published_or_final_version / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

Thesis--Princeton. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 440-454).

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

 On the stage of Kunqu Opera, The Peony Pavilion has been the best accepted masterpiece and the script has been adapted frequently by performing groups throughout the history, but those adaptations have not arouse much attention among researchers. This study will focus on the Kunqu Opera adaptations of The Peony Pavilion after the People’s Republic of China was established. By analyzing different modes of adaptations of the script and the characteristics of performances in different periods, I attempt to evaluate the work of inheritance of Kunqu Opera since the 1950s and to propose solutions to the difficulties the Kunqu Opera artists faced with today. The adaptations are greatly influenced by the dominant political ideology and aesthetic ideas. The early ones were, to a large extent, based on the main excerpts (Zhezixi) of the original script and the performance was traditional, but the endeavour came to an end with the advent of the Cultural Revolution. After the Cultural Revolution, different performing groups developed various modes of adaptation. Some of them presented the main plot of the original script and traditional performance, while most other adaptations aimed to transform the tradition: in the 1980s they mainly revise the scripts and tunes and in the 1990s they began introducing elements of the drama, the symphony and the TV play in the performance of The Peony Pavilion. The new trend reflected that the Kunqu opera artists lost confidence in their performing art and began to deviate from the aesthetics of traditional Chinese opera. Since the new millennium, Chinese began to attach more and more importance to traditional Chinese culture and under the influence, Kunqu opera artists also gradually turned back to the tradition. However, as the opera had to be staged on the modern theatre rather than the traditional one, the artists also had to cope with the tension between the performance of the ancient opera and the new performance conditions. This burgeoning endeavour, on the one hand, modernised the traditional opera, and on the other hand, sacrificed the traditional performing art. To find an appropriate way to inherit and develop the Kunqu Opera is still a challenge task for the artists and scholars. / published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

The Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (JLJB) is a NNE-SSW trending continental belt lying in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, with its southern segment extending across Bohai Sea into the Jiaobei massif. Little work has been done in the southern segment of the belt, and thus the timing for metamorphism and tectonic nature of the JLJB are still controversial, with models ranging from those invoking continent-arc-continent collision to those advocating rifting closure. The presence of the high-pressure pelitic and mafic rocks of the Jiaobei massif (Eastern Shandong) located in the southern segment is crucial to these controversial isues. The aim of this study is to resolve these issues through an integrated study including field study followed by geochronological and metamorphic investigations on the high-pressure pelitic and mafic rocks in the Jiaobei massif. Metamorphic zircons from two high-pressure mafic granulites and one metamorphic zircon from a garnet-sillimanite gneiss have 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1884–1956 Ma and 1939 ± 15 Ma respectively, which are in accordance with the metamorphic ages of 1.93–1.90 Ga previously obtained from the northern segment of the JLJB. Metamorphic zircons from a high-pressure pelitic granulite and two politic gneisses have weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1821–1837 Ma, while those zircons from two associated marbles analyze similar weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1790–1817 Ma. These metamorphic ages are consistent with the metamorphic ages of c. 1.85 Ga produced from the Ji’an Group in the northern segment of the JLJB and 1.86-1.80 Ga produced from the high-pressure pelitic granulites of the Jingshan Group in the southern segment of the belt. As this metamorphic event happened synchronously with the intrusion of the A-type granites in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt and adjacent regions, it is considered to have resulted from the contact metamorphism caused by the emplacement of the post-orogenic or anorogenic mafic and granitic plutons that are widespread in the belt. The high-pressure pelitic granulites recently discovered in the Jiaobei massif, and the medium-pressure pelitic granulites and high-pressure mafic granulites, were examined with an integrated study including petrology, mineral chemistry and pseudosection modeling. By applying the THERMOCALC technique, pseudosection modeling on the high-pressure and medium-pressure pelitic granulites in the NCKFMASHTO system and on the high-pressure mafic granulites in the NCFMASHTO system was constructed to confine the P-T conditions and P-T paths. The results show that the peak P-T conditions of the high-pressure pelitic granulites, high-pressure mafic granulites and medium-pressure pelitic granulites are 14.8–16.2 kbar/860–890°C, 13.1–15.1 kbar/780–890°C and 9.4–10 kbar/870–900°C, respectively, and that the metamorphic evolution of all these granulites is characterized by clockwise P-T paths involving decompression and cooling after the peak metamorphism, implying that subduction/collision-related processes must have been involved in the development of the southern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. By combining the geochronological and metamorphic data, the results of this study suggest that the JLJB represented a Paleoproterozoic rift-and-collision belt along which the Longgang and Nangrim blocks amalgamated to form the Eastern Block at 1.93–1.90 Ga. / published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The Archean basement rocks in Shandong Province are important components of the Eastern Block in the North China Craton, consisting predominantly of granitoid gneisses with minor mafic and felsic supracrustal rocks and charnockites. They are exposed, from west to east, in the Luxi Granite-Greenstone Terrane, Yishui Terrane and Jiaodong Terrane, of which the low-grade Luxi Granite-Greenstone Terrane has been well studied, whereas little work has been done on the medium- to high-grade Yishui and Jiaodong Terranes. Controversies have long surrounded the timing of crustal growth and tectonic setting of these two terranes. This project is designed to resolve these issues by integrating field investigations, petrography, geochronology, geochemistry and metamorphism of the Yishui and Jiaodong Terranes. New zircon U-Pb data from the major lithologies have revealed that the Jiaodong Terrane experienced multi-stage magmatism at ~2.9 Ga, ~2.7 Ga and 2.6-2.5 Ga followed by two metamorphic events at ~2.50 Ga and 1.9-1.8 Ga, whereas the Yishui Terrane underwent single magmatism at 2.57-2.53 Ga followed by a single metamorphic event at ~2.50 Ga. Zircon Hf isotopic data have revealed that the Jiaodong Terrane underwent juvenile crustal growth with significant ancient crustal material additions at 3.4-3.1 and 2.8-2.7 Ga, while the Yishui Terrane experienced juvenile crustal growth with significant addition of crustal material at 2.8-2.7 Ga. Both the Jiaodong and Yishui Terranes experienced crustal reworking with minor juvenile additions at 2.6-2.5 Ga. Whole-rock compositions and Nd isotopes from the Jiaodong granitoid gneisses suggest that their protoliths are typical Archean tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) suite. They are high in SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, Sr and Sr/Y ratios, but low in MgO, K2O, TiO2, Cr, Ni, Y and Mg#. They are generally enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements, with slight Eu anomalies. Two groups of granitoid gneisses have been recognized: low- and high-HREE groups, of which the former was generated from partial melting of metabasaltic rocks leaving eclogite in the residue, whereas the latter was formed by partial melting of metabasaltic rocks leaving garnet-amphibolite in the residue. Whole-rock Nd isotopes reveal that the protoliths of Mesoarchean granitoid gneisses were derived mainly from juvenile sources, whereas the early Neoarchean granitoid gneisses were derived from juvenile sources with significant additions of crustal material and the late Neoarchean granitoid gneisses were mainly derived from continental crustal sources. These features indicate that the protoliths of the Jiaodong granitoid gneisses were possibly formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust related to underplating of mafic magmas. Mafic granulites (~2.50 Ga) of the Yishui Terrane show three distinct mineral assemblages corresponding to the pre-peak, peak and post-peak metamorphic stages, with P-T conditions constrained at 660-730℃/<6.6 kbar, 800-820℃ /8.0-8.5 kbar and 686-710℃/7.6-8.6 kbar, respectively, by using THERMOCALC pseudosection modeling. The results define an anticlockwise P-T path involving near-isobaric cooling following the peak metamorphism, suggesting that the ~2.50 Ga metamorphism was most likely related to the intrusion and underplating of mantle-derived magmas. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that the underplating of mantle-derived magmas was most likely related to a mantle plume, which is favored to account for the significant Neoarchean crustal growth and the large-scale metamorphism at the end of Neoarchean in Shandong Province as well as the whole Eastern Block in the North China Craton. / published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

This study presents a diagnostic analysis of how two types of governance structures (water user associations versus collective irrigation institutions) at Hubei, issue their impacts on local irrigation governance and management, to produce a collective action outcome in irrigation systems. In particular, it focuses on (1) at the meso level, institutional analyses of irrigation management incorporate physical, community, and institutional attributes, and their interactions to configure possible pathways to collective outcomes within Hubei’s settings, and (2) at the micro level, the underlying mechanisms that offer individuals incentives to cooperate with each other for irrigation activities. Drawing upon a theoretical debate about rationales for promoting or limiting the establishment and development of water user associations, and empirical puzzling phenomena observed in Central China, three research hypotheses are posited accordingly. Determinants of collective outcomes in local irrigation governance and management are highlighted from irrigation literature. Employing Elinor Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, an analytical framework exploring irrigation governance patterns in Central China is introduced. A mixed research method is applied in this study. At the meso level, 32 irrigation systems are selected to run a Qualitative Comparative Analysis; at the micro level, four irrigation systems are identified out for an in-depth comparative case study. In the end, three pathways to collective action, and four pathways to water adequacy, are generalized respectively. Evidence from 32 irrigation systems in central China indicates that both WUA-managed irrigation systems and collective irrigation systems have the capacity to organize collective irrigation activities successfully in local settings. For one thing, WUA is only one of the many factors affecting collective outcomes, and that the impact of WUA really depends on how it is nested within the larger configuration of factors; thus, challenging the belief of many government officials and analysts that WUA institution is a panacea for irrigation problems. For the other, collective irrigation systems could also achieve collective action, if attributes configured appropriately. This demonstrates that collective irrigation institution, in and of itself, is not automatically malign; given this, moves towards participatory governance do not necessarily render traditional hierarchical government interventions obsolete. Last but not least, this study also identifies a third governance institution, namely, the lineage group. Findings indicate that as informal solidary entities, lineage groups have important contributions to rural governance, as long as they are nested within the appropriate attributes configurations. Referring to the pathways to water adequacy, it is found that the emergence of collective action alone does not necessarily translate into water adequacy at the tail end of the irrigation systems. The four case studies not only entail some pathways to collective action, but also exemplify complicated and diverse reasons that might lead to collective failures. Comparing the successful cases with the failure ones, boundary rules, position rules, choice rules, and payoff rules explain the systematic differences at the operational level, while information rules, aggregation rules, and scope rules that operate at the collective level, appear to have minimal effect here. / published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy