abstract: Grassland habitat restoration activities are occurring within the semi-arid grasslands of the Agua Fria National Monument located 65 km north of Phoenix, AZ. The goal of these restoration activities is to reduce woody species encroachment, remove lignified plant materials and recycle nutrients within the ecosystem thus improving range conditions for both wildlife species and livestock. Broadcast burning, juniper thinning and slash pile burns are the principle tools used to accomplish resource objectives. Line cover, belt transect, densities, heights and biomass of vegetation data were collected to determine the response of the vegetative community to habitat restoration activities. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce data analysis to the more influential factors. Regression analysis was conducted for statistically significant response variables. Quadratic regression analysis found low predictive values. In broadcast burn treatment units, all important factors as identified by PCA had low predictive factors but significantly differed (R2 <0.01, p<0.05) between unburned and the years post treatment. Regression analysis found significant, albeit weak, relationships between time since treatment and independent variables. In pile burn treatment units, data reduction by PCA was not possible in a biologically meaningful way due to the high variability within treatment units. This suggests the effect of juniper encroachment on grassland vegetation persists long after junipers have been cut and burned. This study concluded that broadcast burning of the central Arizona grasslands does significantly alter many components of the vegetative community. Fuels treatments generally initially reduced both perennial woody species and grasses in number and height for two year post fire. However, palatable shrubs, in particular shrubby buckwheat, were not significantly different in broadcast burn treatment areas. The vegetative community characteristics of juniper encroached woodlands of central Arizona are unaffected by the removal and burning of junipers aside from the removal of hiding cover for predators for multiple years. It is recommended that habitat restoration activities continue provided the needs of wildlife are considered, especially pronghorn, with the incorporation of state and transition models specific to each of the respective ecological site descriptions and with the consideration of the effects of fire to pronghorn fawning habitat. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Applied Biological Sciences 2014

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-23T19:13:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Murilo Gon?alves J?nior.pdf: 1563339 bytes, checksum: f1420577d0e6931ab3a974f949d64cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T19:13:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Murilo Gon?alves J?nior.pdf: 1563339 bytes, checksum: f1420577d0e6931ab3a974f949d64cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / CAPES / Green manuring with legumes is a technique which improves soil characteristics, contributing to its conservation and reducing the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer on farms. Leguminous shrubby species Tephrosia vogelii, Tephrosia sinapou and Crotalaria grahamiana are little known at Brazil, and as well as Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), show potential for green manuring. Two experiments were conducted at Field conditions: the first one aimed to evaluate the growth of Tephrosia vogelii during 360 days, measuring its phenological characteristics and its agronomic performance as green manure. The second one aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of Tephrosia vogelii, Tephrosia sinapou, Crotalaria grahamiana and Cajanus cajan. The first experiment was conducted in 2010, at Agroecological Farm, and the second one was conducted between October of 2012 and May of 2013, at Experimental Field of Embrapa Agrobiology, both placed at Serop?dica, Fluminense Lowland. At the first one, the experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments consisted of 12 mensal samplings, with the evaluations of: plants height, stalk diameter, leaf area, amount of fresh and dry matter in different plant parts, nitrogen content and total amount in the shoot. At the second experiment, it was adopted the experimental design of randomized blocks, with four replications, to evaluate the agronomic performance of the four leguminous species, in relation to plants growth. The evaluated plant parameters were: plants height, stalk diameter, amount of fresh and dry matter, nutrient contents and amounts of macronutrients in the shoot, amount of litter deposited by the evaluated species, and weeds control. In the first experiment, 12 months after sowing Tephrosia vogelii, its plants presented 200 cm of height, 11.2 Mg ha-1 of shoot dry matter, with a ratio stalk/leaf 4, besides a total amount of 192 kg ha-1 of N, in the shoot. In the second experiment, at 210 days after sowing, the evaluated species presented mean values of 180 cm of height, 9.7 Mg ha-1 of shoot dry matter and e 151 kg ha-1 of N. Cajanus cajan deposited around 4.8 Mg ha-1 of dry matter of litter, and Tephrosia vogelii promoted lower suppression of weeds. Both evaluated species of Tephrosia and Crotalaria grahamiana presented desirable characteristics for green manuring, similarly to Cajanus cajan, at conditions of climate and soil of Fluminense Lowland. / A aduba??o verde com esp?cies leguminosas ? uma t?cnica que possibilita melhorias nas caracter?sticas do solo, conservando-o e reduzindo a necessidade de ingresso de nitrog?nio sint?tico industrial ?s unidades de produ??o. As esp?cies leguminosas arbustivas Tephrosia vogelii, Tephrosia sinapou e Crotalaria grahamiana s?o pouco conhecidas no Brasil, e assim como o Cajanus cajan (guandu), apresentam potencial para aduba??o verde. Foram conduzidos dois trabalhos experimentais sob condi??es de campo: o primeiro trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento de Tephrosia vogelii ao longo de 360 dias, para aferir suas caracter?sticas fenol?gicas e o seu potencial agron?mico como adubo verde. J? o segundo experimento objetivou avaliar o desempenho agron?mico desta esp?cie e de Tephrosia sinapou, Crotalaria grahamiana e Cajanus cajan. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no ano de 2010 na Fazendinha Agroecol?gica do Km 47 e o segundo foi conduzido entre outubro de 2012 e maio de 2013, no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia, ambos localizados em Serop?dica, Baixada Fluminense. No primeiro, o delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualisados, com quatro repeti??es. Os tratamentos foram formados de 12 coletas mensais, em que se avaliou: a altura das plantas, o di?metro do caule, ?rea foliar, quantidade de mat?ria fresca e seca em diferentes partes das plantas, teor e quantidade de nitrog?nio (N) na parte a?rea das plantas. No segundo experimento foi adotado um delineamento experimental de blocos casualisados com quatro repeti??es, avaliando-se o desempenho das quatro esp?cies quanto ao crescimento das plantas, tendo como par?metros a altura e o di?metro do caule, a quantidade acumulada de mat?ria seca a?rea, os teores e acumula??o de macronutrientes na parte a?rea, a quantidade de serrapilheira depositada pelas esp?cies e a capacidade de supress?o de esp?cies de ocorr?ncia espont?nea. No primeiro experimento, ao final de 12 meses ap?s a semeadura as plantas de Tephrosia vogelii apresentaram 200 cm de altura, 11,2 Mg ha-1 de mat?ria seca a?rea com uma rela??o caule/folha 4, al?m de uma acumula??o total de N na parte a?rea de 192 kg ha-1. No segundo experimento, aos 210 dias ap?s a semeadura, as esp?cies apresentaram, em valores m?dios, 180 cm de altura, 9,7 Mg ha-1 de mat?ria seca a?rea e 151 kg ha-1 de N. Destaca-se que Cajanus cajan depositou cerca de 4,8 Mg ha-1 de mat?ria seca de serrapilheira, e sob a copa de Tephrosia vogelii observou-se menor controle da ocorr?ncia de esp?cies da vegeta??o espont?nea. Conclui-se que as duas esp?cies do g?nero Tephrosia e Crotalaria grahamiana estudadas apresentaram caracter?sticas desej?veis para inclus?o como adubos verdes, compar?veis a Cajanus cajan, quando avaliadas nas condi??es edafoclim?ticas da Baixada Fluminense.

Orientador: George John Shepherd / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T14:58:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arzolla_FredericoAlexandreRocciaDalPozzo_D.pdf: 2589315 bytes, checksum: 5f3a8f1162b2528b10143d38bedd987e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Florestas secundárias são constituídas por mosaicos de trechos em diferentes estágios sucessionais. As florestas estão sujeitas a ações antrópicas, diretas ou indiretas, que podem causar sua alteração, degradação ou supressão. Na Serra da Cantareira, houve o corte da floresta para a instalação de torres do novo traçado da Linha de Transmissão Guarulhos-Anhanguera, em julho de 2006, tendo como conseqüência a formação de clareiras de origem antrópica. O tamanho das clareiras variou de 106 m2 a 286 m2, num total de 0,2 ha. No primeiro capítulo, foi realizado o levantamento florístico da vegetação arbórea às margens dos traçados antigo e novo da linha de transmissão e nas picadas de acesso às torres, num total aproximado de 11 km de extensão. Foram identificadas 178 espécies, 54 famílias e 127 gêneros, sendo nove espécies consideradas ameaçadas de extinção. As famílias com maior riqueza de espécies foram Fabaceae (19 espécies), Myrtaceae (18), Lauraceae (16) e Rubiaceae (15). A similaridade florística encontrada com outros remanescentes florestais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e arredores variou entre 12% a 38%. No segundo capítulo, foi realizado o levantamento florístico do componente arbustivo-arbóreo nas clareiras antrópicas. Entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2010, foram encontradas 101 espécies, 32 famílias e 59 gêneros. As famílias com maior riqueza de espécies foram Solanaceae (16 espécies), Asteraceae (14), Piperaceae (10), Melastomataceae (8) e Euphorbiaceae (7). No terceiro capítulo, foi caracterizada a estrutura do componente arbustivoarbóreo dessas clareiras antrópicas. O levantamento foi realizado entre janeiro e maio de 2010. O critério de inclusão dos indivíduos foi a altura superior a 1,30 m. Foram amostrados 1.732 indivíduos, pertencentes a 140 espécies e 44 famílias. Destes, 1.336 indivíduos (77,2%) e 83 espécies, originaram-se por sementes, com densidade de 6.680 ind./ha e dominância de 6 m2/ha; e 396 indivíduos (22,8%) e 78 espécies, por brotação, com densidade de 1.980 ind./ha e dominância de 1,2 m2/ha. Para os indivíduos originados por sementes, Croton macrobothrys, Piptocarpha macropoda, Trema micrantha, Solanum mauritianum e Sessea brasiliensis apresentaram os maiores VI, e para aqueles originados por brotação, Cupania oblongifolia, Coffea arabica, Sessea brasiliensis, Croton floribundus e Guarea macrophylla. No componente sementes, as famílias com maior número de indivíduos foram Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae e Solanaceae, com 73,2%, e no componente brotação, Sapindaceae, Rubiaceae, Meliaceae, Fabaceae e Salicaceae, com 56,6%. O valor de similaridade florística entre os dois componentes foi baixo, próximo de 5%, indicando a existência de dois conjuntos florísticos diferentes. A estrutura das clareiras de origem antrópica apresentou diferenças em relação a clareiras naturais, com a predominância de espécies pioneiras em vez de outros grupos sucessionais. O tamanho das clareiras, o corte da vegetação pré-existente e a idade da regeneração provavelmente influenciaram a composição de espécies encontrada. No capítulo 4, foram verificadas as variações florísticas e estruturais de florestas em diferentes fases sucessionais em trecho do Parque Estadual da Cantareira, onde que há um conjunto de trabalhos realizados, permitindo uma primeira aproximação para a identificação de estágios sucessionais para as florestas do Parque Estadual da Cantareira e seu entorno, contribuindo para aplicação da Resolução CONAMA no 01/1994 nessa região / Abstract: Forests are composed of mosaics of patches in different succesional states. Forests are subject to direct or indirect anthropogenic actions, which cause change, degradation or removal. A series of man-made clearings was made in the Serra da Cantareira State Park, to allow the installation of the towers of the Guarulhos-Anhanguera electrical transmission line , in July 2006. The size of the clearings varied from 106 m2 to 286 m2, with a total area of 0.2 ha. These clearings were used to study the initial phases of succession in this forest type. The first chapter describes a floristic survey of the arboreal component of the region in the immediate vicinity of the new and old electrical transmission lines, with an extension above 11 km. A total of 178 species belonging to 54 families and 127 genera were identified in the floristic survey, with nine species considered threatened. The richest families were Fabaceae (19 species), Myrtaceae (18), Lauraceae (16) and Rubiaceae (15). The floristic similarity encountered with other forest remnants in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and surrounding ares ranged from 12% to 38%. The second chapter describes the floristic composition of arboreal-shrubby vegetation in the man-made clearings created to install the transmission-line towers. Between January and May, 2010, 101 species, 32 famílies e 59 gênera were sampled. The richest families were Solanaceae (16 espécies), Asteraceae (14), Piperaceae (10), Melastomataceae (8) e Euphorbiaceae (7). In the third chapter, it was characterized the structure of arboreal-shrubby component in these clearings, between January and May 2010. All individuals taller than 1.30 m were sampled. Of the total individuals, 1336 (77.2%) originated from seeds, giving a total density of 6680 indivs/ha and absolute dominance of 6 m2/ha. The component arising from seed, had Croton macrobothrys, Piptocarpha macropoda, Trema micrantha, Solanum mauritianum and Sessea brasiliensis with the highest Importance Index Values while the budding component had Cupania oblongifolia, Coffea arabica, Sessea brasiliensis, Croton floribundus e Guarea macrophylla. The seed component had Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae and Solanaceae as the most numerous families (73,2% of the individuals) while in the budding component, another set of families - Sapindaceae, Rubiaceae, Meliaceae, Fabaceae and Salicaeae contained 56.6% of the individuals. The similarity between the two components was low (5%), indicating the presence of two distinct floristic groups. The man-made clearings showed some differences from natural clearings, with a predominance of pioneer species instead of other forms. Chapter 4, discusses the floristic and structural changes during the sucessional process in a region of Cantareira State Park. It is now possible to suggest a typical composition for the different phases of succession in the Cantareira State Park forests, based on the studies carried out up to the present, making it possible to apply CONAMA resolution 01/1994 with greater precision in this region and surrounding areas. Although this must still be regarded as preliminary, it should serve as a basis for more refined assessment of the successional process in these forests / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal