treatments after 20 days of storage. The microbiological quality of the samples was monitored through the count of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., mold and yeast in the first and fifteenth day of storage. The sensorial characterization was performed by the technique of Free Profile choice. The results showed that the replacement of sodium chloride by potassium in the Minas Padrão cheese in concentration higher than 40% presented significantly higher moisture contents. Cheese with a reduction greater than 60% of sodium obtained significantly effect in the titratable acidity, presenting higher values compared to the other treatments. The cheese with 20% of salt replacement did not differ statistically in relation to the control. When the proportion of substituent was increased, a significant reduction of the sodium content of up to 73% was observed. As the sodium was replaced by potassium in cheese, the potassium content increased significantly, stablishing a reduction of 82% in relation to the control. There was no effect to sodium substitution by potassium in fat, protein, ash and chlorides, as well as the pH values. The microbiological results were in accordance with the current legislation, therefore suitable to be eaten. According to the Free Profile Choice technique it was observed that the control C cheese (100% of NaCl) showed results very close to the other treatments, differing only in flavor attributes. The replacement of sodium by potassium in proportions of 20% contributed to a bitter taste detected by the tasters. Whereas, the appearance, flavor and texture attributes showed no significant differences compared to the Minas Padrão cheese.

CAPES / A procura cada vez maior por produtos naturais pelos consumidores, leva a uma busca intensificada por antioxidantes naturais, visando a substituição dos antioxidantes sintéticos utilizados pela indústria de alimentos. Essa substituição faz-se necessária devido aos efeitos danosos que essas substâncias causam a saúde. A Quassia amara é uma planta nativa do norte do Brasil, pertencente a família Simaroubaceae e utilizada para combater a malária e problemas gastrointestinais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar o método de extração de compostos com atividade antioxidante presentes nas folhas de Quassia amara por meio de um delineamento fatorial, avaliar a atividade antioxidante e antibacteriana, identificar e isolar suas substâncias ativas. Foi também objetivo aplicar o extrato em óleo de soja e avaliar os efeitos na inibição oxidativa e nas caracteristicas sensoriais. A melhor condição encontrada para extração de compostos com atividade antioxidante das folhas de Quassia amara foi com o solvente metanol, a 70 °C durante 60 minutos. A análise cromatográfica revelou a presença de ácido gálico (58,12 μg.g-1) e catequina (42,4 μg.g-1). Por meio da análise espectroscópica de RMN de 1H e 13C, foi possível a identificação do alcano octadecano, o qual foi isolado pela primeira vez nas folhas de Quassia amara. O extrato metanólico revelou elevada atividade antioxidante pelo método do sequestro do radical DPPH (1898,02 μmol Trolox.g-1), e apresentou ação inibitória frente aos microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella bongori, com concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 0,625 mg.mL-1 e 0,312 mg.mL-1, respectivamente. Por fim, o extrato metanólico de Quassia amara conseguiu retardar a oxidação do óleo de soja. Tal capacidade pôde ser confirmada tanto pelas análises químicas como também pela análise sensorial com painel de julgadores treinados quanto o sabor ranço. Em vista disso, a planta possui potencial para a substituição aos antioxidantes sintéticos amplamente utilizados na indústria alimentícia. / The increasing demand for natural products by consumers leads to an intensified search for natural antioxidants, aimed at replacing the synthetic antioxidants used by the food industry. Such substitution is necessary because of the harmful effects these substances cause to health. Quassia amara is a plant native to northern Brazil, belonging to the family Simaroubaceae and used to combat malaria and gastrointestinal problems. The objective of this work was to optimize the extraction of compounds with antioxidant activity in the leaves of Quassia amara by means of a factorial design, to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activity, to identify and isolate their active substances. It was also the objective to apply the extract in soybean oil and evaluate the effects on oxidative inhibition and sensorial characteristics. The optimal condition found for extracting compounds with antioxidant activity from Quassia amara leaves was with solvent methanol at 70 °C for 60 minutes of extraction. Chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid (58.12 μg.g-1) and catechin (42.4 μg.g-1). By means of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis, it was possible to identify the alkane octadecane, which was isolated for the first time in the leaves of Quassia amara. The methanolic extract of Quassia amara showed high antioxidant activity by the sequestration method of the DPPH radical (1898.02 μmol Trolox.g-1), and presented an inhibitory action against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella bongori microorganisms, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.625 mg.mL-1 and 0.312 mg.mL-1, respectively. Finally, the methanolic extract of Quassia amara was able to retard the oxidation of soybean oil. Such ability could be confirmed by both chemical analyzes and by the sensory analysis with panel of judges trained as to the rancid flavor. In view of this, the plant has potential for substitution to synthetic antioxidants widely used in the food industry.

Resumo: A linguiça cuiabana tem grande aceitação no município de São José do Rio Preto-SP e regiões adjacentes. Originalmente é constituída de carne bovina (corte traseiro), leite, cebolinha, pimenta bode, pimenta do reino, alho e sal refinado. Atualmente, encontramos no comércio diversos tipos de linguiça cuiabana, diferenciadas por condimentos, queijos, cortes musculares ou por espécies animais (suína, bovina, frango). No presente trabalho, juntamente com seu levantamento histórico, estudaram-se as características tecnológicas/ sensoriais da linguiça cuiabana. Foi realizado o processamento sob condições assépticas, de 4 formulações da linguiça tipo cuiabana, variando a principal matéria-prima utilizada (carne bovina, frango, suína). No processamento, as matérias-primas (bovina, frango e suína) foram cortadas em cubos que, juntamente com outros ingredientes (alho, queijo, pimenta e cebolinha), foram pesados e homogeneizados. A massa resultante foi deixada em repouso sob refrigeração por 24 horas para melhor desenvolvimento do sabor. Após descanso da massa, foi realizado o embutimento em tripas naturais. A partir destas amostras foram realizadas a caracterização do perfil físico-químico e avaliação sob refrigeração, ao longo de 7 dias de armazenamento por meio de análises microbiológicas (coliformes totais e termotolerantes (fecais), clostrídrios sulfito redutores, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus coagulase positiva), pH, TBA. Por fim, a avaliação sensorial e estatística das diferentes linguiças tipo cuiabana processadas em laboratório. Os resultados mostraram que as variações ao longo do tempo na formulação das linguiças cuiabanas são fatores positivos, ficando evidente que as transformações são bem mais aceitas que a precursora, o que possivelmente ocorreram em função da demanda do mercado. / Abstract: The cuiabana sausage has wide acceptance in the municipality of Sao Jose do Rio Preto and surrounding regions. Originally, it consisted of beef (cut back), milk, chives, goat pepper, black pepper, garlic and salt. Currently, various types of cuiabana sausage are found in trade and they are distinguished by spices, cheeses, muscle cut or animal species (bovine, chicken and swine). In this paper, along with a historical survey, we studied the technical/ sensory characteristics of cuiabana sausage. Processing was performed under aseptic conditions for 4 formulations of sausage type cuiabana, varying the main raw material (bovine, chicken and swine). In processing, the raw meat (beef, chicken and pork) was cut into cubes, which together with other ingredients (garlic, cheese, pepper and chives), were weighed and homogenized. The resulting mass was subjected to refrigeration for 24 hours in order to develop better. After the dough we rested, the inlay was inserted in natural casings. These samples were used to characterize both the physical-chemical profile and also the evaluation under refrigeration, for over a 7 days-storage in order to assess microbiological contamination (total coliforms and thermotolerant (fecal), sulphite reducing clostrídrios, Salmonella spp. , Staphylococcus coagulase positive), pH, TBA. Finally, the sensory evaluation and statistics of the different types of cuiabana sausage processed in the laboratory were performed. The results showed that changes over time in the formulation of cuiabana sausages are positive factors, demonstrating, thus, that the changes are much more accepted than the precursor, which possibly occurred as a function of market demand. / Orientador: Pedro Fernando Romanelli / Coorientador: José Francisco Lopes Filho / Banca: Elizeu Antonio Rossi / Banca: Fernando Leite Hoffmann / Mestre