This research explored the process of creating a shared future and the evolution of cooperative collective endeavours in a regional rural community through a bottom-up planning process that involved professionals, public leadership and residents of a rural region in Israel. Using the MT rural region in Israel as a case study, the research was an interpretive exploration of how this community changed the way it collectively functions to achieve individual and shared aspirations. It examined how the community restructured its patterns of interaction, changing the social dynamics – which people interacted with each other, how they interacted with each other, and who felt committed to whom. The motivation for this inquiry stemmed from my desire as a practitioner to better understand the processes by which communities learn to function cooperatively. What are the elements that contributed to enabling a community to create the conditions for collectively utilizing and sustaining common resources rather than dividing them up for private consumption and exploitative narrow interests? What type of cooperative mechanisms enabled people to accomplish together what they cannot accomplish alone? Specifically, there are three research questions: how the change process was initiated in MT, what was significant in the nature of participation in the planning process, and how the mechanisms for regional community cooperation evolved. It was a case study of the planning and development process that I facilitated in MT from 1994-1999 (prior to my intention to undertake research) and is based mainly upon recent interviews of the participants (in that process), their recollections, and retrospective interpretations of that experience. The case has been explored from the theoretical perspective of viewing society in general, and community life in particular, as processes of constructing shared social realities that produce certain collective behaviours of cooperation or non-cooperation (Berger and Luckmann, 1967). This research was about understanding the process of making social rules that incorporate shared meanings and sanctions (Giddens, 1986) for undertaking joint endeavours (Ostrom, 1990, 1992, Wenger, 1998). Specifically two primary insights have come out of this case analysis: 1. In the MT case there was a mutually reinforcing three-way interplay between the strengthening of commitments to mutual care on the regional level, the instrumental benefits from cooperative/joint endeavours, and the envisioning of a shared future. 2. The community development process was owned by the community (not by outside agencies) and they (the community members) set the rules for community involvement. They structured the social interactions which formed the basis for creating shared understandings as a collective to achieve their common future. These insights shed light on how a community's structuring of its interactions and development interventions influenced its ability to act in a collectively optimal manner. By looking at the interrelation between trust as a function of social esteem (Honneth, 1995) and risk taking linked to instrumental benefits of cooperation (Lewis, 2002; Taylor, 1976; White, 2003) we can better understand what contributes to the way some communities continue to miss opportunities (Ostrom 1992), while others are able to promote their collective development and mutual wellbeing. By examining the process of designing (not only the design itself) community development programmes (Block, 2009) and by observing participation not as technique but as an inherent part of the way a community begins structuring its social interactions with their tacit (Polanyi, 1966) and explicit meanings, we can better understand the role of practitioners. And finally, perhaps the elements of chance and opportunity that bring certain combinations of people together in a given time and space may need to be given more weight in what remains a very unpredictable non-linear field of professional practice.

The study of the integration of the children of migrants—the so-called ‗second generation‘—is a recent trend in migration literature. Their integration is thought to be an important indicator of the degree of integration of immigrants in general into a specific society. This thesis is the first full-length comparative study of the Albanian second generation. Using a variety of field methods, it compares the ethnic identities, transnational ties and integration pathways of Albanian-origin teenagers in three European cities—London, Thessaloniki and Florence—by focusing on intergenerational transmission between the first and the second generation. Greece, Italy and the UK are, in that order, the three main European countries where Albanian migrants have settled during their short but intense migration experience of the past two decades. My study shifts the focus partly to the situation and developments in Southern Europe, where the awareness and interest in issues of the integration of the second generation are still at an initial phase. The research involved fieldwork in each of the above-named cities, where quota samples of three categories of informants were interviewed: parents, their second-generation teenage children, and teachers and other key informants within the host society. Findings show significant differences in the integration patterns of both generations, affected by sharp differences between the three contexts and the history of immigration in each context. They also point to important within- and inter-group differences, based on various socio-economic indicators. Intergenerational transmission appears as a dynamic process affected not only by context and the parents‘ socio-economic background, but also by parents‘ stage of integration. By studying a settling immigrant group and their descendants, the thesis takes a proactive approach towards the integration of ethnic minorities.

Currently there is a resurgence of the role of traditional chiefs in the development of sub-Saharan African countries. It has been proposed that African countries need to adopt more effective and pragmatic approaches, which are rooted in local societies and cultures and can therefore provide developmental outcomes. This thesis examines whether traditional chieftaincy in Ghana, which is a highly respected institution compared to other African countries can be effective and legitimate providers of public goods. This is done by analysing the way chiefs' exercise authority over community land and the revenue it produces. The study analysed land management practices under chiefs' authority and the dynamics of the politics of negotiating compensation for land and public goods. The main finding of the thesis is that investment in public goods might be facilitated by the development of multi-institutional arrangement that ensures collaboration among state and non-state institutions at the local level as a form of co-production for development. The implications of this arrangement on the political authority of chiefs at the local level are examined. The thesis questions the notion that it is custom and tradition that makes leadership provided by chiefs effective, and argues that what matters for development is how legitimate traditional authority is exercised in practice. The main conclusions of the thesis are that: firstly, although chiefs' are important traditional authorities in Ghana, they do not exercise political authority that is effective, as expected, for the development of local communities. There should therefore be caution in elevating traditional authority as the most effective legitimate form of locally rooted authority in Africa, given that Ghana is a country where chiefly authority is still extremely strong and respected. Attention should rather be focussed on the use of local cultural repertoires and multi-institutional collaborations, which have local problem-solving characteristics for development. Secondly, the thesis also provides evidence that shows how activities of mining companies potentially contribute to development of local communities. As a result there is the need to take a more nuanced view of how mining companies operate in Africa.

This thesis aims to contribute to an understanding of how citizenship is constructed, sensed and practiced by people who have experienced violent conflict and displacement. In the Acholi region of Uganda, the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) created large-scale insecurity and mass-displacement between the late 1980s until the region returned to stability in 2006. In this thesis I compare two conflict-affected locations in the Acholi region with one non-affected location in Lango region. The overall proposition of this study is that the experience of protracted conflict and displacement leads to a lack of a sense of citizenship and to diminished forms of citizen engagement, due to the limited opportunity for learning and experiencing the practice of citizenship. I used qualitative research methods during ten months of fieldwork in 2010. For an analysis of people's sense of citizenship, I studied how people perceive and feel themselves to be members of the wider political community; as members of the Acholi tribe and as citizens of Uganda. For the analysis of the practice of citizenship I studied various forms of citizen engagement: with local authorities, in community institutions, for development and for accountability purposes. Numerous challenges to citizen participation exist across Uganda. These include a lack of knowledge about the system and lack of self-confidence, barriers associated with the micropolitics of participation, and democratic deficits of the overall political system. However, underlying reasons for non-participation can vary. In Acholi, some of these reasons are attributable to people's experiences during the war. I conclude that protracted conflict diminishes a sense of citizenship and radically changes the social environment in which active citizenship is learnt, through the narrowing and securitisation of institutions and the public sphere. The sense and practice that exist in the post-conflict situation are therefore characterised by certain ideas, perceptions, emotions and behaviours that were developed during the conflict.

Orientador: Pedro Ramos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-07T13:51:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_PatriciaAndradedeOliveirae_M.pdf: 1697308 bytes, checksum: ded9888b76414f313a76af6e872fc4cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Partindo do reconhecimento da persistência da Questão Agrária na sociedade brasileira e, portanto, da necessidade da Reforma Agrária, o trabalho analisa o debate acerca do tema e as duas formas como os estudiosos tem proposto a sua realização, contraponto os argumentos favoráveis e contrários a ambas, sendo elas a tradicional (via desapropriação) e a de mercado (via concessão de crédito fundiário). Para tanto, o trabalho fundamenta-se em uma revisão crítica dos principais trabalhos e busca a resposta mais consistente, lançando mão de pesquisas referentes aos impactos sobre as alterações nas condições de vida das famílias decorrentes tanto dos projetos de assentamentos realizados pelo INCRA como dos financiados pelo Banco Mundial, através do Projeto Cédula da Terra / Abstract: Based on the persisting Question of Land in Brazil, and that of the necessity for Land Reform, this thesis analyses the discussion surrounding this issue, comparing the pros and cons of the two ways that researchers believe this should be carried out: the traditional (via dispossession) and the market (via concession and agrarian credit). To do this, the work is based on a critical review of the principle literature in the area and looks to find a consistent answer. It also examines the research on how the settlement projects, carried out by the INCRA and those financed by the World Bank, via the Cedula da Terra Project, impacted the lifestyles of the families / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-224). / Lim Chow-Weng. / M.Arch. / M.C.P.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 187-192. / by Edward Stanley Popko II. / Ph.D.

Thesis. 1975. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / M.Arch.

The discussions on gender and the environment suggest a strong relationship between women and environmental issues. Sometimes this relationship is seen as the female innate characteristic and others as a social construction. In this perspective, the objective was to analyze the environmental perception of women and men living in the community Apiques, located in Maceià Settlement Itapipoca Municipality (EC). It was adopted as instruments to collect data through observation, questionnaires and interviews. The main results showed that it is not possible to conclude that women perceive the environment better than men. There was a strong degree of similarity to the perception of women and men, however, the reasons why men and women consider important the environment is different and interesting elements to show the reflection of gender. In their speeches the women worry about the future of the children and the community, concerned about the scarcity of natural resources in the future and the consequences that this may cause shortages in the community. It is believed that the differences between the environmental perception of women and men are a reflection of the gender system experienced not only influences the environmental perception of both sexes, and keeps women in conditions of subordination. This reality points to the need of public and environmental policies that incorporate the gender dimension, seeking to promote the breakdown of the various forms of oppression. / As discussÃes sobre gÃnero e meio ambiente sugerem haver uma forte relaÃÃo entre as mulheres e as questÃes ambientais. Algumas vezes essa relaÃÃo à apontada como caracterÃstica inata ao gÃnero feminino e outras como uma construÃÃo social. Nesta perspectiva o objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a percepÃÃo ambiental de mulheres e homens residentes na comunidade Apiques, localizada no Assentamento Maceià MunicÃpio de Itapipoca (CE). A pesquisa à de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, como procedimentos metodolÃgicos adotou-se a coleta de dados por meio de observaÃÃo, aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios e entrevistas. Os principais resultados apontaram que nÃo à possÃvel concluir que as mulheres percebem melhor o meio ambiente do que homens ou vice-versa. Foi observada forte semelhanÃa quanto ao grau de percepÃÃo de mulheres e homens, no entanto, os motivos pelos quais ambos os sexos consideram importante o meio ambiente sÃo diferentes e apontam elementos significantes para a reflexÃo de gÃnero. Em suas falas as mulheres preocupam-se com o futuro dos filhos e da comunidade, preocupam-se com a escassez de recursos naturais no futuro e com as conseqÃÃncias que essa escassez pode gerar na comunidade. Dentre as preocupaÃÃes masculinas està presente a necessidade de organizaÃÃo da comunidade para resoluÃÃo dos problemas ambientais locais. Acredita-se que as diferenÃas entre a percepÃÃo ambiental de mulheres e homens sÃo reflexos do sistema de gÃnero vivenciado que nÃo sà influencia a percepÃÃo ambiental de ambos os sexos, como mantÃm as mulheres em condiÃÃo de subordinaÃÃo. Essa realidade aponta a necessidade das polÃticas pÃblicas e ambientais incorporarem a dimensÃo de gÃnero, buscando favorecer o rompimento das diversas formas de opressÃo.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T13:03:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lyruane Apolinário de Araújo - 2014.pdf: 2072768 bytes, checksum: 9626c7f70ff133cd2e05e4d0d4a2de6c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T13:05:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lyruane Apolinário de Araújo - 2014.pdf: 2072768 bytes, checksum: 9626c7f70ff133cd2e05e4d0d4a2de6c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T13:05:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lyruane Apolinário de Araújo - 2014.pdf: 2072768 bytes, checksum: 9626c7f70ff133cd2e05e4d0d4a2de6c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is considered one of the main causes of chronic liver disease, being responsible for great disease burden to the Health Systems Worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately 150 million people chronically infected by the HCV in the world. There are only a few studies that have evaluated the HCV occurrence in people that live in settlements, and most of these families are composed by a large number of individuals that have little formal education, that live under poor environmental and sanitation conditions, beyond also usually have no access to adequate health care, due primarily to the difficulties in reaching the health service systems, but also because of the poor quality of the health services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HCV infection, to analyze the characteristics of the population associated with the infection and to identify the HCV genotypes/subtypes in individuals that live in settlements in the States of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. The population was consittued by 921 individuals. They were all interviewed and one blood (serum) sample from each person was collected. All sera samples were screened for anti-HCV using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). All ELISA positive samples were submitted to RNA extraction and tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). All PCR positive samples were further genotyped using the Line Probe Assay (LiPA). The mean age of the population was 39 years old, composed mainly by Caucasian married women, with a low level of formal education, and low family income. Of the 921 samples, four were anti-HCV positive, resulting in an overall prevalence of 0.43% (CI 95%: 0.14-1.19). The viral RNA was detected in all anti-HCV positive samples and the genotyping revealed the presence of the genotype 1, subtype 1a. The HCV infected individuals reported as risk caracteristics for HCV infection: sharing sharp personal hygiene objects, history of surgical intervention, blood transfusions before to 1993, sex without protection, history of sexually transmitted disease and imprisonment. This study showed a low prevalence of HCV infection in this population. This study showed a low prevalence of HCV infection in this population. However, epidemiological investigations are important to verify the circulation of the virus , especially in settled populations, which are often on the margins of public health services. / A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (HCV) tem assumido uma grande relevância entre as causas de doença hepática crônica, constituindo um sério agravo de saúde. A Organização Mundial de Saúde estima que existam cerca de 150 milhões de pessoas cronicamente infectadas pelo HCV no mundo. Existem poucos estudos sobre a ocorrência do HCV em indivíduos que vivem em assentamentos, sendo que a maioria das famílias são numerosas, possuem baixa escolaridade e renda familiar, além de não receberem assistência adequada a saúde, principalmente, pela dificuldade do acesso aos serviços de saúde e pela qualidade dos mesmos. Este estudo teve como objetivos estimar a prevalência da infecção pelo HCV, analisar as características de risco relatadas pelos indivíduos infectados e identificar os genótipos/subtipos deste vírus em população assentada nos Estados de Goiás e Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil Central. A população foi constituída por 921 indivíduos, provenientes de assentamentos de Goiás e Mato Grosso do Sul. Todos foram entrevistados e uma amostra de sangue (soro) foi coletada de cada participante. Os soros foram triados para detecção de anti-HCV por ELISA, e as amostras reativas para esse marcador foram submetidas à detecção do RNA viral pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). As amostras RNA-HCV positivas foram genotipadas pelo método Line Probe Assay (LiPA). A média de idade da população foi de 39 anos, com predomínio de mulheres, casadas, brancas, com níveis baixos de educação formal e renda familiar. Quatro amostras foram anti-HCV reagentes, resultando em uma prevalência de 0,43% (IC 95%: 0,14-1,19). O RNA viral foi detectado em todas as amostras anti-HCV reagentes e a genotipagem revelou a presença do genótipo 1, subtipo 1a. Os indivíduos infectados pelo HCV relataram como características de risco pela infecção pelo HCV: compartilhamento de objetos cortantes de higiene pessoal, procedimento cirúrgico, transfusão de sangue antes de 1993, não uso de preservativo, histórico de doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) e antecedente de prisão. Este estudo evidenciou uma prevalência baixa da infecção pelo HCV na população estudada. Contudo, investigações epidemiológicas são importantes para verificar a circulação desse vírus, principalmente em populações assentadas, que muitas vezes ficam às margens dos serviços públicos de saúde.