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Sectoral shifts of labor demand can have significant effects on aggregate rate and duration of unemployment, and this is known as sectoral shifts hypothesis. To mea¬sure the sectoral shifts, past studies use David M. Lilien’s dispersion measure which represents the effect of the changes in the distribution of sectoral shocks on aggregate rates of layoffs. This dissertation proposes an improved measure of sectoral shifts and tests the sectoral shifts hypothesis. It shows that, when the distribution of sectoral shocks is asymmetric, dispersion alone is not sufficient to capture the effect of the changes in distribution and, the skewness of the distribution can have a significant role in the approximation of aggregate rates of layoffs. Empirical results show a sig¬nificant effect of the skewness measure on the aggregate rate of unemployment. The results also lend a strong support for the sectoral shifts hypothesis in Lilien type and Abraham-Katz type models, which contrasts with the rejection of the hypothesis in previous studies of the Abraham-Katz type models. One concern about these empirical results is that the classical measures of disper¬sion and skewness are very sensitive to the presence of outliers and consequently the test of the hypothesis can be distorted by this presence. Strong evidence exists for the presence of outliers in the distribution of estimated sectoral shocks. Various robust measures of dispersion and skewness are computed. The sectoral shifts hypothesis is still strongly supported when the robust measures are used. This reinforces the empirical findings under the classical measures. When the mobility of workers across sectors is limited because of frictions in the labor market, workers who become unemployed due to sectoral shifts of labor demand will experience a longer duration of unemployment because of the time associated with switching sectors. Therefore, for a given rate of unemployment, a higher proportion of these workers will increase the average duration of unemployment. Empirical results show that sectoral shifts have a statistically greater effect on the average duration of unemployment than cyclical fluctuations. Sectoral shifts help explain unusual upward trends in the duration of unemployment in the 1990s.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

<p> In 1970, D. S. Ornstein introduced some new approximation concepts which enabled him to establish that the Shannon entropy of endomorphism was a complete invariant for a class of transformations known as Bernoulli shifts. This work of Ornstein contains powerful, deep and elegant techniques which have opened up a new period in the theory of measure preserving transformations, or as it is usually called, in ergodic theory.</p> <p> This thesis contains the study of two new classes of entropies, the γ-entropy and the δ-entropy, where each of these two classes have Shannon's entropy as a member. The algebraic and analytic properties of these entropies and their characterizations are discussed. Finally, the δ-entropy of endomorphism is defined and it has been used in solving the isomorphism problem for Bernoulli shifts. Thus, it is shown that the isomorphism problem for Bernoulli shifts holds not only for one entropy, but for an infinite class of entropies introduced in this thesis.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

An infrared active polyatomic molecule has several vibrational modes, each of which has a characteristic frequency. If the molecule is trapped in a matrix of perturbing atoms, those vibrational frequencies will shift, and if the vibrational mode is degenerate, the perturbation may lift the degeneracy. Such shifts and splitting are due to the dependence of the chromophore/matrix-atom interaction potential on the internal vibrational motion of the chromophore. Applying a previously-developed model for the shifting and splitting of the triply degenerate <em>&nu;</em>₃ mode of SF₆ perturbed by a rare gas atom, we use Monte Carlo simulations to sample the accessible equilibrium configurations of the system and to predict the associated thermally averaged perturbed IR spectra. Since the experimental spectrum has 10 peaks while the triply degenerate <em>&nu;</em>₃ mode of SF₆ in a particular environment could have at most 3 peaks, the observed spectrum must be a combination of spectra for SF₆ trapped in different types of lattice sites. A fit to experiment of simulated spectra generated from a family of lattice sites is then used to identify the peaks in the experimental spectrum, determine the relative importance of the various lattice sites, and semi-quantitatively reproduce the experimental spectrum.

An infrared active polyatomic molecule has several vibrational modes, each of which has a characteristic frequency. If the molecule is trapped in a matrix of perturbing atoms, those vibrational frequencies will shift, and if the vibrational mode is degenerate, the perturbation may lift the degeneracy. Such shifts and splitting are due to the dependence of the chromophore/matrix-atom interaction potential on the internal vibrational motion of the chromophore. Applying a previously-developed model for the shifting and splitting of the triply degenerate <em>&nu;</em>₃ mode of SF₆ perturbed by a rare gas atom, we use Monte Carlo simulations to sample the accessible equilibrium configurations of the system and to predict the associated thermally averaged perturbed IR spectra. Since the experimental spectrum has 10 peaks while the triply degenerate <em>&nu;</em>₃ mode of SF₆ in a particular environment could have at most 3 peaks, the observed spectrum must be a combination of spectra for SF₆ trapped in different types of lattice sites. A fit to experiment of simulated spectra generated from a family of lattice sites is then used to identify the peaks in the experimental spectrum, determine the relative importance of the various lattice sites, and semi-quantitatively reproduce the experimental spectrum.

The primary objective of this paper is to present a computerized method for the extraction of phase shifts from an angular distribution. This was accomplished using a least squares curve fitting routine.

We present an experimental study of thin films of SrAl₄ on a LaAlO₃ substrate, with special emphasis on the Zintl-Klemm-type properties of the thin films that we grow using molecular beam epitaxy. We quantify the orientation and stoichiometry of the films and the surface morphology using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, we present measurements of electronic properties using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UPS). We determine the core level shifts due to the chemical environment in SrAl₄-films, which will underline the Zintl-Klemm character of the material. We measure the work function of (001)-oriented SrAl₄. Additionally we analyze the electronic transport properties of the grown thin films including the resistivity, carrier density and mobility. / text

This study is an investigation of analytical and numerical predictions of the relativistic perihelion shift of the planets in the Solar System. These shifts are a consequence of the general theory of relativity and the theoretical expression for the perihelion shift can be derived using different approximations. Two of these approximations are presented in this report. Due to these approximations, it is of interest to investigate when the analytical expression provides accurate values of perihelion shifts. This is performed by calculating the perihelion shifts for the planets in the Solar System numerically and comparing the results. To summarize the results, the numerical method slightly outperforms the analyt- ical method for almost all planets in the Solar System but the results are overall similar. Furthermore, a parameter study is conducted to investigate how the numerical and an- alytical perihelion shift predictions are dependent on these parameters. The parameter study shows that the methods diverge for some cases and based on this predictions are made for when numerical methods could be of use when predicting perihelion shifts.

Technical Standards have become a new arena of competition in the race for technological leadership since securing their control and ownership provides considerable economic and political advantages. Particularly telecommunication standards, which underpin global networks, can produce substantial economic and strategic benefits for the country and industry that largely shape their process and outcome. In light of these implications, new aspiring standard setters, such as China and South Korea, have actively increased their participation in international standards settings, challenging the predominant position of traditional standard setters such as the United States and European countries. The rise of new aspiring standard setters has provoked shifts in the power structures of international standardization regimes that had mostly reflected the preferences of traditional standard setters in the last decade, implying a redistribution of gains and costs among countries and industries. Despite this, only a few studies have focused on explaining power shifts in international standardization, drawing on IR/IPE theories. In addition, studies have only partially inquired about the political and economic of conditions that might explain such shifts. Against this background, this study aims to contribute to the literature focusing on power shifts in standardization by assessing under what conditions countries turn into leading standard setters. This is evaluated empirically by analyzing the capacity of six technological powers in shaping the three latest generations of telecommunication standards, namely 3G, 4G, and 5G. It deploys a multimethod approach to perform the analysis, combining a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) with a process tracing (PT) analysis. The study found that the combination of conditions composed of a great innovator, a large economic power, and a highly complementary domestic system resulted in the most consistent sufficiency path, suggesting that when countries hold roughly the same technological and economic capabilities, a complementary system conducive to a strong government-industry partnership proves crucial to shaping standardization. This interpretation calls for further research on the role and influence of governments in securing technological leadership by providing competitive advantages to industries contributing to global standards.