For a long time confined to Article 106(2) TFEU, a provision allowing to justify regulatory measures derogating from Treaty rules by invoking their necessity in order to enable undertakings entrusted with services of general economic interest (SGEIs) to fulfil their special tasks, SGEI has become a constitutional concept of EU law. In the post-Lisbon EU Treaties it is subject to new provisions, in particular Article 14 TFEU and the Protocol on services on general interest. As a legal concept allowing to balance EU market integration and the pursuit of legitimate national policies related to public services, SGEI is also a political concept, and therefore its legal interpretation is an ultra-sensitive matter. This dissertation proposes that SGEI cannot anymore be contrived as a narrow concept of EU competition law, but must be understood as a broad public service concept encompassing both public authorities’ policy missions and undertakings’ public service obligations. This follows from an analysis of the CJEU’s understanding of the EU concept of SGEI in the frame of Hirschman’s theory on exit and voice, and thus on the double background of its own case law foreclosing exit from EU market rules for public services, and of its acknowledgement of the SGEI “voice” this has led to in the Treaties. The analysis shows that the CJEU’s bifurcation by the notions of “public service obligations” and “public service tasks”, is aimed at applying the Treaty SGEI provisions loyally without pre-empting their political use by the Union and the Member States. To shed some light on the political use of the EU concept of SGEI made by the EU legislator and the Member States in a context of Europeanisation and liberalisation, this dissertation scrutinizes also how the new EU procurement and state aid rules applying to social services relate to the Treaty principles on SGEIs, and how the Swedish systems of choice for elderly home care and education relate to the EU rules. It analyses whether these relationships, if too transparent and loyal, may constrain the process of liberalisation of social services in the Member States, and whether it can explain that an explicit characterisation of social services as SGEIs seems to be avoided in EU procurement law and in Swedish law.

O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar as aproximações entre o tratamento conferido à noção de serviço público no direito francês e no direito da União Europeia. Utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisa-se, primeiramente, o desenvolvimento da concepção de serviço público no direito francês, discorrendo sobre a noção clássica e identificando os principais elementos que caracterizam o instituto atualmente. Após, examina-se a evolução da abordagem da questão no direito comunitário, delineando-se as noções forjadas no âmbito da União Europeia. Por fim, do cotejo entre o tratamento do tema no direito francês e no direito comunitário, destacam-se as aproximações encontradas, concluindo-se pela assimilação, por parte das instituições europeias, dos principais aspectos caracterizadores da noção francesa, mediante a consagração de novas expressões passíveis de serem compreendidas por todos os Estados-membros e cujo conteúdo reflete a realização das adequações necessárias à realidade da União Europeia, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atividades de interesse geral dotadas de caráter econômico. / This study aims to analyze the treatment given to the notion of public service both in french law and in European Union law. Using bibliographic research, it first analyzes the notion developped in french law, by reviewing the classic notion and identifying the main elements that characterize the institut nowadays. After that, it examines how the subject approach evoluted in the European Union, tracing the notions forged by it. At last, after the comparison between how the subject is treated under the french and the European Union law, the approaches are outlined, concluding that the European Union institutions assimilated the main aspects that characterizes the french notion, by the consecration of new expressions that can be understood by all member States, and which content reflects the necessary adjustments to the reality of the European Union, especially with regard to the activities of general interest endowed with economic character.

O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar as aproximações entre o tratamento conferido à noção de serviço público no direito francês e no direito da União Europeia. Utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisa-se, primeiramente, o desenvolvimento da concepção de serviço público no direito francês, discorrendo sobre a noção clássica e identificando os principais elementos que caracterizam o instituto atualmente. Após, examina-se a evolução da abordagem da questão no direito comunitário, delineando-se as noções forjadas no âmbito da União Europeia. Por fim, do cotejo entre o tratamento do tema no direito francês e no direito comunitário, destacam-se as aproximações encontradas, concluindo-se pela assimilação, por parte das instituições europeias, dos principais aspectos caracterizadores da noção francesa, mediante a consagração de novas expressões passíveis de serem compreendidas por todos os Estados-membros e cujo conteúdo reflete a realização das adequações necessárias à realidade da União Europeia, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atividades de interesse geral dotadas de caráter econômico. / This study aims to analyze the treatment given to the notion of public service both in french law and in European Union law. Using bibliographic research, it first analyzes the notion developped in french law, by reviewing the classic notion and identifying the main elements that characterize the institut nowadays. After that, it examines how the subject approach evoluted in the European Union, tracing the notions forged by it. At last, after the comparison between how the subject is treated under the french and the European Union law, the approaches are outlined, concluding that the European Union institutions assimilated the main aspects that characterizes the french notion, by the consecration of new expressions that can be understood by all member States, and which content reflects the necessary adjustments to the reality of the European Union, especially with regard to the activities of general interest endowed with economic character.

O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar as aproximações entre o tratamento conferido à noção de serviço público no direito francês e no direito da União Europeia. Utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisa-se, primeiramente, o desenvolvimento da concepção de serviço público no direito francês, discorrendo sobre a noção clássica e identificando os principais elementos que caracterizam o instituto atualmente. Após, examina-se a evolução da abordagem da questão no direito comunitário, delineando-se as noções forjadas no âmbito da União Europeia. Por fim, do cotejo entre o tratamento do tema no direito francês e no direito comunitário, destacam-se as aproximações encontradas, concluindo-se pela assimilação, por parte das instituições europeias, dos principais aspectos caracterizadores da noção francesa, mediante a consagração de novas expressões passíveis de serem compreendidas por todos os Estados-membros e cujo conteúdo reflete a realização das adequações necessárias à realidade da União Europeia, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atividades de interesse geral dotadas de caráter econômico. / This study aims to analyze the treatment given to the notion of public service both in french law and in European Union law. Using bibliographic research, it first analyzes the notion developped in french law, by reviewing the classic notion and identifying the main elements that characterize the institut nowadays. After that, it examines how the subject approach evoluted in the European Union, tracing the notions forged by it. At last, after the comparison between how the subject is treated under the french and the European Union law, the approaches are outlined, concluding that the European Union institutions assimilated the main aspects that characterizes the french notion, by the consecration of new expressions that can be understood by all member States, and which content reflects the necessary adjustments to the reality of the European Union, especially with regard to the activities of general interest endowed with economic character.

En 1957, l’État est l’organisateur du service public postal en France à travers son administration centrale. Cette même année est signé un traité à Rome entre six États européens autour de l’idée de marché commun avec délégation de souveraineté.Le service public postal et l’Europe du traité de Rome vont, tout d’abord, évoluer parallèlement. Mais, au début des années 1980, le contexte politique, économique et technologique change et l’Europe se saisit de la question postale ; d’une phase d’ignorance, on entre alors dans une phase de confrontation : l’Europe soumet le service postal au droit commun de la concurrence et remet en cause le monopole, organisation traditionnelle du service postal. Par ailleurs, le service public postal organique est transformé : La Poste, exploitant public doté de la personnalité juridique est née. Progressivement, la logique de confrontation laisse place à une phase de concertation entre l’Europe du traité de Rome et les États membres qui donne naissance à plusieurs directives. Ces dernières placent en leur cœur le service universel postal. En 2012, la libéralisation du service postal devient totale : il n’existe plus de monopole légal.Cette ouverture du marché est concomitante avec la révolution numérique. Ainsi, dans ce contexte de bouleversements idéologiques, technologiques et économiques, le service public postal connaît des évolutions significatives tant dans sa forme – La Poste devient une société anonyme – que dans sa mission : pour répondre aux nouveaux besoins d’intérêt général, raison d’être du service public, le service public postal est reconfiguré. / In 1957, the State is the organiser of the public postal service in France through its central administration. That same year, a treaty was signed in Rome between six European States around the idea of a common market with a delegation of sovereignty. At first, the public postal service and the Europe of the Treaty of Rome develop separately. But in the early 1980s, the political, economic and technological context evolves and Europe decides to take an active interest in the matter of the postal service. After a phase of disinterest in postal matters, we enter in a phase of confrontation; Europe submits the postal service to the competition law: monopoly, the traditional organisation of the postal service, is challenged. Moreover, the French public postal service is transformed: La Poste, independent public operator is born. Following the period of confrontation, a period of dialogue follows, bringing together the Europe of the Treaty of Rome and the States members to write the postal law. Several guidelines are adopted, focused in particular on the universal postal service. By 2012, the process of liberalisation of the postal service is complete: there is no legal monopoly in Europe. This new openness is concomitant with the digital era. The postal service must now continue to adapt to this new ideological, technological and economical context: in its form – La Poste becomes a public limited company – as well as in its mission to serve the public interest, the raison d’être of the public service, so the public postal service is reconfigured.

The topic of public services is a complex societal issue, which touches upon such questions which are on the border of legal and economic research and comprises various ideas of societal arrangements. The provision of public services in European societies is seen as a constitutive element of the European social model(s). This issue is experiencing a remarkable revival in academic work as well as in political discourse. The aim of this Master's Thesis is to provide an insight into the process of the Europeanization of public services. The Thesis is embarking on questions comprising the national variations of public services, the transformation of the welfare state and the European social model (or models). The common theme which is connecting the different strands of the Thesis is the idea of the crucial influence of European integration on all of these aspects, the process of which has a far-reaching influence on the role and shape of public services and thus on the future societal development in the individual Member states as well as European society as a whole.

The diploma thesis aims to present the method of the project financing on an example of Nursing Home Project. The thesis is focused on examination whether it is possible to finance the private project regarding services of general economic interest just from operational revenues and allowed state aid. The thesis describes regulations of social care system in the Czech Republic and European regulation and directives regarding the state aid. The last chapter is designed as a feasibility study of the whole project. The feasibility study contains model of future project's cash flows. The horizontal and vertical analyses of financial statements of non-profit organization are also part of the thesis.

L’intérêt public imprime aux ports une organisation juridique et institutionnelle spéciale. Les installations portuaires doivent fonctionner sans désemparer et aucun usager ne doit en être privé au-delà des restrictions nécessaires à la satisfaction de tous. À ce titre, elles sont traditionnellement soumises au régime de la domanialité publique et les activités qui s’y déroulent à celui du service public. Les deux régimes étant, par leur essence même, exorbitants, leur application simultanée génère une surprotection préjudiciable à la compétitivité des ports.L’objet de cette étude est de démontrer l’inadaptation de la domanialité publique portuaire, tant du point de vue de sa cohérence générale, que de du point de vue de son impact sur le développement des sites portuaires. L’adoption du CGPPP et les réformes postérieures n’ont pas permis de résoudre le problème de l’hypertrophie du domaine public portuaire, pas plus qu’elles n’ont consacré un régime domanial véritablement adapté.L’émergence du régime des conventions de terminal constitue une évolution majeure, mais insuffisante. S’il favorise un certain partage des risques entre autorités portuaires et opérateurs privés, il n’a, malheureusement, pas résolu le problème de la précarité des occupations domaniales. L’insécurité juridique demeure ; ce qui n’encourage pas l’investissement privé.Face aux contraintes du droit de la concurrence et à la généralisation de la libre circulation des biens et des personnes au sein de l’UE, les modalités de gestion des installations portuaires doivent s’adapter aux enjeux modernes de l’économie de marché. / Public interest gives harbours a specific legal and institutional framework. Harbour facilities must work continuously and stay available to every user, according to the limitations required to satisfy everybody. As such, they are traditionally subject to the state ownership system and their related activities are subject to the public service one. Both systems are exorbitant by nature. Applying them simultaneously triggers off an overprotection detrimental to harbours competitivity.This study aims at showing the harbour state ownership system is unsuitable, both in terms of overall consistency and its impact on the harbour site growth. Adoption of the general code ruling the public ownership and posterior reforms did not allow to resolve the harbour state ownership hypertrophy issue, nor did they establish an ownership system truly appropriate.Appearing harbour terminals contracts constitute a major but still insufficient evolution. If they do allow to share risks between harbour authorities and private operators to some extent, unfortunately they did not resolve the ownership activities precarity issue. Legal insecurity remains, which does not stimulate private investment.Against competition law obligations and the free movement of goods and people spreading within the EU, harbour facilities management terms need to adapt to today’s market economy challenges.